钛合金TB6侧铣表面完整性实验

使用表面完整性基本评价方法对TB6钛合金侧铣后试件的表面完整性（表面形貌、表面粗糙度、加工硬化）进行研究.结果表明,对表面形貌影响最明显的因素是每齿进给量f_z,过大的f_z会使已加工表面出现鳞刺现象.f_z是影响已加工表面进给方向粗糙度的最主要因素,随着f_z从0.06 mm/z增大到0.12 mm/z,表面粗糙度R_a会由0.283 μm显著增加到0.964 μm.线速度v_c,f_z和径向切深a_e的变化对刀轴方向粗糙度影响很小.而刀具的后刀面磨损是影响已加工表面刀轴方向粗糙度的主要因素,极轻微的后刀面磨损都会导致刀轴方向粗糙度明显增加,随着后刀面磨损量V_B由0增加到0.025 mm,刀轴方向粗糙度由0.22 μm剧烈增加到0.686 μm.侧铣过程中TB6的加工硬化现象不严重,表层组织没有明显变质层产生,晶粒也没有出现明显的拉伸、扭曲或破裂.      

高强度弹性合金的微孔铣削实验研究

使用超高精度加工中心进行了多组铣削3J33B高强度弹性合金微孔的铣削实验，使用Kistler 9119AA2型高精度测力仪测量铣削力，使用Keyence 3D激光显微镜测量已加工孔的尺寸，使用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和能谱仪（EDS）测量刀具磨损。实验结果表明，在不同的切削速度条件下，主铣削力的Y方向分力（Y方向力）总是大于X方向分力（X方向力）。在铣削微孔过程中，使用高切削速度进行微细铣削成孔时，已加工孔的孔口直径尺寸误差会增大，严重影响尺寸精度。刀具磨损最严重的区域在刀尖处，并且发生磨损的区域基本集中在整个切削刃的钝圆和接近钝圆的后刀面处。当在低速切削时，磨粒磨损是刀具的主要磨损形式，然而，随着切削速度的提高，氧化磨损所占比例逐渐增大。已加工表面的弹性回复加剧了后刀面磨损，并影响切削稳定性。      

高温合金微量润滑振动钻削温度与刀具磨损

为了解决高温合金钻削温度高、刀具磨损快的问题,采用微量润滑的振动钻削加工方法,从换热机制角度对振动钻削的降温机理进行分析,并进行振动钻削和普通钻削对比实验.结果表明:微量润滑普通钻削的最高测量温度达到了110℃且温度随钻削深度、钻孔个数的增加而升高,而振动钻削的测量温度为55℃左右且随削深度、钻孔个数的增加增长缓慢;普通钻削刀具磨损量达到0.5 mm且随钻孔个数的增加磨损加剧,振动钻削刀具磨损量只有0.22 mm且磨损量增加缓慢.     

用CBN刀具高速切削灰铸铁的试验研究

研究了CBN刀具高速切削灰铸铁时的刀具前、后刀面磨损、耐用度以及富氧气氛对切削性能的影响,所用的灰铸铁具有不同的铁素体、珠光体比例,最高切削速度达1＇100 m/min.研究表明Amborite刀具的刀尖磨损略大于BZN6000刀具,在较低速度下加工以铁素体为主的灰铸铁时更容易发生月牙洼磨损;BZN6000刀具以700 m/min的切削速度加工铁素体含量较高的灰铸铁时耐用度较高,Amborite刀具的耐用度随切削速度而升高;在富氧气氛中切削可以减轻刀具磨损,这一效果对BZN6000刀具更为显著.文章中对这些现象的原因进行了讨论.     

