基于有限元模拟的三维型材拉弯轨迹设计

针对三维型材拉弯,提出一种基于变形控制有限元模拟的轨迹设计方法。首先提取模具长度方向特征线并将其离散成诸多线段单元,这样毛料逐步包覆模具的过程就变成毛料包覆这些线段单元的过程。给定毛料依次包覆线段单元发生的变形,根据切线接触条件（拉弯成形过程中毛料离开模具的位置处两者相切）计算出每步毛料末端位移。将这些位移作为边界条件输入有限元模型中计算毛料应力、应变和回弹。根据成形极限图和规定最大回弹超差量来调整变形模式,找到优化的变形模式和拉弯轨迹。以中空矩形截面型材三维拉弯为例,给出了轨迹设计的详细流程。     

接触约束对焊接变形影响的数值模拟

以焊接件和工作台在外压力作用下的接触为约束建立有限元模型,采用数值模拟方法研究外压力大小、作用宽度和作用位置对焊接变形的影响.研究结果表明,存在使焊接件远离焊缝部位残余变形最大的临界外压力pcr和临界外压力作用宽度Wcr,当外压力p《pcr时,焊接残余变形随压力的增大而增大;当外压力p》pcr时,焊接残余变形随压力的增大而减小;当作用宽度W《Wcr时,残余变形随作用宽度的增加而增大;当作用宽度W》Wcr时,残余变形随作用宽度的增加而减小.     

有限元仿真模拟分析在典型型材拉弯过程中的应用研究

典型型材拉弯过程中因存在回弹而不利于模具的设计制造.通过经验法给出拉弯回弹值并进行修模后所拉弯成形的零件不符合制造技术要求,且反复试验有很大的不确定性,存在制造风险.本文通过前期采用有限元仿真技术对典型型材拉弯成形过程进行模拟分析,确定各类参数对零件变形的影响,预测零件在拉弯成形过程中的变形情况,获得型材在理论载荷状态...     

拉弯过程中预拉力对角型材零件回弹的影响规律

采用弹塑性有限元方法对不同预拉力下角型材的转台式拉弯成形过程进行了模拟.首先建立转台式拉弯成形过程的有限元模型,然后通过分析由模拟计算所得到的不同预拉力下拉弯零件的应力应变场和回弹角,得出预拉力对角型材拉弯零件回弹的影响规律.所得结果可作为设计拉弯成形模具和确定拉弯工艺参数的参考.     

大截面Z型材滚弯成形缺陷的数值模拟及试验研究

以控制大截面Z型材四轴滚弯成形中型材局部起皱、扭曲等质量缺陷为目的,利用ABAQUS有限元软件数值模拟大截面Z型材数控四轴滚弯过程,在分析滚弯成形缺陷产生原因的基础上,提出了侧滚轮非对称加载和二次滚弯方式控制成形缺陷的方法。结果表明:二次滚弯方式对起皱缺陷具有较好的改善作用;侧滚轮非对称式加载方式(左侧滚轮高于右侧滚轮),对起皱和扭曲等缺陷具有明显的抑制作用。滚弯试验结果证明,型材滚弯成形的扭曲量相比数值模拟结果误差在10%以内。     

型材拉弯回弹有限元分析

对两种不同截面的铝型材分别在6种不同拉弯成形工艺中的拉弯过程进行有限元数值模拟,探讨成形工艺、弯曲半径与型材截面形状对拉弯成形后型材回弹的影响。     

通过预成形降低内高压成形压力的机理分析

采用力学分析和有限元模拟对空心零件圆角部位在内高压成形过程中的应力分布和变形机理进行了分析,针对多边形截面空心件内高压成形,以矩形截面为例提出采用花瓣形预成形截面降低圆角成形压力的方法,分析了该方法降低圆角成形压力的机理,提出了花瓣形预成形截面形状关键参数计算公式,并通过试验进行了验证,为采用较低压力实现空心构件圆角内高压成形提供了理论指导.     

