大直径铝合金薄壁管轴压加载数控弯曲成形特性(英文)

实现不起皱条件下管材壁厚减薄的控制,是提高大直径铝合金薄壁管数控弯曲成形极限和质量的关键问题。在管端施加轴向压缩载荷将可能成为实现上述目标的一个途径。在本研究中,基于动力显式有限元法建立了轴压加载数控弯管过程模拟的三维弹塑性有限元模型,并通过多指标正交试验设计,获得了成形参数组合的合理范围,克服了轴压加载弯曲时管端的轴向压缩失稳现象,同时模型可靠性得到了实验的验证。将有限元模型与起皱能量预测模型相结合,研究了轴压加载下大直径薄壁小弯曲半径铝合金管数控弯曲的成形特性。结果表明:(1)管直径越大且弯曲半径越小,弯曲过程中管材的最大切向压应力区被诱发切向拉应力区分割越明显,则轴压加载减小减薄的作用越小,管端发生压缩失稳的可能性越大。(2)与无轴压加载弯曲过程相比,轴压加载下管材起皱可能性在成形前期较大,在成形后期较小。(3)对于尺寸因子小于80的管材,轴压加载减小管材壁厚减薄的作用大于轴压加载增大起皱的作用。     

基于ABAQUS的数控弯管专用前处理模块开发

为了提高数控弯管有限元建模的效率和尽可能避免建模错误,采用ABAQUS提供的用户图形工具包和Python脚本接口,通过二次开发得到了数控弯管专用前处理模块。采用该模块,用户只需输入模型的建模参数、材料属性、模具运动幅值曲线、摩擦系数、分析步时长、文件保存名等信息,便可高效地建立管材数控弯曲及回弹分析的有限元仿真模型,提交后台运算后可以为后处理的快捷高效运行提供简洁而详实的数据源。通过将上述研发的数控弯管前处理模块应用于钛合金管数控弯曲的建模分析,验证了其可靠性。采用此方法,可以实现通过有限元软件ABAQUS进行用户定制,降低ABAQUS的操作难度,同时,本文前处理二次开发思路同样适用于其它塑性成形过程。     

基于中性层偏移的Z型材滚弯成形回弹预测

以提高大截面Z型材四轴滚弯成形精度为目的,通过综合考虑材料属性、几何特征和成形半径等因素对回弹的影响,建立了引入中性层偏移的大截面Z型材弯曲回弹解析模型,研究了7075-O和7475-O铝合金Z型材在不同滚弯成形半径下的回弹规律,并进行滚弯成形实验验证。结果表明,与忽略中性层偏移影响的型材回弹预测经验模型相比,基于中性层偏移的回弹预测模型能够准确预测大截面Z型材的回弹量,在相同的曲率半径下,预测回弹变形的最大相对误差从11.681%减小到3.347%。     

基于应力球张量法的不同模量陶瓷梁有限元分析

针对具有拉压弹性模量不等特性的材料,由于其不能沿用经典弹性理论进行应力和变形分析,为解决其结构计算问题,提出通过判断应力球张量的正负来确定拉压弹性模量的新思想,并在ANSYS的基础上,开发了拉压模量不等材料的分析计算模块。以纯弯曲两端简支的陶瓷梁为例,建立其有限元模型,利用所开发模块对纯弯曲的陶瓷梁进行结构分析,通过对比所得的有限元解与其解析解的计算结果,确定误差范围,正应力的误差不超过2.1%,挠度的误差不超过3%,得出本文提出方法的可行性。通过对比按照单、双模量计算所得最大拉压应力有限元解之间的误差,发现随着拉压弹性模量比的减小,误差值随之增大,超过工程允许范围,得出不同模量理论应用于实际的重要性。     

不同圆角过渡的3A21铝合金矩形管弯曲壁厚变化与损伤研究

为获得不同圆角过渡3A21铝合金薄壁矩形管弯曲的壁厚变化和损伤情况,采用弹性模量变化法,通过对拉伸进行试样反复加载、卸载试验,获取了Lemaitre断裂准则中的损伤参数。基于ABAQUS/Explicit的VUMAT二次开发平台,开发了耦合Lemaitre准则的用户材料子程序,建立了相同弯曲半径条件下不同圆角过渡的矩形管弯曲损伤预测三维有限元模型,并对模型的可靠性进行了验证。基于所建模型,研究发现管材壁厚减薄率与损伤最大值均出现在弯曲后截面50°左右,并且管材截面的圆角半径越小,其弯曲后中性层外侧壁厚减薄越严重,损伤值越大,即管材截面形状越趋向于矩形,弯曲过程中越容易发生破裂。     