加工耐热合金ЗИ437Б时刀具后面摩擦力(F_2)对工件表面质量的影响

本文主要讨论在加工耐热合金437时,切削刀具后面摩擦力(F_2)对已加工表面硬化及光度的影响,企图寻找已加工表面硬化的物理本质。 试验是以横向自由切削为例,用分离式刀具测出后面摩擦力。可以观察到已加工表面硬化深度主要决定于塑性变形区的深度;而硬化程度主要决定于后面摩擦力(当刀刃圆角半径ρ一定时)。因此如果从工艺要求,主要是减小硬化深度,则首先应从减小塑性变形区入手,如增大前角(γ);如果主要是减小硬化程度,则首先应从减小后面摩擦力入手,如增大后角(α)。硬化倾向严重的耐热合金437加工时,刀具后面摩擦力(F_2)较大,已加工表面硬化程度较大,当摩擦热过高时,可能导致表面软化,硬化程度减小。 关于刀具后面摩擦力(F_2)对表面光度影响不占重要地位。 由于试验过程断续另碎,作者水平浅薄,因此不免错误较多,尚待作更多的试验,进一步研究,并希批评指正。     

基于铣削力的刀具磨损监控研究

以铣削实验为基础,分析了铣削力中包含的与刀具磨损状态有关的频谱特征,分析了切削用量对切削力功率谱的影响,对比了切削力各分量的特征对刀具磨损状态的反映.从对铣削力功率谱的分析中得出:径向力功率谱对刀具磨损状态更敏感,其中有与刀具磨损状态密切相关的特征频段,而切削用量对该特征频段的影响不明显;还通过对切削力的时域分析,讨论了铣削力中径向力和切向力的分力比值对刀具磨损状态的反映.     

高速超声振动铣削钛合金实验研究

针对钛合金在普通铣削（CM）时因切削速度低而面临的切削力大、薄壁工件变形大、加工效率低、刀具磨损严重等问题，采用高速超声振动铣削（HUVM）方法加工钛合金，实验研究其加工表面质量和切削力。从运动学角度出发对HUVM方法进行运动学分析。搭建包括超声振动系统、加工系统及测量系统在内的高速超声振动铣削实验平台。采用单因素实验对比CM和HUVM这2种方法对钛合金加工切削力和表面质量的影响规律。研究结果表明：与CM加工相比，HUVM加工可以使切削力降低32.6%～35.3%。并且HUVM加工表面粗糙度虽略有增加，但是表面结构可以更加均匀；此外，HUVM加工表面残余应力均为压应力，其绝对值随着每齿进给量和切削速度的增大而降低，而CM加工表面残余应力为拉应力。     

高强钢铣削中微量润滑技术效果的试验分析

为了验证微量润滑技术对刀具磨损及工件表面粗糙度的影响,研制出一套微量润滑系统,利用压缩气体流经的截面变小所产生的压强差来吸取箱体中的液体,并传输到喷嘴进行雾化.将其应用在高强度钢铣削加工中.试验结果表明:相对于干切削和传统浇注冷却,微量润滑技术具有明显的优势,它可有效地减小刀具磨损,并将工件表面粗糙度控制在较低的水平,尤其在高转速、大切深、快进给加工中,同时其还具有结构简单、冷却液用量小、对环境污染小等优点.对试验结果进行了初步分析.     

加工表面形貌的在线检测及其应用

介绍了一种基于光针法的表面形貌测量装置,它能在线测量加工工件圆周方向的波纹度和轴向表面轮廓形貌,其垂直分辨率为0.02～0.10μm,横向分辨率为30～50μm。切削试验表明,该装置能够在线识别刀具上的积屑瘤、切削过程中的颤振和刀具磨损对加工表面形貌的影响。     

基于主元分析和BP神经网络对刀具VB值预测

对声发射信号进行5层小波分解提取6个频段的能量值,把它与切削速度、切削深度、进给量和切削时间一起作为刀具状态的特征向量.通过主元分析进行降维、消除特征向量间的相关性后,把得到的主元作为BP(Back Propagation)神经网络的输入向量.BP神经网络应用改进的LM(Levenberg-Marquart)算法进行学习,利用输入向量对网络进行训练后,实现对刀具后刀面磨损量VB的预测.实验结果显示:基于主元分析和LM算法改进的BP神经网络建立的预测系统,网络输出与实测VB值的误差0.03以内;根据预测VB值的范围可判别出刀具的不同状态.      

