GPS多径信号的自适应滤波估计方法

 研究全球定位系统(GPS)多径信号估计的问题。通过分析自适应滤波器的原理,建立了数字中频信号处理的数学模型,提出一种用自适应滤波实现GPS多径幅度、码相位和载波相位估计的方法。该方法采用不同延迟的伪随机序列对信号进行解扩、解调和累加,得到了作为期望信号的系列自适应滤波相关值。对该方法与其他3种方法进行了理论上的分析比较,得出本方法具有信噪比高、自适应滤波性能好、带有码相位信息和不存在载波模糊度问题等优点。根据各种滤波器算法的特点和本应用的需求,给出了选用递归最小二乘算法实现的方法。通过计算机仿真,验证了提出的方法能够在14 dB的信噪比下,以1个采样间隔的时间延迟分辨率和0.005周的载波相位估计精度估计出GPS L1的多径信号。     

GPS code and carrier multipath mitigation using a multiantennasystem

Multipath is a major source of error in high precision Global Positioning System (GPS) static and kinematic differential positioning. Multipath accounts for most of the total error budget in carrier phase measurements in a spacecraft attitude determination system. It is a major concern in reference stations, such as in Local Area Augmentation Systems (LAAS), whereby corrections generated by a reference station, which are based on multipath corrupted measurements, can significantly influence the position accuracy of differential users. Code range, carrier phase, and signal-to-noise (SNR) measurements are all affected by multipath, and the effect is spatially correlated within a small area. In order to estimate and remove code and carrier phase multipath, a system comprising a cluster of five GPS receivers and antennas is used at a reference station location. The spatial correlation of the receiver data, and the known geometry among the antennas, are exploited to estimate multipath for each satellite in each antenna in the system. Generic receiver code and carrier tracking loop discriminator functions are analyzed, and relationships between receiver data, such as code range, carrier phase, and SNR measurements, are formulated and related to various multipath parameters. A Kalman filter is described which uses a combination of the available information from the antennas (receivers) in the multiantenna cluster to estimate various multipath parameters. From the multipath parameters, the code range and carrier phase multipath is estimated and compensated. The technique is first tested on simulated data in a controlled multipath environment. Results are then presented using field data and show a significant reduction in multipath error     

A direct position determination method with combined TDOA and FDOA based on particle filter

The localization of a stationary transmitter using moving receivers is considered. The original Direct Position Determination (DPD) methods, with combined Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) and Frequency Difference of Arrival (FDOA), do not perform well under low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), and worse still, the computation cost is difficult to accept when the computational capabilities are limited. To get better positioning performance, we present a new DPD algorithm that proves to be more computationally efficient and more precise for weak signals than the conventional approach. The algorithm partitions the signal received with the same receiver into multiple non-overlapping short-time signal segments, and then uses the TDOA, the FDOA and the coherency among the short-time signals to locate the target. The fast maximum likelihood estimation, one iterative method based on particle filter, is designed to solve the problem of high computation load. A secondary but important result is a derivation of closed-form expressions of the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB). The simulation results show that the algorithm proposed in this paper outperforms the traditional DPD algorithms with more accurate results and higher computational efficiency, and especially at low SNR, it is more close to the CRLB.     

北斗导航接收机高增益相干积分算法

近年来,针对弱信号的高灵敏度接收机已逐渐成为国内外的研究热点。加长相干积分时间可以提高信噪比,从而跟踪到更弱的信号。但是,北斗导航接收机跟踪环路并不可以无限加长相干积分时间,相干积分时间的长短和功效还受到卫星导航电文比特跳变的限制。为了消除导航电文比特跳变对相干积分的影响,提出了一种改进的基于最大似然估计的北斗信号位同步方法,完成位同步后再利用先猜后检的方法便可以实现长相干积分。利用软件接收机进行编程设计,仿真结果表明：该长相干积分算法能够稳定可靠地实现对弱信号的跟踪,20ms相干积分环路信噪比约提升12dB,40ms相干积分环路信噪比约提升15dB,80ms相干积分环路信噪比约提升17dB,提高了北斗导航接收机的灵敏度。     

Effects of finite weight resolution and calibration errors on theperformance of adaptive array antennas