基于中性层偏移的Z型材滚弯成形回弹预测

以提高大截面Z型材四轴滚弯成形精度为目的，通过综合考虑材料属性、几何特征和成形半径等因素对回弹的影响，建立了引入中性层偏移的大截面Z型材弯曲回弹解析模型，研究了7075-O和7475-O铝合金Z型材在不同滚弯成形半径下的回弹规律，并进行滚弯成形实验验证。结果表明，与忽略中性层偏移影响的型材回弹预测经验模型相比，基于中性层偏移的回弹预测模型能够准确预测大截面Z型材的回弹量，在相同的曲率半径下，预测回弹变形的最大相对误差从11.681%减小到3.347%。     

型材下陷成形回弹补偿算法

下陷成形是一种适用于飞机长桁零件制造的成形工艺,成形后零件发生回弹,并且腹板上方缘条回弹量较大。因此,要在准确预测回弹量的基础上对模具型面进行修正,消除回弹对成形精度的影响。本文针对型材下陷成形提出了一种基于有限元计算的平整性修模与下陷深度修模结合的模具型面迭代修正算法,并应用该算法对角型材、角形带弯钩型材及Z字型材三种型材的下陷零件进行了修模计算分析。从对计算结果的分析中,证明了该回弹补偿方法具有计算精度高、收敛速度快的优点。     

TC4钛合金薄壁带筋锥形环辗轧充填规律

钛合金薄壁带筋锥形环件是航空航天关键基础构件,型槽充填不满、截面轮廓难以精确成形,是该复杂异形环件精密辗轧成形面临的瓶颈问题。本文分析了影响型槽充填行为的关键影响因素,即决定塑性变形行为的每转进给量、以及决定每转进给量在环件内外表面分配比例的驱动辊半径和芯辊半径;以某TC4钛合金薄壁带外筋锥形环辗轧为研究对象,通过ABAQUS的VUAMP子程序开发,建立了实现以常每转进给量进给的芯辊运动闭环控制有限元仿真模型;进而模拟揭示了每转进给量、驱动辊半径和芯辊半径对型槽充填质量(充填率、型槽入口变形及其均匀性)的影响规律。结果表明:随着每转进给量增大,充填率先增大后减小,表明存在一个最佳的每转进给量最利于充填;随着每转进给量增大,型槽入口区域变形越小且分布越均匀,可有效抑制该区域产生裂纹缺陷;随着驱动辊半径增大,充填率逐渐减小,不利于型槽充填;随着芯辊半径增大,充填率逐渐增大,有利于型槽充填。     

Cross-sectional deformation behavior of double-ridged rectangular tube with fillers in different stages of H-typed bending

The bent double-ridged rectangular tube (DRRT) with high forming quality is helpful to improve the microwave transmission accuracy. For reducing the cross-sectional deformation in the H-typed bending process, in addition to using rigid mandrel to support the inside of tube, ridge groove fillers are also added to restrict the deformation of ridge grooves. Because of the change of stress and strain state of bent tube in bending, rigid mandrel retracting and specially twice-springback stages, and the springback of fillers, the cross-sectional deformation of tube in each stage may be different. Therefore, based on the ABAQUS platform, the finite element models (FEM) for H-typed bending, mandrel retracting and twice-springback stages of H96 DRRT with fillers were established and validated. It is found that, for the height and width deformation of tube and spacing deformation of ridge grooves, retraction of mandrel can make the distribution of these deformations more uniform along the bending direction. The first springback can reduce these deformations significantly, which should be emphasized. But the second springback only increases them by less amount, which can be ignored. The smaller height deformation of ridge groove and filler can be neglected.     

Cross-sectional deformation of H96 brass double-ridged rectangular tube in rotary draw bending process with different yield criteria

Different yield criterion has great difference in predicting the deformation of tube with different material. In order to improve the prediction accuracy of the cross-sectional deformation of the double-ridged rectangular tube (DRRT) during rotary draw bending (RDB) process, Mises isotropic yield criterion, Hill’48 and Barlat/Lian anisotropic yield criteria commonly used in practical engineering are introduced to simulate RDB of DRRT. The inverse method combining uniaxial tensile test of whole tube and response surface methodology was proposed to identify the parameters of Hill’48 and Barlat/Lian yield criteria of small-sized H96 brass extrusion DRRT as well. Then based on ABAQUS/Explicit platform, the FE models of RDB process of DRRT considering Mises, Hill’48 and Barlat/Lian yield criteria were built. The results show that: The variation trend of cross-sectional deformation ratio is same when using different yield criteria. The cross-sectional deformation ratio by using Mises yield criterion is close to that by using Hill’48 yield criterion. However, there is a quite difference between by using Barlat/Lian yield criterion and by using Mises or Hill’48 yield criteria. The prediction values of cross-sectional height deformation by using three yield criteria all underestimate the experiment ones, and the prediction values of cross-sectional width deformation overestimate the experiment ones. By comparing the simulation results of cross-sectional deformation of the DRRT with different yield criteria and experiment ones, Barlat/Lian yield criterion is found to be suitable for describing the RDB process of DRRT.     