Correction of B2bot for NeQuick during low solar activity at Hainan station

This work is a continuation of the previous article and it focuses on low solar activity and modeling effort. NeQuick model uses Epstein layer formalism to model each part of the profile. We study the diurnal and seasonal variations of B2_bot, ΔB2 (B2_best − B2_NeQuick2) and R (B2_best/B2_{NeQuick 2}) at Hainan station during low solar activity. The results show it is possible to improve the B2_bot parameter of the NeQuick model at that region during low solar activity. Then, we use a function ?(t) with LT in different seasons to correct the B2_bot formula of NeQuick 2. The correction shows that (1) By the correction formula, the B2_bot of NeQuick is improved. The maximum standard deviation is improved for 9 km. (2) The correction formula is more effective in summer than in equinox and winter and performs better during early morning hours than during the rest of the day.     

基于“嫦娥2号”CELMS数据的冯·卡门撞击坑微波辐射特性

冯·卡门（Von Kármán）撞击坑位于月球背面的SPA盆地西北部,切穿了浅层月壳,具有异常的矿物成分分布。基于微波辐射计数据的月壤微波辐射特性分析,对月球热演化和岩浆演化研究具有重要的参考价值。本研究基于“嫦娥2号”卫星微波辐射计数据,采用时角分析、双线性插值方法,生成了研究区域的亮温（T_B）图和亮温差（dT_B）图像;结合Arcgis软件,叠加地质图,并结合成分、地形图,研究了Von Kármán撞击坑微波辐射特性。研究结果表明：研究区北部出现高T_B异常,初步判定为下垫面温度较高;研究区南部出现与钛铁矿（FeO+TiO₂）含量分布相对应的亮温表现;结合研究区的微波辐射特性,重新进行了冯·卡门撞击坑地质解译;根据冯·卡门撞击坑的亮温表现,建议北部为着陆区重点选择区,其次为南部和西部。     

Equatorial F-region vertical ion drifts during quiet solar maximum

Median values of ionosonde h′F data acquired at Ibadan (Geographic:7.4°N, 3.9°E, Magnetic: dip 6°S, and magnetic declination, 3°W), Nigeria, West Africa, have been used to determine vertical ion drift (electric field) characteristics in the postsunset ionosphere in the African region during a time of high solar activity (average F_10.7 −208). The database spans from January and December 1958 during the era of International Geophysical Year (IGY) for geomagnetic quiet conditions. Bimonthly averaged diurnal variations patterns are very similar, but differ significantly in magnitude and in the evening reversal times. Also, monthly variations of F-region vertical ion drift reversal times inferred from the time of h′F maximum indicates early reversal during equinoxes and December solstice months except for the month of April. Late reversal is observed during the June solstice months. The equatorial evening prereversal enhancement in vertical ion drift (V_zp) occurs largely near 1900 LT with typical values 20–45 m/s. Comparison of Ibadan ionosonde V_zp with the values of prereversal peak velocity reported for Jicamarca (South America), Kodaikanal (India), and Scherliess and Fejer global model show considerable disparity. The changes of postsunset peak in virtual height of F-layer (h′F_P) with prereversal velocity peak V_zp are anti-correlated. Investigation of solar effects on monthly values of V_zp and h′F_P revealed that these parameters are independent of monthly averaged solar flux intensity during quiet-time sunspot maximum conditions.     

Precursory signature of several major earthquakes studied using 40 kHz low frequency signal

To investigate the precursory signature of earthquakes on low frequency (LF) signal propagation, six earthquakes, having magnitude greater than equal to 6.5 and depth less than equal to 30 km, are being studied. The base line level of 40 kHz signal, transmitted from JJY station, Japan, is analysed with respect to V_d statistical parameter. Results show that the V_d parameter values starts fluctuating from its ambient levels before and during the days of the earthquakes, with significant variation starting 1–3 days prior to the earthquake concerned. This present study is an approach for identifying the precursory signatures of earthquakes on LF signal propagation using a new methodology with V_d parameter.     

Multi-point observations of earthward fast flow in the plasma sheet by virtual satellites located in the MHD simulation domain

Time profiles of some physical values in earthward fast flows in the plasma sheet are observed at three dimensionally different positions by employing virtual satellites located in the three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulation domain, and these simulations are done on the basis of the spontaneous fast reconnection model. In the spontaneous fast reconnection evolution, the width of the flow channel is narrow in the dawn-dusk direction, and it does not spread until the plasma collides with the magnetic loop. The enhancements in B_z and V_x are larger at the center of the fast flow channel than those at its dawn and dusk edges, reflecting the differences in the reconnection rate in the diffusion region. The enhancement in V_x is shorter near the plasma sheet boundary layer than that near the neutral sheet, reflecting the changes in the thickness of the flow channel.     

