Tracking filters and models for seeker applications

Two-state tracking filters are considered for seeker applications. Estimation of the line-of-sight (LOS) rate is the main purpose and equations of motion for the LOS are discussed and simplified for design. An observer approach is applied, the filter transfer functions are given and the gain is designed by pole placement. Also a measurement time delay is taken into account. The filter properties are investigated for deterministic LOS rotations, which is a case of practical interest, corresponding to target maneuvers. The influence of measurement noise is also considered     

Mean-Level Detection Utilizing a Digital First-Order Recursive Filter

The use of a simple digital first-order recursive filter for mean-level detection is described. Performance characteristics are derived for the case where the background noise is stationary, and detection results are given for Swerling Case 2 fluctuating signals. Equations are derived for computing false-alarm performance in nonstationary backgrounds, and results are given for some special cases. Comparisons are made with performance of a conventional mean-level circuit in stationary and nonstationary noise.     

Nonlinear aeroelastic analysis of airfoils: bifurcation and chaos

Different types of structural and aerodynamic nonlinearities commonly encountered in aeronautical engineering are discussed. The equations of motion of a two-dimensional airfoil oscillating in pitch and plunge are derived for a structural nonlinearity using subsonic aerodynamics theory. Three classical nonlinearities, namely, cubic, freeplay and hysteresis are investigated in some detail. The governing equations are reduced to a set of ordinary differential equations suitable for numerical simulations and analytical investigation of the system stability. The onset of Hopf-bifurcation, and amplitudes and frequencies of limit cycle oscillations are investigated, with examples given for a cubic hardening spring. For various geometries of the freeplay, bifurcations and chaos are discussed via the phase plane, Poincaré maps, and Lyapunov spectrum. The route to chaos is investigated from bifurcation diagrams, and for the freeplay nonlinearity it is shown that frequency doubling is the most commonly observed route. Examples of aerodynamic nonlinearities arising from transonic flow and dynamic stall are discussed, and special attention is paid to numerical simulation results for dynamic stall using a time-synthesized method for the unsteady aerodynamics. The assumption of uniform flow is usually not met in practice since perturbations in velocities are encountered in flight. Longitudinal atmospheric turbulence is introduced to show its effect on both the flutter boundary and the onset of Hopf-bifurcation for a cubic restoring force.     

航天飞控软件操作概图开发

航天飞控软件是具有高可靠性要求的软件系统,对其进行可靠性测试是航天飞控任务的基本要求。操作概图是进行软件可靠性测试的基础。由于开发大型软件系统的操作概图比较复杂,使其成为了制约开展软件可靠性测试的主要困难之一。本文以地面航天飞控软件为例,介绍了实时飞控软件操作概图的开发步骤和方法。首先是确定软件系统的操作模式,并确定每个操作模式所运行的相关软件;然后给出了识别每个软件的操作发起者和操作方法;最后对不同类型的操作给出了确定其发生概率的方法。     

Fast Algorithms for Time Domain Broadband Adaptive Array Processing

Recursive algorithms are presented for time domain, broadband, adaptive beamforming. The algorithms are rapidly converging and can be computationally efficient for a certain range of array processor parameters. The algorithms are presented for two forms of array processor. One form is a Frost-type structure in which explicit constraints are required for defining the array-look direction and also to control the sensitivity of the array processor to implementation errors. The other form is a partitioned array processor in which constraints are built into the processor and the adaptive weight control algorithm is therefore unconstrained. The two processors presented are both element-space processors but the algorithms can be applied also to beam-space processors.     

Signal Processors and Accuracy of Three-Beam Monopulse Tracking Radar

The problem of implementing a monopulse tracking radar is considered when three beams are used rather than the customary four. Signal processors are developed for both amplitude and phase comparison radar cases and the functional form is given for the general case (a combination or hybrid case). Accuracy is investigated by applying the Cramer-Rao inequality. General results are given for the maximum theoretical accuracy of estimating target amplitude, phase, and position angles when the radar is of the amplitude comparison type. Equations sufficient for obtaining accuracies in the phase comparison and combination cases are included.     