Adaptive antennas are now used to increase the spectral efficiency in mobile telecommunication systems. A model of the received carrier-to-interference plus noise ratio (CINR) in the adaptive antenna beamformer output is derived, assuming that the weighting units are implemented in hardware, The finite resolution of weights and calibration is shown to reduce the CINR. When hardware weights are used, the phase or amplitude step size in the weights can be so large that it affects the maximum achievable CINR. It is shown how these errors makes the interfering signals “leak” through the beamformer and we show how the output CINR is dependent on power of the input signals. The derived model is extended to include the limited dynamic range of the receivers, by using a simulation model. The theoretical and simulated results are compared with measurements on an adaptive array antenna testbed receiver, designed for the GSM-1800 system. The theoretical model was used to find the performance limiting part in the testbed as the 1 dB resolution in the weight magnitude. Furthermore, the derived models are used in illustrative examples and can be used for system designers to balance the phase and magnitude resolution and the calibration requirements of future adaptive array antennas     

深空组阵迭代FX相关合成算法及性能分析

针对火星距离下大规模天线组阵中极微弱接收信号的高效合成问题,在VLBI(Very Long Baseline Interferometry,甚长基线干涉测量)的FX相关器开环处理架构基础上提出了一种新的迭代FX相关合成算法,对算法原理进行了详细理论推导,对数据处理流程、算法合成性能等进行深入分析,与FSC(Full-Spectrum Combining,全频谱合成)、BC(Baseband Combining,基带合成)、SSC(Symbol-Stream Combining,符号流合成)等组阵方案进行性能仿真对比,并给出该算法在36接收天线组阵的实测试验结果。仿真和试验结果表明,迭代FX相关合成算法相比于FSC、BC、SSC等组阵方案具有较好的合成性能,在输入带内信噪比不低于-20d B时,合成效率达到了95%以上,非常适用于火星天线组阵微弱接收信号的组阵合成。     

Radar power multiplier for acquisition of low observables using anESA radar

In this paper the acquisition of a low observable (LO) incoming tactical ballistic missile using the measurements from a surface based electronically scanned array (ESA) radar is presented. We present a batch maximum likelihood (ML) estimator to acquire the missile while it is exo-atmospheric. The proposed estimator, which combines ML estimation with the probabilistic data association (PDA) approach resulting in the ML-PDA algorithm to handle false alarms, also uses target features. The use of features facilitates target acquisition under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions. Typically, ESA radars operate at 13-20 dB, whereas the new estimator is shown to be effective even at 4 dB SNR (in a resolution cell, at the end of the signal processing chain) for a Swerling III fluctuating target, which represents a significant counter-stealth capability. That is, this algorithm acts as an effective “power multiplier” for the radar by about an order of magnitude. An approximate Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB), quantifying the attainable estimation accuracies and shown to be met by the proposed estimator, is derived as well     

低成本GNSS接收机芯片载波相位测量技术

当前具备载波相位测量的GNSS接收机能够实现高精度定位,但其成本高、体积大,难以广泛应用于大批量的手机、平板电脑等消费电子产品。针对ST公司的STA8090接收机芯片并改进其软件和晶振以获得载波相位信息,采用双差和三差方程测试评估载波相位测量的精度,与测绘型接收机进行对比。基于改进的STA8090接收机芯片构建双天线定姿系统原型样机,静态测试评估了相对定位和定向精度。研究结果表明,千米级静态相对定位精度优于0.01m,在1.23m基线条件下定向精度优于0.1°。因此,采用低成本GNSS接收机芯片实现高精度载波相位测量的技术方案是可行的,具备广阔的市场应用前景。     

Low observable target motion analysis using amplitude information

In conventional passive and active sonar system, target amplitude information (AI) at the output of the signal processor is used only to declare detections and provide measurements. We show that the AI can be used in passive sonar system, with or without frequency measurements, in the estimation process itself to enhance the performance in the presence of clutter where the target-originated measurements cannot be identified with certainty, i.e., for “low observable” or “dim” (low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)) targets. A probabilistic data association (PDA) based maximum likelihood (ML) estimator for target motion analysis (TMA) that uses amplitude information is derived. A track formation algorithm and the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) in the presence of false measurements, which is met by the estimator even under low SNR conditions, are also given. The CRLB is met by the proposed estimator even at 6 dB in a cell (which corresponds to 0 dB for 1 Hz bandwidth in the case of a 0.25 Hz frequency cell) whereas the estimator without AI works only down to 9 dB. Results demonstrate improved accuracy and superior global convergence when compared with the estimator without AI. The same methodology can be used for bistatic radar     