引入材料参数的弯管中性层偏移解析模型

中性层偏移是表征管材弯曲内外侧不均匀变形程度的关键参数。基于弯管截面力矩平衡条件,建立了引入材料参数的管材弯曲变形中性层偏移解析模型,针对管材数控绕弯和压弯过程对所建模型从多个方面进行了评估,研究了不同几何和材料等管材本征参数下的管材弯曲中性层偏移规律。结果表明:应用于TA18钛管数控绕弯,发现所建解析模型与已有解析方法预测精度相当,但能考虑材料参数影响,且相较于有限元模拟,本文解析模型更接近实验结果;应用于A6063铝合金管和AZ31镁合金管压弯过程,并与Hasegawa解析方法相较,发现本文解析模型能够准确预测拉压不对称对压弯中性层偏移的影响;弯曲半径减小,弯管直径增大,中性层向弯曲内侧移动;拉压屈服强度比减小,厚向异性指数增大,中性层向弯曲内侧移动。     

动压气浮球轴承承载力分析

 本文采用曲面间的保角变换,将球面润滑问题变换为平面润滑问题,导出等角螺线槽球形轴承的承载能力和气膜刚度的近似解析表达式和最佳槽型参数。本文结果适用于小压缩数和小偏心的情况。     

‘Size effect’ related bending formability of thin-walled aluminum alloy tube

Aluminum alloy (Al-alloy) thin-walled (D/t > 20, diameter D, wall thickness t) bent tubes have attracted increasing applications in many industries with mass quantities and diverse specifications due to satisfying high strength to weigh ratio requirements of product manufacturing. However, due to nonlinear nature of bending with coupling effects of multiple factors, the similarity theory seems not applicable and there occurs a challenge for efficient and reliable evaluation of the bending formability of thin-walled tube with various bending specifications. Considering the unequal deformation and three major instabilities, the bending formability of thin-walled Al-alloy tube in changing tube sizes such as D and t are clarified via both the analytical and FE modeling/ simulations. The experiments of rotary draw bending are conducted to validate the theoretical models and further confirm ’size effect’ related bending formability. The major results show that (1) The anti-wrinkling capability of tube decreases with the larger D and smaller t, and the effect significance of t is larger than that of D even under rigid supports; (2) The wall thinning increases with the larger D and smaller t, and this tendency becomes much more obvious under rigid supports; (3) The cross-section deformation increases with the larger D and smaller t according to the analytical model obtained intrinsic relationship, while this tendency becomes opposite due to the nonlinear role of mandrel die; (4) The size factor D/t can be used as a nondimensional index to evaluate both the bending formability regarding the wall thinning and cross-section deformation.     

A Study on Multi-defect Constrained Bendability of Thin-walled Tube NC Bending Under Different Clearance

Thin-walled tube numerical control (NC) bending is a tri-nonlinear physical process with multi-defect and multi-die constraints. The clearance on each contact interface is the major factor to indicate the contact conditions. A three-dimensional-finite element (3D-FE) model is established to consider the realistic dynamic boundary conditions of multiple dies under ABAQUS/Explicit platform. Combined with experiment, numerical study on bending behavior and bendability under different clearance between tube and various dies is conducted in terms of wrinkling, wall thinning and cross section deformation. The results show that (1)with smaller clearance of tube-wiper die and tube-mandrel, the wrinkling can be restrained while the wall thinning It and cross-section deformation Id increase; while excessive small clearance blocks tube materials to flow past tangent point and causes piles up, the onset of wrinkling enhances It and Id. (2)Both It and Id decrease with smaller clearance of tube-pressure die; the wrinkling possibility rises with larger clearance on this interface if the mandrel’s freedom along Y-axis is opened; smaller clearance of tube-bend die prevents wrinkling while increases It, and the clearance on this interface has little effect on Id. (3)A modified Yoshida buckling test (YBT) is used to address the wrinkling mechanisms under normal constraints in tube bending: the smaller clearance may restrain wrinkling efficiently; the smaller wall thickness, the less critical clearance needed; the critical clearance for tube bending 38 mm×1 mm×57 mm (tube outer diameter×wall thickness×centerline bending radius) equals about 20% of initial wall thickness.     