Computational approach for investigation of thrust and acoustic performances of present-day nozzles

A computational viewpoint on the problems of design and numerical simulation for the nozzles of modern aircraft turbofan engines is presented. Modern concepts of noise-suppressing nozzles for civil aircraft are reviewed. Examples of application of CFD (computational fluid dynamics) methods to the analysis of nozzle flow structure and assessment of nozzle thrust characteristics are given. Errors of turbulence models in simulation of jets are analyzed. The authors’ experience in simulation of noise-suppressing nozzles for supersonic civil aircrafts is demonstrated. Insufficient accuracy of acoustic analogies for this class of tasks is shown, but a possible area of acoustic analogies application is noted. The essential elements of computational aeroacoustics (CAA) approach and numerical methods characteristic of CAA are reviewed. Numerical methodology for the simulation of nozzle acoustic performance is described in detail, including methods for simulation of near and far field of a nozzle, for generation of input perturbations and for the processing the far-field noise. Results of verification and methodical analysis of this acoustic methodology are presented.     

适于黏性计算的自适应笛卡儿网格生成及其应用

复杂外形的黏性网格生成已经成为计算流体力学(CFD)在工程应用中的主要瓶颈,高效而鲁棒的网格生成技术研究显得尤为迫切。使用基于物面外形自适应加密的笛卡儿网格方法生成计算网格,投影方法拟合壁面边界,将投影得到的柱形单元沿法向分层获得适于黏性计算的网格。应用特征恢复技术恢复凹面特征并改善凸面处的网格质量。流场解算中应用最小二乘法重构获得2阶精度,Roe格式计算无黏通量,Holmes-Connell方法计算黏性通量。加入Spalart-Allmaras一方程湍流模型以获得湍流解。上下对称高斯 赛德尔迭代(LU-SGS)格式隐式时间推进,对网格重排序保证格式的稳定性和平衡性。算例显示网格生成方法是快速的和鲁棒的,流场计算精度满足工程需求,因此该方法非常适合应用于实际工程计算。     

适于黏性计算的自适应笛卡儿网格生成及其应用

复杂外形的黏性网格生成已经成为计算流体力学(CFD)在工程应用中的主要瓶颈,高效而鲁棒的网格生成技术研究显得尤为迫切.使用基于物面外形自适应加密的笛卡儿网格方法生成计算网格,投影方法拟合壁面边界,将投影得到的柱形单元沿法向分层获得适于黏性计算的网格.应用特征恢复技术恢复凹面特征并改善凸面处的网格质量.流场解算中应用最小二乘法重构获得2阶精度,Roe格式计算无黏通量,Holmes-Connell方法计算黏性通量.加入Spalart-Allmaras一方程湍流模型以获得湍流解.上下对称高斯-赛德尔迭代(LU-SGS)格式隐式时间推进,对网格重排序保证格式的稳定性和平衡性.算例显示网格生成方法是快速的和鲁棒的,流场计算精度满足工程需求,因此该方法非常适合应用于实际工程计算.     

集成化工艺设计图象编程智能系统研究

 对系统的智能模型,采用了规划原理和概念模拟方法描述系统的行为和知识;引入了加工特征单元的概念,认为零件是由一组加工特征单元构成的;研究了加工特征单元的表示模式、定义及其识别算法;研究了机床库、刀具库、切削数据库、加工方法的概念模型,详细地分析了加工方法、刀具、切削数据、机床选择的促成因素,并建立了它们的推理模型。     

Accuracy of angle estimation with monopulse processing using twobeams

Expressions are provided for the accuracy of monopulse angle estimation using two beams. It is shown that, if the signal angle is halfway between the angles of the beams, the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) for monopulse processing is almost as small as the CRLB obtained if the entire array of sensors is used. The monopulse CRLB is considerably poorer if the angle of the signal is equal to that of one of the two beams. The expressions in this correspondence are for a uniformly weighted linear array of M equally spaced sensors, for which N⩾M beams are formed     

Analysis of CA-CFAR processors for linear-law detection

A method for evaluating the performance of cell-averaging constant false alarm rate (CA-CFAR) processors which use the amplitude of echo signals rather than their squared amplitude is presented. Results for the case of Rayleigh clutter/noise statistics are given. Detection probabilities are evaluated for the case of a Rayleigh fluctuating target embedded in Rayleigh clutter/noise for linear-law CA-CFAR processors. These results are observed to be practically identical to those of square-law CA-CFAR processors for which analytical expressions are readily available. These observations are verified using Monte Carlo simulations. The same conclusion is reached in the case of a nonfluctuating target embedded in Rayleigh clutter/noise for which only simulation results are presented     