大直径薄壁导管弯曲回弹解析计算

以大直径薄壁导管弯曲成形为研究对象,基于塑性力学全量理论,假设弯管过程中各纤维层只存在单轴应变和应力,并假设弯管过程中管件中性层偏移角和楔形角与弯曲角的函数,进而得到弯管过程应变的计算关系式,而后通过应力应变关系得出应力表达式,通过截面应力积分及微分单元力平衡得出管件弯曲部分与模具的接触正应力及摩擦力,通过边界内力积分计算得出外力,通过弯曲段力平衡及能量平衡计算得出偏移角和楔形角函数表达式中的系数,从而计算得出回弹角,并分析了部分工艺参数对回弹的影响规律.     

薄壁钛管剪应力本构参数识别方法

不同温度下的薄壁钛管剪应力本构参数识别,是研究薄壁钛管差温剪切弯曲过程管材塑性变形行为迫切需要解决的关键问题。提出了一种管材剪切测试的方法。将不同温度下薄壁钛管等温剪切测试、剪切测试过程模拟有限元模型、以及基于距离函数的响应面模型相结合,提出了薄壁钛管不同温度下剪应力本构参数逆向识别方法。采用该方法,识别了TA2薄壁钛管剪应力本构参数。同时建立了TA2薄壁钛管差温剪切弯曲过程模拟3维弹塑性热力耦合有限元模型。分别采用剪应力本构参数和单拉应力本构参数模拟弯管实验过程,评估了有限元模型的可靠性。结果表明：对于剪应力本构参数,温度越高,管材的K值和n值将减小,m值呈现波动的趋势。与单拉应力本构参数相比,剪应力本构参数对温度的变化更敏感,且剪应力本构参数值较小。与单拉应力本构参数相比,使用剪应力本构参数的有限元模型精度较高,模拟精度最大提高了60%。     

芯模填充对铜钛复合管绕弯截面畸变和壁厚减薄作用的模拟研究

为了提高铜钛复合管绕弯成形精度,基于所建有限元模型,研究了刚性芯模参数对复合管截面畸变和壁厚减薄的影响规律,并对比了刚性芯模填充和弹性芯模填充。研究结果表明:(1)随着刚性芯棒伸出量的增大,双金属复合弯管的基、覆管截面畸变率逐渐减小,壁厚减薄率逐渐增大,最佳芯棒伸出量为7mm。(2)较之无芯模填充,采用刚性芯模填充后,截面畸变显著降低,但是壁厚减薄率增大;控制截面畸变时,一定要考虑芯模对复合管壁厚减薄率的影响,并根据实际生产要求和管材尺寸结构灵活选择填充状态。(3)弹性芯模填充时,截面畸变率沿弯曲方向的分布较之刚性芯模均匀;刚性芯模较之弹性芯模可以更好地控制复合管的截面畸变,但最大差距只有1.03%。弹性芯模较之刚性芯模可以更好地控制复合管的壁厚减薄率,最大差距为3.27%。综合考虑截面畸变和壁厚减薄,弹性芯模对双金属复合管的填充效果更好。     

整体壁板结构弹塑性弯曲中性层位置分析

中性层位置是壁板结构设计和分析及其弯曲成型工艺的重要参数,工程上将截面形心作为弹塑性弯曲中性层位置的方法存在很大误差。通过弹塑性分析,考虑了材料塑性强化效应,建立了一种便捷的计算整体壁板结构弹塑性弯曲中性层位置的方法,并和数值仿真结果进行了对比,分析结果表明:弹性弯曲时,中性层位于截面形心;而进入塑性弯曲阶段,中性层位置随着弯曲半径的减小向蒙皮方向显著移动;在整体壁板常用的相对弯曲半径下(ρ/t≥10),壁板的变薄可以忽略不计,应力中性层和应变中性层几乎重合。     

CP3薄壁焊管数控弯曲成形有限元分析

根据焊接管材的特点,通过母材试样和包含焊缝及焊缝热影响区的混合试样的单向拉伸试验以及混合试样横截面的显微硬度测试,基于拉伸过程的等应变假设和混合法则,得到了CP3焊管母材、焊缝以及焊缝热影响区的材料拉伸应力应变关系.进而建立了薄壁CP3钛管数控弯曲有限元模型,分析了弯曲参数对焊管弯曲结果的影响,比较了均质管模型和焊管模...     