基于PNFM-LFM复合调制的探测干扰共享波形设计

针对雷达-电子战一体化共享信号波形的设计需求,提出一种伪码噪声调频与线性调频复合调制的探测干扰共享波形。在伪码序列的伪随机性和规律性上,通过理论推导和仿真实验,分析并验证了该探测干扰共享波形具有良好的模糊函数以及线性可控的频谱特征,有效通带内干扰功率利用率平均可达38%;通过探测干扰共享信号的相关信号处理,本地接收机能够成功地对信噪比不低于-27 dB的回波信号进行检测,且改善因子可达30 dB。     

CW alternatives to the coherent pulse train-signals and processors

Continuous wave (CW) signals phase modulated by a periodic waveform, and their corresponding receivers, are discussed. The combined response in delay and Doppler is almost identical to the (ideal) response of the coherent pulse train. The receivers are matched to an integral number N of modulation periods of the transmitted signal. CW implies a duty cycle of 100%. However, the signal duration need not be longer than N+2 periods. The CW signals have the advantage that their peak power is equal to the average power. Their disadvantages are more complicated receiver processing and the need for two antennas     

民航行李X光安检图像自适应小波去噪算法

对X光安检图像进行去噪处理可以更清楚地显示出危险物。针对传统小波软硬阈值去噪方法的缺陷．给出了一种自适应阈值的去噪方法,在此方法中,首先进行软硬阈值的折中处理,然后分别对大于和小于阈值的两部分进行自适应处理。利用Tennessee大学提供的实际采集的X光安栓图像进行实验,结果表明该方法能有效地去除安检图像中的噪声,图像去噪后的信噪比、峰值信噪比分别是25．2229dB、27．708dB．与含噪图像相比分别增加了7．7253dB和7．739dB。因此该方法表现出较高的去噪性能。     

An evaluation of the radio frequency susceptibility of commercialGPS receivers

The radio frequency (RF) susceptibility characteristics of two commercial Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers were evaluated. A first-order analysis was performed to predict the receiver susceptibility thresholds based on the receiver sensitivity and processing gain. The receiver susceptibility thresholds in the post-acquisition mode were then measured for various interference signal frequencies and modulations. Both receivers exhibited very low susceptibility thresholds to in-band continuous wave (CW) signals. In addition, both receivers could be over-driven with an out-of-band signal. In this state the receivers indicated acceptable figures of merit despite loss of satellite signal lock     

LINEAR PREDICTION APPROACH IN AIRBORNE ADAPTIVE ARRAYS

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一种盲多波束形成GNSS天线阵抗干扰算法

天线阵抗干扰是现代卫星导航接收机抗干扰的重要手段。传统的天线阵波束形成类算法能够在抑制干扰的同时提升抗干扰后输出信噪比,但是在信号捕获阶段,由于缺少先验信息的支持,该类算法无法在信号方向形成增益。因此,提出了一种盲多波束形成的天线阵抗干扰算法,通过形成多个波束覆盖天线阵上半球面,可在无先验信息的条件下对卫星信号形成增益,从而提升信号捕获阶段信噪比,使得接收机在干扰环境中具备更强的信号捕获能力。仿真结果表明:与传统的天线阵抗干扰算法相比,提出的算法能够在有效抑制干扰的同时显著提升接收机信号捕获成功率。     

Receiver-channel based adaptive blind equalization approach for GPS dynamic multipath mitigation

Aiming at mitigating multipath effect in dynamic global positioning system (GPS) satellite navigation applications, an approach based on channel blind equalization and real-time recursive least square (RLS) algorithm is proposed, which is an application of the wireless communication channel equalization theory to GPS receiver tracking loops. The blind equalization mechanism builds upon the detection of the correlation distortion due to multipath channels; therefore an increase in the number of correlator channels is required compared with conventional GPS receivers. An adaptive estimator based on the real-time RLS algorithm is designed for dynamic estimation of multipath channel response. Then, the code and carrier phase receiver tracking errors are compensated by removing the estimated multipath components from the correlators’ outputs. To demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed approach, this technique is integrated into a GPS software receiver connected to a navigation satellite signal simulator, thus simulations under controlled dynamic multipath scenarios can be carried out. Simulation results show that in a dynamic and fairly severe multipath environment, the proposed approach achieves simultaneously instantaneous accurate multipath channel estimation and significant multipath tracking errors reduction in both code delay and carrier phase.     

