Planning, implementation and optimization of future space missions using an immersive visualization environment (IVE) machine

Beginning in 1995, a team of 3-D engineering visualization experts assembled at the Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company and began to develop innovative virtual prototyping simulation tools for performing ground processing and real-time visualization of design and planning of aerospace missions. At the University of Colorado, a team of 3-D visualization experts also began developing the science of 3-D visualization and immersive visualization at the newly founded British Petroleum (BP) Center for visualization, which began operations in October, 2001. BP acquired ARCO in the year 2000 and awarded the 3-D flexible IVE developed by ARCO (beginning in 1990) to the University of Colorado, CU, the winner in a competition among 6 Universities. CU then hired Dr. G. Dorn, the leader of the ARCO team as Center Director, and the other experts to apply 3-D immersive visualization to aerospace and to other University Research fields, while continuing research on surface interpretation of seismic data and 3-D volumes. This paper recounts further progress and outlines plans in Aerospace applications at Lockheed Martin and CU.     

NASA spinoffs to bioengineering and medicine

Through the active transfer of technology, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Technology Utilization (TU) Program assists private companies, associations, and government agencies to make effective use of NASA's technological resources to improve U.S. economic competitiveness and to provide societal benefit. Aerospace technology from areas such as digital image processing, space medicine and biology, microelectronics, optics and electrooptics, and ultrasonic imaging have found many secondary applications in medicine. Examples of technology spinoffs are briefly discussed to illustrate the benefits realized through adaptation of aerospace technology to solve health care problems. Successful implementation of new technologies increasingly requires the collaboration of industry, universities, and government, and the TU Program serves as the liaison to establish such collaborations with NASA. NASA technology is an important resource to support the development of new medical products and techniques that will further advance the quality of health care available in the U.S. and worldwide.     

Future spacelift projection

In 1996 the NASA Advisory Council asked for a comprehensive look at future launch projections out to the year 2030 and beyond. In response to this request NASA sponsored a study at The Aerospace Corporation to develop long-range space transportation models for future commercial and government applications, and to analyze the design considerations and desired characteristics for future space transportation systems. Follow-ons to present space missions as well as a wide array of potential new space applications are considered in the study. This paper summarizes the space transportation system characteristics required to enable various classes of future missions. High reliability and the ability to achieve high flight rates per vehicle are shown to be key attributes for achieving more economical launch systems. Technical, economic and policy implications are also discussed.     

Future spacelift projections

In 1996 the NASA Advisory Council asked for a comprehensive look at future launch projections out to the year 2030 and beyond. In response to this request NASA sponsored a study at The Aerospace Corporation to develop long-range space transportation models for future commercial and government applications, and to analyze the design considerations and desired characteristics for future space transportation systems. Follow-ons to present space missions as well as a wide array of potential new space applications are considered in the study. This paper summarizes the space transportation system characteristics required to enable various classes of future missions. High reliability and the ability to achieve high flight rates per vehicle are shown to be key attributes for achieving more economical launch systems. Technical, economic and policy implications are also discussed.     

归因于空间环境的航天器故障与异常

天然空间环境对航天器设计、研制和运行的影响是NASA马歇尔空间飞行中心系统分析和集成实验室电磁与航空宇宙环境部组织编写的一系列NASA RP报告的主题。其中,NASA RP-1390详细概述了天然空间环境7个主要环境因素,包括它们的简单定义、相关的型号计划事项以及对各种航天器分系统的影响。该报告提供100多个从1974～1994年间发生的归因于天然空间环境的航天器故障和异常的案例,统计分析天然空间环境及其对航天器的影响。文章是对这篇报告的介绍与点评。     

空天飞行器与信息对抗

空天飞行器是航空航天领域新的发展热点,是航空航天技术和航空航天军事竞争的最新阶段。简要介绍了空天飞行器的发展并对其在军事领域的应用进行了探讨,归纳了当前空天战场中的信息对抗模式,分析了空天飞行器在未来空天战场中承担的角色和在信息对抗领域中可以起到的独特作用。     

