电子对抗仿真器的设计

用电子对抗系统仿真器代替真实的设备参与飞机航电系统综合试验, 是为了获得更好的动态效果, 减少测试的复杂性, 降低实际费用。本文在分析电子对抗系统功能的基础上, 提出了仿真器的基本设计方案及软件设计技术, 最后, 介绍了软件测试方法。     

Open systems architecture solutions for military avionics testing

Raytheon makes extensive use of open systems architecture methods in developing special test equipment (STE) for testing military avionics equipment. Such use has resulted in significant cost and schedule savings in the development of production test equipment for radar and infrared systems. With open systems architectures, a test system can be assembled using COTS products. This brings economies of scale to test equipment, which is normally built in very low quantities. Therefore, the potential cost savings due to COTS usage is proportionately greater in STE than in the higher volume avionics systems that are tested. A second major benefit of using COTS products is that test system development schedule cycle time is greatly reduced. This paper describes the application of Open Systems Architectures (OSA) to avionics testing. The following major architectures are surveyed: VME bus, VXI bus, IEEE GPIB, IEEE 1149.1 JTAG test bus, 1553 Military Bus, Fibre Channel, and COTS Test Applications Software. We describe how the benefits of OSA have been extended at Raytheon into achieving vertical test commonalities. The flexibility of OSA can be exploited to provide an overall optimum test solution, taking all levels of test into account. For example, test systems can be tailored with COTS products to provide integrated methods for avionics tests at the module, unit, and system levels. Test systems can be configured to maximize the reuse of COTS hardware over all test levels. Test software can also be programmed to optimize such reuse over levels of test. Additional test verticality synergies derived from such OSA usage are described, including: test false alarm avoidance; test cones of tolerance optimization; and efficient test of field returns     

A methodology for addressing support equipment obsolescence

The rapid growth of technology over the last twenty years is providing vastly improved capabilities for both avionics and avionics test systems. Unfortunately, an environment of rapid technological growth breeds a corresponding environment of rapid technological obsolescence. Test systems developed fifteen years ago are becoming increasingly more difficult to support due to obsolescence issues and, additionally, such a test system does not reflect the current state-of-the-art for automatic test equipment. The ability of a test system to evolve is essential to providing cost-effective support systems for electronic systems. The F-15 Tactical Electronic Warfare System (TEWS) Intermediate Support System (TISS) was developed under the Modular Automatic Test Equipment (MATE) guidelines to support the suite of F-15 electronic warfare LRUs. MATE imposed hardware architecture constraints, which were factors that contributed to its abandonment. However, the modular aspect of MATE has provided a system that can easily evolve with technological advancements. Modularity is the cornerstone of modern software systems and this is the aspect that has been exploited in the evolution of the TISS     

1553 emulation over ATM (asynchronous transfer mode)-a hybridavionics communications architecture

The issue of meeting the higher communications requirements of future aircraft avionics systems in an incremental manner is addressed. A communications architecture is proposed which is based upon a switched network technology from the telecommunications area asynchronous transfer mode (ATM). However, the major step of migrating all existing avionics equipment into an ATM compliant form is avoided by the process of “emulating” a current avionics data bus such as MIL-STD-1553B over an ATM network. This allows current 1553 subsystems to co-exist with ATM compliant equipment on a single physical ATM network     

Analysis tools for the evaluation of maintenance software

Test packages written for built-in test (BIT) and mobile automatic test equipment (ATE) systems for the forward support of electronic and thermal imaging equipment used by the British Army are currently scrutinized and subjected to objective tests by test package evaluation and acceptance teams (TPEATs) before being accepted for field use. This is a time-consuming and costly exercise that can result in the rejection of unsuitable software. The result of such rejection on equipment logistics is for reaching, since the hardware will enter service without adequate maintenance support. In an attempt to address this problem a suite of programs aimed at assisting the verification and validation activities of the TPEAT at every stage of the software life cycle from requirements analysis through to testing and acceptance is being devised. The development of these tools is discussed     

航空电子系统综合试验新思路

航空电子系统的地面综合试验是在仿真器和模拟器的支持下,充分营造飞行和作战的环境,用来暴露系统设计上存在的缺陷,以便于及时改进设计。本文叙述了在电子设备高度综合化的现代飞机上,航空电子系统综合试验的方法,并对试验中的关键技术进行了分析。     