模具约束条件对H96黄铜双脊矩形管E弯截面变形的影响

 双脊矩形管的绕弯成形受内外侧模具的共同约束,不同模具约束下管坯的受力不同,使得其截面变形情况也不相同,而截面变形严重地影响弯管件的成形质量和使用性能。因此,基于ABAQUS有限元平台建立了双脊矩形管E弯成形三维有限元模型,并通过实验验证了模型的可靠性。采用所建模型,研究了内外侧模具约束条件对双脊矩形管E弯截面变形的影响规律,发现当只有内腹板脊槽受约束时,内腹板脊槽的内缩变形可得到较好的控制,而其他部位的变形则有增大的趋势;当只有外腹板脊槽受约束时,内腹板脊槽宽度变形基本不发生变化,而其他部位的变形则有减小的趋势;当内外腹板脊槽均受约束时,可较好地控制双脊矩形管E弯过程中的截面变形。芯头个数对整管截面高度、宽度、外腹板脊槽宽度与两脊槽底部的间距的变形影响较大,但对内腹板脊槽宽度的变形影响不显著。     

‘Size effect’ related bending formability of thin-walled aluminum alloy tube

Aluminum alloy (Al-alloy) thin-walled (D/t > 20, diameter D, wall thickness t) bent tubes have attracted increasing applications in many industries with mass quantities and diverse specifications due to satisfying high strength to weigh ratio requirements of product manufacturing. However, due to nonlinear nature of bending with coupling effects of multiple factors, the similarity theory seems not applicable and there occurs a challenge for efficient and reliable evaluation of the bending formability of thin-walled tube with various bending specifications. Considering the unequal deformation and three major instabilities, the bending formability of thin-walled Al-alloy tube in changing tube sizes such as D and t are clarified via both the analytical and FE modeling/ simulations. The experiments of rotary draw bending are conducted to validate the theoretical models and further confirm ’size effect’ related bending formability. The major results show that (1) The anti-wrinkling capability of tube decreases with the larger D and smaller t, and the effect significance of t is larger than that of D even under rigid supports; (2) The wall thinning increases with the larger D and smaller t, and this tendency becomes much more obvious under rigid supports; (3) The cross-section deformation increases with the larger D and smaller t according to the analytical model obtained intrinsic relationship, while this tendency becomes opposite due to the nonlinear role of mandrel die; (4) The size factor D/t can be used as a nondimensional index to evaluate both the bending formability regarding the wall thinning and cross-section deformation.     

Cross-sectional deformation of H96 brass double-ridged rectangular tube in rotary draw bending process with different yield criteria

Different yield criterion has great difference in predicting the deformation of tube with different material. In order to improve the prediction accuracy of the cross-sectional deformation of the double-ridged rectangular tube (DRRT) during rotary draw bending (RDB) process, Mises isotropic yield criterion, Hill’48 and Barlat/Lian anisotropic yield criteria commonly used in practical engineering are introduced to simulate RDB of DRRT. The inverse method combining uniaxial tensile test of whole tube and response surface methodology was proposed to identify the parameters of Hill’48 and Barlat/Lian yield criteria of small-sized H96 brass extrusion DRRT as well. Then based on ABAQUS/Explicit platform, the FE models of RDB process of DRRT considering Mises, Hill’48 and Barlat/Lian yield criteria were built. The results show that: The variation trend of cross-sectional deformation ratio is same when using different yield criteria. The cross-sectional deformation ratio by using Mises yield criterion is close to that by using Hill’48 yield criterion. However, there is a quite difference between by using Barlat/Lian yield criterion and by using Mises or Hill’48 yield criteria. The prediction values of cross-sectional height deformation by using three yield criteria all underestimate the experiment ones, and the prediction values of cross-sectional width deformation overestimate the experiment ones. By comparing the simulation results of cross-sectional deformation of the DRRT with different yield criteria and experiment ones, Barlat/Lian yield criterion is found to be suitable for describing the RDB process of DRRT.     

Plastic deformation analysis and forming quality prediction of tube NC bending

Plane strain assumption and exponent hardening law are used to investigate the plastic deformation in tube bending. Some theoretical formulae including stress, curvature radius of neu-tral layer, angle of neutral layer deviation, bending moment, wall thickness variation and cross-section distortion, are developed to explain the phenomena in tube bending and their magnitudes are also determined. During unloading process, the springback angle is deduced using the virtual work principle, and springback radius is also given according to the length of the neutral layer which remains unchanged before and after springback. The theoretical formulae are validated by the experimental results or the validated simulation results in literature, which can be used to quickly predict the forming quality of tube numerical control (NC) bending.     

