Novel AC line conditioner for power factor correction

A new ac line conditioner is presented for high input power factor and clean ac output voltages for isolating the linear or nonlinear loads. A three-phase two-leg switching mode rectifier with neutral-point-clamped topology is proposed to draw the sinusoidal line currents from the ac mains. The carrier-based current controller is used in the inner control loop to track the line current commands with unity power factor. The dc bus voltage controller is adopted in the outer control loop to regulate the dc-link voltage. A voltage compensator is used to balance the neutral point voltage on the dc tank. A three-phase two-leg inverter with neutral-point-clamped topology is adopted in the system to provide the clean ac output voltages to the critical or sensitive loads. The carrier-based current control scheme is adopted to improve the instantaneous output voltages. Experimental results show the validity and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.     

Novel single-stage half-bridge series-resonant buck-boost inverter

A novel single-stage half-bridge series-resonant buck-boost inverter (HB-SRBBI) is proposed. The main attribute of the novel inverter topology is the fact that it generates an ac output voltage larger or lower than the dc input one, depending on the instantaneous duty cycle. This property is not found in the classical voltage source inverter (VST), which produces an ac output instantaneous voltage always lower than the dc input voltage. The proposed inverter circuit topology provides the main switch for turn-on at zero-current-switching (ZCS) by an auxiliary resonant cell built before the output choke. A state-space averaging approach is employed to analyze the system. A design example of 500 W ac/dc inverter is examined to assess the inverter performance and it provides high power efficiency above 90.7% under the rated power.     

Implementation of nondeterministic pulsewidth modulation forinverter drives

A single-phase power factor preregulator to improve the power quality in the input side of an ac/dc/ac converter and a random pulsewidth modulation (PWM) to reduce the emitted noise energy and the mechanical vibration for an induction motor drive is proposed. The hysteresis current control (HCC) technique for a voltage source switching mode rectifier (SMR) is adopted. A control scheme is presented such that the line current is driven to follow the reference current which is derived from the dc bus voltage regulator and the output power estimator. A random pulse position technique for a three-phase voltage source inverter system to reduce the noise energy and resonant vibration from ac machine drive is described. By randomly varying the instantaneous pulse position in each switching frequency, the frequency distribution of harmonics is spread in a wide frequency range which results in reduction of torque pulsations in the ac motor drive systems. To investigate the proposed control scheme, experimental tests based on a laboratory prototype were implemented to show the nearly unity power factor at the SMR and reduce the noise energy concentrated at the specific tones     

Control technique for high power factor multilevel rectifier

Three control techniques for a high power factor multilevel pulsewidth modulation (PWM) rectifier are proposed. The proposed rectifier is based on series connection of full-bridge cell to achieve a high power factor, low current distortion, low voltage stress of power semiconductors and two balanced output voltages. The look-up table is used in the proposed control schemes to reduce the hardware circuit. A capacitor voltage compensator is used to balance two dc capacitor voltages in order to obtain high quality PWM voltage pattern. Based on the proposed control schemes, two-level or three-level PWM pattern can be generated on the ac side of the adopted rectifier. The proposed techniques for a high power factor multilevel rectifier illustrate its validity and effectiveness through the respective simulations and experiments. According to the measured results, the current harmonics drawn from the mains meet the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 1000-3-2 limits     

Implementation of a single-phase AC/AC converter based on neutral-point-clamped topology

A single-phase ac/ac converter based on neutral-point-clamped scheme is proposed to perform unity input power factor and to provide a stable ac voltage to the critical loads. The ac/dc rectifier part is controlled to generate a unipolar pulsewidth modulation (PWM) waveform on the ac terminal by using four power switches with voltage stress of half the dc-link voltage. The carrier-based current control scheme is employed in the inner control loop to track the line current command. To regulate the dc bus voltage, a proportional-integral (PI) control is adopted in the outer control loop. The dc/ac inverter part of the system with four power switches is employed to generate a stable and clean sinusoidal output voltage to the critical load. The instantaneous current control scheme is used to track the output voltage command. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm, the simulation and experimental results based on a laboratory prototype were implemented and discussed.     