光母板技术在航电系统中的应用研究

随着航空电子技术的不断发展,传统的航空电子系统的母板总线在传输带宽、传输距离、EMI等方面正面临着巨大挑战。光母板技术实现了光纤高密度高可靠性的互连,这为航电统一光纤网络应用于先进航电系统打下了坚实基础。本文介绍了光母板技术在国内外的发展以及在航电系统中的应用情况;最后,针对光母板技术在我国航电系统中的应用提出了某些建议。     

Data link communication equipment approved by USAF for civil air traffic control

Operations within civil airspace will transition from traditional ground-based air traffic control (ATC) to air traffic management (ATM), a concept that requires aircrews and ground managers to share responsibility of aircraft separation assurance. Increased levels of information exchange will be necessary for this concept to work safely; therefore, air-ground communications will transition from voice to data link communications. The nature of data link communications procurement requires that avionics suppliers not only verify their products meet contractual performance requirements, but also demonstrate that their products are compatible with civil communication networks and ATC. In addition, the USAF needs to demonstrate that their crew-training program is adequate to maintain the required level of aircrew proficiency and equipment can be maintained for the required level of system performance, integrity, and interoperability with the civil environment. This paper outlines some of the certification issues facing the USAF with respect to the "Approval for Use" of data link equipment to be used for communication with ATC. It will also suggest a methodology for the avionics supplier and USAF to obtain the approvals required to ensure the installation of data link communications equipment on military aircraft will remain interoperable with civil ATC.     

航电系统并行检测过程与检测设备解耦方法

航电系统在使用或升级改造过程中进行可靠性检测是必不可少的。特别是在当前批量航电系统大量投入使用的背景下，迫切需要能高效、快速、准确地对系统进行可靠性检测。由于航电系统安全性要求高，内置检测软件受限，需要外置检测设备通过航电系统指定接口进行检测，检测过程也不允许出现任何泄露等行为。检测设备与具体航电系统耦合，检测过程与具体检测设备耦合，难以实现批量航电系统并行检测。为此，通过引入逻辑检测设备，给出了一种航电系统并行检测分层框架，解决检测设备与被测系统耦合的问题，同时也保证了检测的安全性。通过逻辑检测设备、检测跳转机和被测主机上检测行为的描述，给出了一种面向通用航电系统并行检测的检测设备协同机制，解决检测过程与检测设备耦合的问题，从而支持多个航电系统并行检测。最后，实现了一个通用航电系统并行检测系统，并通过实际应用和实验对比验证所提方法的有效性。     

全权限数字电子控制器雷电试验方法研究

在分析机载设备雷电感应敏感度试验相关标准的基础上,对全权限数字电子控制器雷电间接效应试验方法进行研究。对雷电间接效应耦合方式进行了分类,并以某型全权限数字电子控制器为例,介绍了数字电子控制器雷电感应瞬态敏感度试验波形组、试验电平选择方法及试验过程。并对空客和波音公司机载设备雷电感应瞬态敏感度试验方法做了初步介绍。研究成果可供制定机载设备雷电防护要求及试验方案时参考。     

Switched Ethernet testing for avionics applications

Switched Ethernet is being implemented as an avionics communication architecture. A commercial standard (ARINC-664) and an aircraft vendor-specific implementation known as avionics full duplex switched Ethernet (AFDX) have been developed that defines the topology and use of switched Ethernet in an avionics application. In avionics applications, the movement of data between devices must take place in a deterministic fashion and must be delivered reliably. All aircraft flight hardware must be tested to be sure that it will communicate information properly in the switched Ethernet network. The airframe manufacture must test the integrated network to verify that all flight hardware is communicating properly. Testing and maintenance testing is required to perform data communication level testing of switched Ethernet architectures for avionics applications to insure that all communication is deterministic and reliable. This paper provides an overview of a switched Ethernet avionics network and identifies the testing challenges associated with a switched Ethernet avionics application. A practical implementation performing the required tests is discussed.     