基于人工免疫网络模型的航空发动机传感器故障诊断

提出了一种用于传感器故障诊断的免疫网络,对其结构和特点进行了分析,给出了相应的诊断算法。对传感器典型故障进行了故障诊断仿真,分析了免疫网络能检测出的最小故障偏差水平以及在不同噪声水平下的故障诊断效果。仿真结果表明,所研究的方法能有效检测到故障传感器,并具有良好的灵敏性及抗噪声干扰能力。     

Optimum Realizable Continuous Range Estimation

The ability to detect the presence or absence of a target is no longer the fundamental design criterion when the vehicle to be tracked is cooperative. In spacecraft tracking or navigation systems, for example, emphasis is placed on post-acquisition performance. Therefore, classical radar theory and design techniques are not specifically applicable. On the other hand, there are optimization techniques for extracting the tracking data from noise that are more to the point. In particular, optimum demodulation theory is directed specifically to the problem of continuously extracting data from a nonlinear modulation process. In this paper, the tracking properties of a multitone PM ranging signal are reviewed and are shown to be nearly optimum for cooperative vehicles. An optimum, but nonrealizable, maximum a posteriori (MAP) continuous estimator of range is derived for this signal. The linearized model of this receiver is the optimum nonrealizable Wiener filter for the data. Interpretation of this optimum nonrealizable estimator leads to a receiver design that is both practical and intuitively satisfying. With the aid of post-detection processing in the Wiener-Hopf sense, almost optimum performance is obtained from the resulting receiver, above threshold.     

Optimum Transponder Design for Pseudonoise-Coded Ranging Systems, Weak Signals

Optimization of the bandwidth of a turnaround transponder is carried out for weak signals at the transponder receiver. Optimum transponder bandwidth is found to be around 0.77-1, where T is the period of one element of the ranging code. Linear transponders are compared with transponders having baseband limiting. Phase modulation is assumed. It is shown that, for weak signals, linear transponders are preferable for a partitioning of the transponder transmitted power giving (carrier power)/(total power) > 0.43, while baseband limiters are preferred for (carrier power)/(total power) < 0.43.     

航空产品设计中的CAE系统集成技术

航空产品设计涉及复杂的工程分析过程,CAE集成系统是整个航空产品数字化设计平台中最具特点的部分。对CAE集成系统的业务模式和技术特点进行了分析,研究了CAE系统集成技术,提出了系统集成的解决方案。     

击中月球的转移轨道研究

对击中月球的转移轨道进行了全局性的研究,对这种转移轨道的要求是,近地点高度及飞行时间都是预先确定的,采用一种十分有效的算法,可以方便地找出所有满足要示转移轨道,这种方法的关键是利用初始状态终极状态的状态转移矩阵进行迭代,给出了这些转移轨道和近地点和着月点的轨迹,并讨论了轨迹随飞行时间变化的特性,研究结果表明,对于任意的轨道倾角都可以到两条满足要求的转移轨道。     

Polarization Effect on Multipath for Extended Targets

The results of a theoretical investigation of the influence of polarization on multipath are presented. First, the case of a point target is examined and it is confirmed that the multipath effect tends to vanish for rough sea and small grazing angles. Models of a buoy and of a large ship are then introduced and it is shown that, for targets that are extended in height, the multipath effect for vertical and horizontal polarization is substantially the same.     

复合材料波纹板剪切载荷作用下的屈曲试验与分析

复合材料波纹板稳定性是飞机机翼结构设计需要考虑的重要方面,是目前飞机结构设计中的一大难点.为了建立波纹板屈曲的数值分析方法,对复合材料波纹板在剪切载荷作用下的屈曲进行试验、工程算法和有限元方法研究.通过试验,探索了3种不同波长的复合材料波纹板的屈曲载荷和破坏载荷;采用工程算法和有限元方法计算了8种不同波长的复合材料波纹...     

Dynamics of Momentum Biased Spacecraft in a Near-Polar Orbit

The equations of motion of a momentum biased spacecraft are derived in a general form. The spacecraft is assumed to be orbiting in a near-elliptical orbit. An aerodynamic torque model which accounts for the atmospheric superrotation is assumed. The equilibrium attitude angles are obtained in terms of modified Bessel functions. Analytic expressions for the long-term motion of the momentum biased axis are derived for special cases. The analysis is applicable to the Magsat mission.