AC/DC converter topologies for the Space Station

A new class of AC/DC converter topologies (Type-1 converters) is described, suitable for use in an advanced single-phase sine-wave voltage, high-frequency power distribution system, of the type that was proposed for a 20 kHz Space Station primary electrical power distribution system. The converter comprises a transformer, a resonant network, a current controller, a diode rectifier, and an output filter. The input AC voltage source is converted into a sinusoidal current source using the resonant network. The output of this current source is rectified by the diode rectifier and is controlled by the current controller. The controlled rectified current is then filtered by the output filter to obtain a constant voltage across the load. Three distinct converter topologies, Type-1A, Type-1B, and Type 1-C, are described, and their performance characteristics are presented. All three types have a close-to-unity rated power factor (greater than 0.98), low total harmonic distortion in input current (less than 5%), and high conversion efficiency (greater than 96%)     

A 20 kHz hybrid resonant power source for the space station

A hybrid resonant inverter system is presented that satisfies the steady-state operating requirements of a power source for the proposed International Space Station mobile servicing system. The steady-state behavior of the inverter was analyzed and a method is described for optimizing the design of the resonant network. The performance characteristics such as the total harmonic distortion of the output voltage, RMS output voltage, and the inverter efficiency are presented. The hybrid resonant inverter system maintains an excellent efficiency over varying output-load demand     

Implementation of a three-phase high-power-factor rectifier with NPC topology

A three-phase four-wire power factor corrector based on neutral-point-clamped (NPC) topology is adopted to reduce the current harmonics and increase the input power factor. Using the NPC topology, the voltage stress of power switches can be reduced to the half of the dc-link voltage. With the dc-link voltage controller and the phase locked loop circuit, the balanced and sinusoidal line currents can be drawn from the ac supply system under the balance and unbalance mains voltages. The hysteresis current comparators are adopted in the current control loop to track the line current commands. Three voltage levels are generated on the ac terminal to the neutral point. Simulations and experiments are provided to verify the validity and the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.     

激光器匹配驱动的色散渐变线分析

论述了采用渐变线阻抗变换器对半导体激光器进行匹配驱动时,当考虑渐变线色散影响情况的分析。给出了色散影响的概念、时域的分析计算方法及对三角形、指数形及切比雪夫渐变线的计算结果和分析。     

ICP中放电模式转化过程中悬浮电位变化的多样性

研究了射频感性耦和等离子体(ICP)中悬浮电位在模式转化过程(E-H模式)的变化多样性。实验研究了射频功率在5W-1000W,气压在2Pa-50Pa的范围内,通过改变导电地面积、匹配网络、气压等参数,使用Z-Scan系统、电流电压探头以及静电探针进行测量的等离子体悬浮电位在模式转化过程中随功率变化的多种形式,同时给出了r型射频匹配网络的正负反馈区的区别,并对产生的多种现象进行了的理论解释。     

ZCS-PWM boost rectifier with high power factor and low conduction losses

A new single-phase high power factor rectifier is proposed, which features regulation by conventional pulsewidth modulation (PWM), soft commutation, and instantaneous average line current control. A new zero-current-switching PWM (ZCS-PWM) auxiliary circuit is configured in the presented ZCS-PWM rectifier to perform ZCS in the switches and zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) in the diodes. Furthermore, soft commutation of the main switch is achieved without additional current stress by the presented ZCS-PWM auxiliary circuit. A significant reduction in the conduction losses is achieved, since the circulating current for the soft switching flows only through the auxiliary circuit and a minimum number of switching devices are involved in the circulating current path and the proposed rectifier uses a single converter instead of the conventional configuration composed of a four-diode front-end rectifier followed by a boost converter. Seven transition states for describing the behavior of the ZCS-PWM rectifier in one switching period are described. The PWM switch model is used to predict the system performance. A prototype rated at 1 kW, operating 60 kHz, with an input ac voltage of 220 V/sub rms/ and an output voltage 400 V/sub dc/ has been implemented in laboratory. An efficiency of 97.2% and power factor near 0.99 has been measured. The analysis and design of the control circuitry are also presented.     

Half-bridge neutral point diode clamped rectifier for power factor correction

A high power factor rectifier based on neutral point clamped scheme is proposed. The voltage stress of each power semiconductor of the adopted rectifier is equal to the half dc bus voltage instead of full dc link voltage in the conventional switching mode rectifier. The control signals of the power switches are derived from the dc link voltage balance compensator, line current controller, and dc link voltage regulator. The hysteresis current control scheme is employed to draw a clean sinusoidal line current, high input power factor, regulated dc link voltage, and balance capacitor voltages. Three voltage levels are generated on the ac terminal of the adopted rectifier. To verify the proposed operation scheme, performance characteristics are given by the experimental results.     

Stepped Sinewave Inverter

A stepped sinewave dc/ac inverter was analyzed for an inductive load with respect to load current and voltage, harmonics, power factor, and efficiency. This special inverter of high efficiency and low harmonic content is constructed by synthesizing the sinusoidal output by discrete voltage sources, such as storage batteries, solar cell, etc., with electronic switching of the sources at specific time intervals. The switching times are determined for the condition of minimum distortion of the synthesized wave. A 50 W inverter was built and tested to demonstrate this approach.     