信息战与航天信息装备

在提出信息战概念的基础上,结合近期发生的四次战争,将信息战分为三个阶段,并预测了信息战的发展趋势。简要分析了所面临的信息战威胁,提出“积极防御,攻防结合”的信息战策略,最后指出必须大力发展航天信息装备。     

归因于空间环境的航天器故障与异常

天然空间环境对航天器设计、研制和运行的影响是NASA马歇尔空间飞行中心系统分析和集成实验室电磁与航空宇宙环境部组织编写的一系列NASA RP报告的主题.其中,NASA RP-1390详细概述了天然空间环境7个主要环境因素,包括它们的简单定义、相关的型号计划事项以及对各种航天器分系统的影响.该报告提供100多个从1974...     

Development Prospect of the Commercialization for Aerospace Services

In recent years, with the rapid growth in demand for commercial launches, space institutions like NASA have been succeeded in the commercialization of aerospace services. According to the latest development trends on international commercial aerospace services and the current development status of domestic commercial aerospace services, suggestions on the development of China's commercial aerospace services based on policies, development modes and technical innovation are given.     

航天可靠性工程技术体系及关键技术研究

航天装备具有高性能、高价值、小批量、组成复杂、高速飞行、环境严酷、多次分离等显著特点,要实现高可靠具有很大难度。总结了航天可靠性工程的3个基本问题,在此基础上研究提出了中国航天可靠性工程技术体系框架,并对体系框架中的各种可靠性工程技术及其在航天工程实践中的最早应用情况进行了简介。最后,面向未来一段时期航天装备体系建设的需求,初步提出了航天可靠性工程关键技术,供后续研究工作参考。     

从空天防御体系建设看航天电子对抗未来发展

空天防御作战是指在国家最高空天防御指挥机构统一指挥下,综合运用陆基、海基、空基和天基作战力量,对航空、航天空间各类来袭目标及其武器系统实时的先制、抗击和防护作战行动.简述了美俄的导弹空天防御体系建设思路,结合空天防御的热点,总结出航天电子对抗的未来发展方向.     

Competing for a future in space: NASA and the Department of Defense

Although the 1958 Space Act stressed the civilian nature of the US space programme, the military space budget has grown to over twice the size of NASA's. Military influence on US space policy has grown accordingly. NASA has failed in articulating a sense of direction and purpose for the civilian space programme justifying sustained and adequate support. What matters most for a reinvigorated NASA is the level of commitment the nation is prepared to make, and in today's political climate greater spending on a civilian space programme would be unpopular. The USA looks likely to continue to fall behind in the international competition for space leadership.     

航天产品成熟度研究

为解决航天产品高要求、高风险和小子样等特点与保证工程任务一次成功要求之间的问题,以及适应多型号任务并举的发展趋势,文章分析了国外航天领域成熟度技术的主要成果,介绍了产品成熟路径理论框架,阐述了产品成熟度概念和内涵,提出了航天产品成熟度快速提升的途径和方法.在航天工程实践中已经获得的一系列科技成果,通过对这些理论方法的应...     

航天ATS快速测试体系结构研究

快速发射是未来空间信息作战和导弹武器发展面临的新课题,快速测试是快速发射的重要环节。航天ATS快速测试需要遵循一定的体系结构而发展。以国际通用测试系统体系结构为背景,结合我国航天测试的需求,提出了航天ATS快速测试体系结构,分析了航天ATS快速测试的测试流程并行化、关键参数连续监测化和测试数据处理快速化等目标,以及所涉及到的图形化程序开发、仪器可互换等关键技术。结论有利于促进航天ATS快速测试技术的进步,并为其发展提供参考。     