基于自适应分段混合系统的轴承故障诊断

针对强噪声背景下轴承早期故障的诊断问题,提出一种基于自适应分段混合随机共振（adaptive piecewise hybrid stochastic resonance,APHSR）系统的检测方法。采用经验模态分解法（EMD）进行信号预处理,分别采用能量密度法和相关系数法去除高、低频噪声,自动筛选最优固有模态函数,经尺度变换后输入分段混合随机共振系统模型,提取故障信号。工程实验显示:经过APHSR系统,轴承故障特征频率的频谱幅值、频谱幅值与周围最大噪声之差和最大信噪比（SNR）均高于经验模态分解和经典随机共振方法,其中齿轮箱故障轴承信噪比分别提高了9.579 dB和7.473 dB,转子故障轴承信噪比分别提升了8.597 dB和5.695 dB,对凯斯西储大学故障轴承数据处理后的信噪比分别提升了3.369 dB和17.043 dB。数据表明APHSR方法具有高效性,提高了轴承故障信号诊断能力。      

Design and analysis of a knowledge-aided radar detector for doppler processing

In this paper we discuss the combined use of a priori information and adaptive signal processing techniques for the design and the analysis of a knowledge-aided (KA) radar receiver for Doppler processing. To this end, resorting to the generalized likelihood function (GLF) criterion (both one-step and two-step), we design and assess data-adaptive procedures for the selection of training data. Then we introduce a KA radar detector composed of three elements: a geographic-map-based data selector, which exploits some a priori information concerning the topography of the observed scene, a data-adaptive training selector which removes dynamic outliers from the training data, and an adaptive radar detector which performs the final decision about the target presence. The performance of the KA algorithm is analyzed both on simulated as well as on real radar data collected by the McMaster University IPIX radar. The results show that the new KA system achieves a satisfactory performance level and can outperform some previously proposed adaptive detection schemes     

Subspace array processing for the suppression of FM jamming in GPS receivers

The mitigation of FM interference in GPS receivers is considered. In difference to commonly assumed wideband and narrowband interferers, the FM interferers are wideband, but instantaneously narrowband, and as such, have clear time-frequency (TF) signatures that are distinct from the GPS coarse acquisition (C/A) spread spectrum code. In the proposed technique, the estimate of the FM interference instantaneous frequency (IF) and the interference spatial signature are used to construct the spatiotemporal interference subspace. The IF estimates can be provided using existing effective linear or bilinear TF methods. The undesired signal arrival is suppressed by projecting the input data on the interference orthogonal subspace. With a multisensor receiver, the distinctions in both the spatial and TF signatures of signal arrivals allow effective interference suppressions. The deterministic nature of the signal model is considered and the known underlying structure of the GPS C/A code is utilized. We derive the receiver signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) under exact and perturbed IF values. The effect of IF estimation errors on both pseudorange measurements and navigation data recovery is analyzed. Simulation results comparing the receiver performances under IF errors in single and multiantenna GPS receivers are provided.     

Results from a Four-Element Adaptive Antenna Experiment

Experimental results from a four-element, linear, half-wavelength spacing, adaptive-array antenna under the control of the least mean square (LMS) algorithm are presented. The array is found to be capable of nulling a 70-MHz signal to -35 dB below a desired signal over a 5-MHz bandwidth. The antenna processing gain is constant over a desired signal-to-jammer signal power ratio range from -20 dB to 5 dB. A sharp reduction in processing gain is observed for angular separations between jammer and desired signal of less than 10°. Antenna patterns taken with weights set in 300 iterations of the LMS algorithm show that the one strong, one weak jammer combination has a longer weight convergence time and reduced processing gain compared with a two strong jammers combination. Contours of constant desired signal-to-jammer signal power ratio, after adaptive antenna processing, reveal a complex shape for communication between air and ground due to the finite angular resolution of the adaptive antenna.