TC6钛合金的微动疲劳特性研究

钛及铁合金广泛用于燃气涡轮发动机及飞机结构。尽管这类合金在性能上有诸多优点,但其疲劳寿命对材料表面状态,特别是微动损伤极为敏感。为深入认识这一现象的成因,本文研究了TC6钛合金在室温下的微动疲劳特性。试验结果表明,和非微动疲劳相比,微动疲劳强度下降60％,这主要归因于接触面磨损造成的微动损伤,促使疲劳裂纹萌生和早期断裂。     

钛合金TB6铣削加工硬化实验

研究了使用涂层硬质合金刀具对钛合金TB6进行端铣加工时,铣削参数以及刀具后刀面磨损量对加工硬化（表面硬化率、硬化层深度以及硬化层硬度分布）的影响,以弄清TB6铣削硬化现象及机理.结果表明,在实验参数范围内,刀具无磨损的情况下,硬化率基本保持在107%~112%范围内,硬化层深度范围为18~36 μm;铣削速度增加时,加工硬化程度会有较为明显的降低现象,而进给量与切深对加工硬化的影响并不明显;刀具磨损对加工硬化的影响较为显著,后刀面磨损量低于0.2 mm时,硬化层深度随着磨损增加从30 μm增加至55 μm,而后刀面磨损量为0.35 mm时,硬化层深度达到了130 μm.刀具磨损后在加工表面下较浅位置出现软化区域,而且随着磨损量的增加,软化越来越明显.      

高强钛合金中的微动损伤与疲劳

本文对高强钛合金Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al在不同温度下的微动损伤和疲劳特性进行了研究。试验结果表明,该合金对微动损伤十分敏感,常温疲劳强度下降达50％。微动损伤的主要机制是疲劳脱层,这是由作用在材料次表层的交变切应力引起的,它将导致疲劳裂纹的萌生和早期断裂。疲劳裂纹的扩展方向可根据接触应力分析得到解释。在较高试验温度下,由于接触面形成的氧化层的保护作用,微动损伤程度减弱。     

高温合金微量润滑振动钻削温度与刀具磨损

为了解决高温合金钻削温度高、刀具磨损快的问题,采用微量润滑的振动钻削加工方法,从换热机制角度对振动钻削的降温机理进行分析,并进行振动钻削和普通钻削对比实验.结果表明:微量润滑普通钻削的最高测量温度达到了110℃且温度随钻削深度、钻孔个数的增加而升高,而振动钻削的测量温度为55℃左右且随削深度、钻孔个数的增加增长缓慢;普通钻削刀具磨损量达到0.5 mm且随钻孔个数的增加磨损加剧,振动钻削刀具磨损量只有0.22 mm且磨损量增加缓慢.     

叶冠涂层材料接触刚度和微动磨损实验

采用能够测量由接触表面微动所导致迟滞现象的实验装置,对带有涂层材料的不同接触方式的实验件进行了接触刚度和微动磨损测试.通过接触刚度测试,研究了激振力幅值、激振频率和接触正压力对接触刚度的影响;通过微动磨损分析,研究接触方式和载荷条件接触表面形态的改变,以及工作时间对接触刚度的影响.通过分析和总结实验结果,阐述了干摩擦阻尼结构微动磨损的防护措施,为提高航空发动机结构部件的可靠性提供一定的理论依据和技术支持.     

空间扫描

德尔他－2成功发射卫星 2003年1月12日，波音公司的德尔他－2火箭成功将美国的ICESat和CHIPSat送入预定轨道。1月29日，该火箭又为美国空军发射了GPS 2R－8导航卫星。德尔他－2火箭使用的是为德尔他－3火箭设计的9个固体火箭发动机，使其运载能力增加了25%。 美国大力神－2火箭成功发射升空 1月6日晚，美国洛马公司研制的大力神－2 (Titan－2) 火箭成功发射，将其携带的1颗军事科学卫星Coriolis送入预定轨道。据悉，该卫星主要用于收集海洋上的风速及风向数据，并提高美国海军的天气预报能力。 阿里安－4火箭光荣退役 格林威治时间…     