海运及沿海发射期间航天产品的腐蚀风险与应对策略

海南发射场投入运行在即,在此发射的航天器在海运和发射场期间将面临着腐蚀的风险。文章对比了海南发射场与酒泉、西昌、太原等内陆发射场的腐蚀环境差异,例举了NASA肯尼迪航天中心在海运和发射场期间航天产品的腐蚀案例,分析了我国未来航天器在海运和海南发射场期间的腐蚀风险,并根据NASA、ESA对沿海发射场航天器腐蚀的应对策略,提出了相应的防腐蚀建议与措施。     

现代项目管理在航天研究所应用探讨

文章简述了项目管理在航天领域应用的发展史 ,介绍了现代项目管理的概念和组织结构 ,并简要介绍了美国全球航天技术公司 (BALLAEROSPACE&TECHNOLOGYCorp .)高分辨率相机BHRC6 0项目管理的简单流程 ,对现代项目管理在航天研究所的应用提出了建议     

两行根数的精度评估

两行根数是北美防空司令部基于一般摄动理论产生的用于预报地球轨道飞行器位置和速度的一组轨道根数,用于近地卫星时所采用的数学模型是SPG4,它已被著名软件STK选为进行轨道推算的可选方法之一。文章对它的精度进行了评估,并认为它有很大的应用价值。     

Micro/Nano-Satellites: Opportunities and Challenges

At an accelerating development pace, Micro-Nano Satellite technology has become one of the most active research topics in the current aerospace field. Its applications have been extended from engineering education and technology demonstration into various other fields, such as communication, remote sensing, navigation and scientific experiments just to name a few. In this paper issues raised on Micro/Nano-Satellites in recent news are reviewed and the opportunities and challenges confronting Micro/Nano-Satellites are analyzed. Then the Micro/nano-Satellites of National University of Defense Technology(NUDT) are briefly introduced. Finally, some suggestions on the development of Micro/Nano-Satellites in the future are proposed.     

美国卫星公用平台采办模式研究

基于卫星公用平台的卫星设计、制造理念,以卫星公用平台目录作为重要的采办工具,在当今许多国家的卫星采办项目中得以应用。本文在整理美国卫星公用平台目录建设、管理与应用领域的进展情况基础上,特别是研究分析了美国国家航空航天局下属航天器快速发展办公室(RSDO)的运作情况,探讨了我国航天领域卫星公用平台型谱管理与应用的前景和方向,以及专业咨询机构在采办过程中的作用,为进一步深入实践航天产品工程理论提供了新方法、新模式。     

The relevance of economic data in the decision-making process for orbital launch vehicle programs, a U.S. perspective

Over the past fifteen years, major U.S. initiatives for the development of new launch vehicles have been remarkably unsuccessful. The list is long: NLI, SLI, and X-33, not to mention several cancelled programs aimed at high speed airplanes (NASP, HSCT) which would share some similar technological problems.The economic aspects of these programs are equally as important to their success as are the technical aspects. In fact, by largely ignoring economic realities in the decisions to undertake these programs and in subsequent management decisions, space agencies (and their commercial partners) have inadvertently contributed to the eventual demise of these efforts.The transportation revolution that was envisaged by the promises of these programs has never occurred. Access to space is still very expensive; reliability of launch vehicles has remained constant over the years; and market demand has been relatively low, volatile and slow to develop. The changing international context of the industry (launching overcapacity, etc.) has also worked against the investment in new vehicles in the U.S. Today, unless there are unforeseen technical breakthroughs, orbital space access is likely to continue as it has been with high costs and market stagnation.Space exploration will require significant launching capabilities. The details of the future needs are not yet well defined. But, the question of the launch costs, the overall demand for vehicles, and the size and type of role that NASA will play in the overall launch market is likely to influence the industry. This paper will emphasize the lessons learned from the economic and management perspective from past launch programs, analyze the issues behind the demand for launches, and project the challenges that NASA will face as only one new customer in a very complex market situation. It will be important for NASA to make launch vehicle decisions based as much on economic considerations as it does on solving new technical challenges.