Equatorial vertical E × B drift velocities inferred from ionosonde measurements over Ouagadougou and the IRI-2007 vertical ion drift model

F-region vertical plasma drift velocities were deduced from the hourly hmF2 values acquired from ionogram data over a near dip equatorial station Ouagadougou (12.4°N, 358.5°E, dip angle 5.9°N) in Africa. Our results are compared against the global empirical model of Scherliess and Fejer (1999) incorporated in the IRI model (IRI-2007) for 1600 to 0800 LT from 1 year of data during sunspot maximum year of 1989 (yearly average solar flux intensity, F10.7 = 192) corresponding to the peak phase of solar cycle 22, under magnetically quiet conditions. The drifts are entirely downward between 2000 and 0500 LT bin for both techniques and the root mean square error (RMSE) between the modeled and the ionosonde vertical plasma drifts during these periods is 3.80, 4.37, and 4.74 m/s for June solstice, December solstice and equinox, respectively. Ouagadougou average vertical drifts show evening prereversal enhancement (PRE) velocity peaks (V_ZP) of about 16, 14, and 17 m/s in June solstice, December solstice, and equinox, respectively, at 1900–2000 LT; whereas global empirical model average drifts indicate V_ZP of approximately 33 m/s (June solstice), 29 m/s (December solstice), and 50 m/s (equinox) at 1800 LT. We find very weak and positive correlation (+0.10376) between modeled V_ZP versus F10.7, while ionosonde V_ZP against F10.7 gives worst and opposite correlation (−0.05799). The results also show that modeled V_ZP–Ap indicates good and positive correlation (+0.64289), but ionosonde V_ZP–Ap exhibits poor and negative correlation (−0.22477).     

Langley method applied in study of aerosol optical depth in the Brazilian semiarid region using 500, 670 and 870 nm bands for sun photometer calibration

Due to the high costs of commercial monitoring instruments, a portable sun photometer was developed at INPE/CRN laboratories, operating in four bands, with two bands in the visible spectrum and two in near infrared. The instrument calibration process is performed by applying the classical Langley method. Application of the Langley’s methodology requires a site with high optical stability during the measurements, which is usually found in high altitudes. However, far from being an ideal site, Harrison et al. (1994) report success with applying the Langley method to some data for a site in Boulder, Colorado. Recently, Liu et al. (2011) show that low elevation sites, far away from urban and industrial centers can provide a stable optical depth, similar to high altitudes. In this study we investigated the feasibility of applying the methodology in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil, far away from pollution areas with low altitudes, for sun photometer calibration. We investigated optical depth stability using two periods of measurements in the year during dry season in austral summer. The first one was in December when the native vegetation naturally dries, losing all its leaves and the second one was in September in the middle of the dry season when the vegetation is still with leaves. The data were distributed during four days in December 2012 and four days in September 2013 totaling eleven half days of collections between mornings and afternoons and by means of fitted line to the data V₀ values were found. Despite the high correlation between the collected data and the fitted line, the study showed a variation between the values of V₀ greater than allowed for sun photometer calibration. The lowest V₀ variation reached in this experiment with values lower than 3% for the bands 500, 670 and 870 nm are displayed in tables. The results indicate that the site needs to be better characterized with studies in more favorable periods, soon after the rainy season.     

Geosynchronous magnetic field response to the large and fast solar wind dynamic pressure change

We present a comparison of large and sharp solar wind dynamic pressure changes, observed by several spacecraft, with fast disturbances in the magnetospheric magnetic field measured by the GOES-8, 9 and 10 geosynchronous satellites. Almost 400 solar wind pressure changes in the period 1996–2003 were selected for this study. Using the large statistics we confirmed that increases (decreases) in the dynamic pressure always results in increases (decreases) in the magnitude of geosynchronous B_z component. The amplitude of the geosynchronous B_z response strongly depends on the location of observer relative to the noon meridian, from the value of solar wind pressure before the disturbance arriving and firstly – from the amplitude of the pressure change.