轴向柱塞泵/滑靴副润滑磨损的影响因素分析

斜盘-滑靴副(滑靴副)的磨损会导致泵泄漏增加、效率降低,进而影响寿命.提出了一种基于弹性流体动力润滑(EHL,Elasto Hydrodynamic Lubrication)磨损模型的轴向柱塞泵滑靴副加速寿命试验方法.该方法以滑靴副的油膜分析结果为基础,综合考虑工况参数(温度/转速/压力)对滑靴副磨损的影响,揭示了影响滑靴副磨损过程的内在因素.研究以某型轴向柱塞泵为对象,首先基于提出方法,对2组不同工况下的滑靴副磨损量进行了分析,并将分析结果与长周期的磨损试验结果进行了对比,验证了磨损量分析结果的准确性,也表明本文提出的方法与模型具有可用性.然后,基于本文提出方法和磨损分析模型,对比分析了介质温度(黏度)、输出压力、转速与滑靴副磨损率的相对关系.最后,探讨了柱塞泵的磨损加速寿命试验的加速手段,以及工况对于加速比率的影响.研究结果能够用于制定柱塞泵加速磨损试验的载荷谱,以及为降低泵磨损为目的的设计优化.      

飞机舱门泄压阀机构磨损可靠性与灵敏度分析

泄压阀机构是飞机舱门的重要组成部分，对维持飞机正常安全运行起到重要作用。在ADAMS软件中建立了飞机舱门泄压阀机构多体动力学仿真模型，研究销轴发生以磨损为主要形式的性能退化时，对泄压阀机构定位精度的影响。建立了泄压阀机构定位精度的功能函数，引入主动学习Kriging代理模型，挑选符合学习准则的点提高代理模型精度。采用Monte Carlo方法计算了不同磨损次数下泄压阀机构的失效概率与3种全局灵敏度指标的变化规律，并给出了不同阈值情况下失效概率和基于失效概率的全局灵敏度指标的变化规律。结果表明:在不同磨损次数下，对于磨损量较大的销轴，其全局灵敏度指标值也较大，并且各项指标随磨损次数的变化规律存在差异。      

燕尾榫连接结构微动疲劳全寿命预测方法

微动损伤使航空发动机榫连接结构疲劳寿命显著降低。以钛合金Ti-6Al-4V燕尾榫连接结构为例，提出一种适用于复杂结构微动疲劳全寿命预测方法。基于修正的Manson-McKnight方法和多轴疲劳理论，疲劳损伤参数由等效应力参数（ESP）表征，微动疲劳裂纹萌生位置和成核寿命通过有限元分析（FEA）和ESP预测。基于断裂力学理论和最大周向应力准则，提出微动疲劳裂纹扩展数值模拟方法，建立微动疲劳扩展寿命与裂纹长度函数关系，依据裂纹终值长度预测微动疲劳扩展寿命。结果显示:钛合金Ti-6Al-4V燕尾榫连接结构微动疲劳裂纹扩展角预测值与实验值均为18°，裂纹生长方向预测值与实验值相符；微动疲劳全寿命（成核寿命+扩展寿命）预测值在实验值的2倍分散带内；最大拉伸载荷对榫连接结构的微动疲劳全寿命影响显著，在相同应力比下，最大拉伸载荷从18 kN变化到24 kN，钛合金Ti-6Al-4V燕尾榫连接结构微动疲劳全寿命降低1个数量级。      

海尔—波谱彗星离子尾的间断和波动

给出海尔－波普彗星近日点附近大尺度观测的结果，提出：１９９７年２月１６，１７和１８日海尔－波普彗星等离子尾部分有断尾事件发生。观测时刻的离子尾内物质运动速度约为５０ｋｍ／ｓ；离子尾射线向主层主轴的并扰速度约为０．０８０’／ｓ。１９９７年３月３日海尔－波普彗星离子尾有波动现象发生。波动发生在距离彗星密度中心约１３０＊１０＾４ｋｍ，偏离主轴３０°处，振幅约２０＊１０＾４ｋｍ，其离子束宽度为８＊１０＾４     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

直尺反转组合法测量直线度的理论分析

对直尺反转组合法的测量原理进行了较为深入的理论分析，指出测量的准确性受测头误差、采样点定位误差、直尺尺面斜率、直尺再定位误差、直尺各点直线度误差的变化率等五个方面共同作用。其中，采样点定位误差和直尺安装斜率影响直线度测量准确度这一结论，将适用于其他的直尺直线度测量方法，因而具有普遍的指导意义。     

一种提高螺栓联接强度的新方法

根据山本晃教授对螺栓，螺母，螺纹牙受力及其变形研究的成果，导出了该理论条件下受拉螺栓在等载荷受力状态下，当螺栓螺纹采用标准尺寸，螺母螺纹的螺旋线形状，并依据实用性，从螺母螺纹加工方便考虑，提出了近似等负荷螺纹。