基于高功率因数控制的永磁同步电机无电解电容驱动系统控制策略

永磁同步电机无电解电容驱动系统因其成本与寿命的优势,在白色家电领域逐步得到广泛的应用。然而,由于使用小容量的薄膜电容取代大容量的电解电容,母线电压会以两倍工频波动,在母线电压处于波谷时,逆变器输出电压容易饱和,导致控制性能恶化,网侧电流畸变。因此,提出了一种基于高功率因数控制的转矩控制环和电压矢量修正策略,能够有效提升网侧功率因数,抑制网侧电流谐波并符合IEC 6100032标准。该算法的有效性通过仿真得以验证。     

Single-phase three-level rectifier and random PWM inverter drives

A novel ac/dc/ac converter topology with three-level pulsewidth modulated (PWM) scheme for the single-phase ac/dc rectifier and random PWM scheme for ac drives is proposed. In order to improve the power quality in the single-phase rectifier, a ROM-based (read-only memory) control scheme, based on hysteresis current comparator, region detector, and capacitor compensator, is used to achieve a sinusoidal line current with low current distortion. The control scheme of the adopted three-level rectifier is easy to implement. The blocking voltage of power switches is clamped to half of the dc bus voltage. To reduce the mechanical vibration from an induction motor, random pulse position PWM scheme is adopted to spread the harmonics in a wide frequency range which results in the reduction of torque pulsation in the ac motor drives. Simulation and experimental results based on the laboratory prototype circuit are presented to verify the proposed control scheme     

Novel hybrid 12-pulse boost-type rectifier with controlled output voltage

Novel hybrid 12-pulse line interphase transformer (LIT) rectifier systems with integrated single-switch or two-switch boost-type output stage that ensure a constant output voltage independent of mains and load conditions are proposed for supplying actuators of future more electric aircraft. The principle of operation, the dimensioning, and the system control are discussed. The theoretical considerations are experimentally confirmed for a 10 kW laboratory prototype. Finally, the single-and the two-switch system are comparatively evaluated concerning the level of input current ripple, power factor, and overall efficiency.     

A Closely Regulated TWT Converter

The design concept for the traveling wave tube amplifier converter for possible use in the Thermoelectric Outer Planet Spacecraft (TOPS) is presented. An unusual combination of semiconductors and magnetics were utilized to achieve very stable voltage regulation on a number of separate outputs to satisfy the requirements of a high-power traveling wave tube (TWT), and at the same time operate at an efficiency of better than 90 percent from a 30-volt source. The circuitry consists of an output filter, an auxiliary Jensen oscillator driving a high-reactance transformer to provide current limiting to the heater, a variable time delay, a main Jensen oscillator driving the power transformer with a maximum step-up ratio of 120 to 1, and series transistorized post regulators to provide precise voltage adjustment and low output impedance. This paper discusses the design of the high-reactance transformer and the high step-up ratio transformer, as well as the high-voltage series regulators that are limited in range and operate at the top of the unregulated output voltage. Test data is presented, and details of current transients caused by charging the filter circuits, input current ripple, and output voltage ripples are considered. The circuit provides better than 0.5 percent regulation against load change, input voltage change, and over-operating temperature range of from -20 to + 80°C, with output ripple voltage of less than 2 volts peak-to-peak on top of the 3600-Vdc output. The measured efficiency was typically 87 percent. and recommendations are included to improve this to in excess of 90 percent.     

Design and implementation of an AC active load simulator circuit

An AC active load simulator circuit which can simulate a desired load impedance with a power factor from zero to unity (leading or lagging) for the tested AC source is realized and tested. An interface circuit is designed to compute the simulated current waveform for the load-driver circuit according to the specified program of the system control unit and the measured source frequency and voltage amplitude. Both inductive and capacitive loads can be simulated by adjusting the phase difference between the voltage and current waveforms. A software feedback control approach is employed to adjust the current amplitude and the power factor for the purpose of maintaining the impedance value constant regardless of the variation of the source voltage amplitude     

Space vector modulation strategy for an eight-switch three-phase NPC converter

A three-phase neutral point clamped (NPC) converter is presented for power factor correction and dc-link voltage regulation. A simplified space vector pulsewidth modulation scheme (SVPWM) is adopted to track line current commands. Using a simplified SVPWM algorithm, the calculated time for the time duration of voltage vector is reduced. The adopted NPC converter has less power switches compared with the conventional three-level NPC converter. Only eight power switches and four clamping diodes with voltage stress of half the dc bus voltage are used in the circuit configuration. Based on the proposed control algorithm, a reference voltage vector is generated on the ac terminal for drawing the sinusoidal line currents with unity power factor. Computer simulation and experimental results based on a laboratory prototype are presented to verify the validity and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.