Plastic wrinkling model and characteristics of shear enforced Ti-alloy thin-walled tubes under combination die constraints and differential temperature fields

Plastic wrinkling predictions and shear enforced wrinkling characteristics of Ti-alloy thin-walled tubes under combination die constraints have become key problems urgently in need of solutions in order to improve forming quality in their shear bending processes under differential temperature fields. To address this, a wrinkling wave function was developed by considering their shear bend deformation characteristics. Based on this wave function and the thin shell theory, an energy prediction model for this type of wrinkling was established. This model enables considera-tion of the effects of shear deformation zone ranges, material parameters, loading modes, and fric-tion coefficients between tube and dies on the minimum wrinkling energy. Tube wrinkling sensitive zones (WSZs) can be revealed by combining this wrinkling prediction model with a thermal-mechanical coupled finite element model for simulating these bending processes. The reliability of this wrinkling prediction model was verified, and an investigation into the tube wrinkling char-acteristics was carried out based on the experimental conditions. This found that the WSZs are located on either a single side or both sides of the maximum shear stress zone. When the friction coefficients between the tube and the various dies coincide, the WSZs are located on both sides. The larger the value of the tube inner corner radius and/or the smaller the value of the outer corner radius, the smaller the wrinkling probability. With an increase in the value of the moving die dis-placement, the wrinkling probability increases at first, and then decreases.     

Deformation behaviors of four-layered U-shaped metallic bellows in hydroforming

Because of the complex constraint effects among layers in multi-layered metallic bellows hydroforming, the stress concentration and defects such as wrinkling and fracture may easily occur. It is a key to reveal the deformation behaviors in order to obtain a sound product. Based on the ABAQUS platform, a 3D-FE model of the four-layered U-shaped metallic bellow hydroforming process is established and validated by experiment. The stress and strain distributions, wall thickness variations and bellow profiles of each layer in the whole process, including bulging, folding and springback stages, are studied. Then deformation behaviors of bellows under different forming conditions are discussed. It is found that the wall thinning degrees of different layer vary after hydroforming, and is the largest for the inner layer and smallest for the outer layer. At folding stage, the wall thinning degree of the crown point increases lineally, and the difference among layers increases as the process going. The displacements of the crown point decrease from the inner layer to the outer layer. After springback, the U-shaped cross section changes to a tongue shape, the change of convolution pitch is much larger than the change of convolution height, and the springback values of the inner layer are smaller than the outer layer. An increase in the internal pressure and die spacing cause the maximum wall thinning degree and springback increase. With changing of process parameters, bellows with deep convolution are easily encountered wall thinning during hydroforming and convolution distortion after springback. This research is helpful for precision forming of multi-layered bellows.     

含多裂纹对接板应力强度因子三维有限元分析

应力强度因子（SIF）分析是含多部位损伤（MSD）结构的裂纹扩展分析及寿命预测的基础,对于连接结构采用简化模型难以考虑次弯曲、铆钉变形等因素影响。本文建立了含MSD对接板的三维有限元模型,研究了不同损伤模式、设计构型和约束条件下的裂纹尖端SIF分布特性以及随裂纹长度的变化规律。结果表明,孔边裂纹Ⅰ型SIF起主导作用,Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型SIF可忽略不计;由于次弯曲效应,SIF从外表面到内表面近似呈线性关系逐渐增加;MSD裂纹之间存在较强的干涉作用,且裂纹间距离越短数量越多,干涉作用越强;SIF随拼接板厚度增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,原因是拼接板刚度和铆钉柔度对铆钉载荷传递有一定影响;采用埋头铆钉会使SIF值增加,且内外表面差异变得更大;反翘曲约束对裂纹尖端SIF均值影响很小,但能显著降低SIF沿厚度方向的变化。     

纤维缠绕角度对CFRP-Al混合圆管横向受载性能影响

基于准静态横向弯曲试验对缠绕工艺下制备的CFRP/Al混合圆管进行抗弯性能和吸能特性研究,分析了混合圆管的破坏模式,基于不同纤维缠绕角度的碳纤维复合材料-铝合金混合圆管三点弯曲试验结果,通过有限元仿真方法研究了内层纤维缠绕角度对其横向抗弯与吸能特性的影响。试验结果表明,CFRP-Al混合圆管横向载荷下的失效形式、损伤模式与纯铝管基本保持一致,但受纤维缠绕角度的影响失效形貌略有差异。纤维缠绕角度越小,CFRP-Al混合圆管的抗弯性能和吸能性越好,同时压溃效率(CFE)明显降低。基于验证的有限元模型,研究不同角度纤维缠绕内层对于表层纤维层的应力传递影响,小角度缠绕内层对于管件的轴向拉伸变形抑制增加了管件整体峰值载荷与吸能作用,大角度缠绕内层对于管件环向刚度的提升增加了整体压溃效率。依此分析可为合理设计CFRP-Al混合管提供有效依据。