基于扩张状态观测器的高空台进气环境模拟控制技术研究

针对航空发动机高空台推力瞬变等过渡态试验对进气环境模拟控制系统所提出的强抗扰性、强鲁棒性的迫切需求,设计了一种基于扩张状态观测器（ESO）的高空台进气环境模拟主动抗扰控制技术方法。首先分析了现有高空台过渡态环境模拟的技术特点和高品质控制指标难于实现的原因;其次设计线性自抗扰控制器（LADRC）和一体化并行控制器（IPC）;最后通过仿真对高空台进气环境模拟主动抗扰控制方法进行了验证。结果表明,应用基于扩张状态观测器的主动抗扰控制技术能够大幅提高发动机过渡态试验中进气环境模拟的动态响应速度、控制精度和抗扰动能力。     

基于标准总线的航电系统测试与维护策略

随着航电系统越来越依赖于复杂的电子系统,以及电子产品的微型化,测试成为解决航电系统可靠性和维修性的关键。在分析基于标准测试总线的测试性技术的标准体系之后,介绍了将边界扫描技术应用于板级测试,系统级测试以及产品现场维护的测试性设计的一种方法。     

Effect of Electrical Generator Parameters on Transient Suppressors

In vehicular and aircraft generating systems, the voltage transient suppressor requirements for protection of utilization loads are generally based on measured values of valtage transients and the generating system impedance. This paper presents an approximate method for determining the suppressor requirements that disregards the generating system impedance. When a voltage surge due to removal of load is suppressed, the greater portion of the removed load current is transferred to the shunt-type suppressor. The influence of generating system voltage regulator design on severity of voltage transients is discussed.     

基于米勒定律的机载电子设备可靠性研究

机栽电子设备在其寿命周期内要经受各种严酷环境的考验，每种恶劣环境都会对其疲劳寿命造成损伤。米勒定律在电子设备可靠性评估中得到诸多应用，以其为基础，分析振动及温度冲击环境对电子设备的结构件及元器件寿命的影响，对电子设备可靠性进行了评估。     

基于TVS管的机载电子设备数据接口雷电防护设计

针对机载电子设备数据接口的雷电防护要求,本文介绍了机载电子设备雷电防护器件的选择依据,分析了基于TVS管的数据接口雷电防护方法和电路拓扑结构,给出了计算公式并指出了TVS管用于数据接口雷电防护设计中需要注意的问题。     

面向适航符合性的智能航电系统认证研究进展

民用飞机航电系统引入人工智能/机器学习技术会带来可信性、不确定性和可解释性等问题,有必要通过有效的符合性方法向公众与利益攸关方证实智能航电系统的适航安全性。首先,分析了智能航电系统的等级分类和应用现状,阐述了现有指南和标准的适用性;然后,基于对当前研究成果的梳理,总结了包含可信度分析、安全性评估、安全风险缓解和认证/批准活动的智能航电系统认证框架实施流程及其技术细节;最后,给出智能航电系统在全生命周期各个阶段的符合性验证要求及实现方法建议,评估了符合性验证对现有适航体系的影响,为民用飞机智能航电系统的设计与认证提供了参考依据。     

机载嵌入式软件的系统测试

针对航空电子系统的功能特点,分析了某航电分系统控制管理计算机软件的特征和要求,结合机载嵌入式软件的系统测试需求,提出利用航电分系统设计开发试验平台,通过总线上的故障注入和数据采集方法,实现机载嵌入式软件的系统测试。     

航电系统外场保障实习台的设计与研究

根据航电系统在外场通电时对操作人员的技能要求和相关设备需求,提出了研制航电系统外场保障实习台的思路和方案;构建了实习台的半实物仿真模型,设计了基于模拟操作功能的硬件电路,编制了基于虚拟仪器技术的软件流程,完成了实习台的系统集成与调试,实现了航电系统外场通电保障的模拟训练;应用结果表明,实习台功能强,可扩展性好,使用广泛,军事经济效益显著。     

Aging avionics: the problems and the challenges

Aging avionics have become a problem because aircraft are being kept in service far longer than the original plan. This paper discusses the four key problems of aging avionics: (1) determining the systems that are the high cost drivers in order to select those that should receive priority; (2) determining the requirements for the replacement; (3) identifying alternative technologies that will satisfy the requirements and are affordable; and (4) determining the funding required and acquiring the funding needed to replace the aging avionics. Challenges encountered in solving these problems include management and technical. The problem of aging avionics is not limited to a single aircraft, but occurs across all aircraft. Cost-effective modernization requires cutting horizontally across all aging aircraft, and coordination with the end users and the existing management structure. A key technical challenge is to select an architecture that is upgradeable since the funding limitations may ensure parts will become obsolete prior to the completion of a drawn-out production.