三维机织复合材料的一个细观力学模型

根据三维机织复合材料中细观几何和变形的周期性,提出了一种反映细观周期约束条件的组合梁单元模型,该模型既考虑了纤维束的偏轴拉压效应,又考虑了纤维束的弯／剪耦合效应和纤维束之间的相互作用,可以描述纤维束和基体中的细观应力分布。针对一种典型的三维机织复合材料,研究了根据编织参数确定材料细观结构的方法,在此基础上选取材料中最小周期的一段纤维束作为分析胞元,用上述模型分析了面内拉伸荷载下胞元中各相材料的细观应力,进而得到材料平均的宏观模量。材料试验和二维细观有限元分析证明了本模型的可靠性。研究表明,三维机织复合材料中,纤维束拉、弯耦合效应引起的细观应力在应力分析中不可忽略。     

齿轮弯曲疲劳强度可靠性分析的新方法

以三参数可靠性分析模型为基础, 结合随机有限元法与齿轮的疲劳强度理论, 提出了一种计算齿根弯曲疲劳强度的新方法。该方法考虑了影响齿轮可靠性的随机因素, 如载荷、材料性能参数和刀具齿顶圆弧半径等, 从而使得全面、合乎实际地对齿轮疲劳强度的可靠性预测成为可能。计算分析表明, 刀具齿轮圆弧半径对齿轮弯曲疲劳强度可靠性的影响不能予以忽略。文中还讨论了其它随机因素以及齿轮的变位系数对齿轮可靠性的影响。      

Forming Characteristics of Al-alloy Large-diameter Thin-walled Tubes in NC-bending Under Axial Compressive Loads

Tube thinning control without wrinkling occurring is a key problem urgently to be solved for improving the forming qualities in numerical control (NC) bending processes of large-diameter Al-alloy thin-walled tubes (AATTs). It may be a way solving this problem to exert axial compression loads (ACL) on the tube end in the bending. Thus, this article establishes a three-dimensional (3D) elastic-plastic explicit finite element (FE) model for the bending under ACL and has its reliability verified. Through a multi-index orthogonal experiment design, a combination of process parameters, each expressed by a proper range, for this FE model is derived to overcome the compression instability on tube ends. By combining the FE model with a wrinkling energy prediction model, an in-depth study is conducted on the forming characteristics of large-diameter AATTs with small bending radii and it can be concluded that (1) The larger the tube diameters and the smaller the bending radii, the larger the induced tangent tension stress zones on tube intrados, by which the tube maximum tangent compression stress zones will be partitioned in the bending processes; thus, the smaller the ACL roles in decreasing thinning degrees and the larger the compression instability possibilities on tube ends. (2) The tube wrinkling possibilities under ACL are larger than without ACL acting in the earlier forming periods, and smaller in the later ones. (3) For the tubes with a size factor less than 80, the ACL roles in decreasing thinning degrees are stronger than in increasing wrinkling possibilities.     

基于CDM的复合材料缺口强度三维数值仿真模型

层合板受载时在缺口尖端出现的沿纤维方向的基体开裂会使缺口钝化,降低缺口带来的应力集中影响。为了更好地模拟这一现象,建立基于CDM的三维有限元模型,提出一种可以实现层合板中每层网格不同排列的建模方法,使网格边缘与每层纤维方向一致;为了实现每层网格不同的排列,在层间建立内聚力接触模拟分层损伤;对纤维增强复合材料层合板[0/902/0]S和[0/90/±45]S进行开孔拉伸的渐进损伤分析。结果表明:该模型可以模拟不同材料体系和铺层参数的层合板在拉伸载荷作用下的渐进损伤过程,预测其破坏强度;通过已知的试验结果对模型进行验证,证明了该方法的正确性且预测精度较高。     

薄壁管数控弯曲过程中失稳起皱的主要影响因素

 针对薄壁管数控弯曲精确成形过程在多因素交互作用下可能发生失稳起皱这一复杂物理问题, 基于起皱能量准则和有限元方法相结合, 提出了预测该过程起皱发生的能量( 数值) 方法, 研究了影响薄壁管数控弯曲成形过程起皱发生的主要因素及影响机制。结果表明, 弯曲半径、相对管径、芯棒伸长量和摩擦因素是影响薄壁管数控弯曲精确成形过程起皱发生的主要因素, 而材料的应力强度系数和加工速度等对起皱发生影响较小。研究结果为薄壁管数控弯曲精确成形过程参数的确定和优化创造了条件。