基于关键测量特性的飞机装配检测数据建模研究

数字化测量辅助飞机装配技术是实现装配关系数字化协调、提高装配精度与效率的关键技术之一。基于数字化测量的装配过程依赖于产品设计、工艺设计、加工与部件装配等多个环节产生的数据,因此,构建统一的数据模型,实现各环节间的数据关联与映射,是实现基于数字化测量的装配过程监测、调控与质量保证的关键。本文首先提出了"关键测量特性"的概念,拟解决产品设计特性、工艺特性向测量特性的映射,并最终转化为关键测量点集;分析了飞机装配中关键测量特性间的几何数据关系,并揭示了其与部件关键装配关系之间的关联,在此基础上构建了以关键测量特性检测数据为节点的飞机装配广义尺寸链;通过对广义尺寸链各节点、组成环及封闭环的数学表达,构建飞机装配过程检测数据模型;讨论了该模型在飞机装配质量控制过程中的应用模式,并以翼身对接为案例,对基于关键测量特性的飞机装配过程检测数据建模过程及应用进行了阐述。     

2.1装配应力产生过程2.2装配应力对强度影响分析

飞机装配本质上是按照设计和技术要求,将大量飞机零件和紧固件进行组合、连接,逐步装配为组合件、部件及整机的过程。由于零件数量巨大、构型多样,装配关系复杂,而且,由于零件加工过程尺寸公差、装配过程中的形位公差,零件加工过程中残余应力释放,在飞机主机装配过程中,各类误差累积,导致结构间存在装配间隙。在紧固件作用下,产生装配应力。装配应力作为预应力一直存在于飞机结构中,改变结构应力状态,使其偏离设计点,进而影响飞机结构完整性,甚至危及飞行安全。本文基于飞机结构应力状态,分析了装配应力对结构强度的影响,主要在于降低疲劳寿命和导致应力腐蚀开裂两方面,并进行了试验验证。试验表明,随着装配间隙增加,结构产生应力腐蚀裂纹概率及裂纹数量急剧增加,实际工程中,应考虑工艺水平及成本等因素,严格控制装配间隙以降低由此产生装配应力影响飞机结构强度品质。     

基于连接关系稳定性的子装配体识别

产品装配序列规划问题是一个典型的组合优化问题,在求解过程中容易导致组合爆炸。通过将复杂的产品划分成一个个合理的子装配体,可以有效地解决装配序列规划搜索空间过大的问题。本文以产品连接关系图为基础,通过研究产品各个部件之间的连接关系,对连接关系的稳定性进行分类,基于连接关系稳定性建立权重连接关系图,进行子装配体的划分;同时,根据子装配体功能和结构的相似性,构造相似子装配体。本文所求得的子装配体具有较好的稳定性和均衡性。     

数字化装配工装工作状态监测评估及适应性控制技术

针对航空航天产品数字化装配工装定检周期难以确定、装配作业状态动态变化、人工误操作等因素引起的产品装配超差及装配周期难以保障等问题，为提升装配工装几何量、物理量感知及预测能力，以及保障装配质量的能力，对工装的工作状态感知/监测/评估及装配定位适应性控制技术进行研究。具体地，在工装作业前的定检与针对性维护、工装作业时的状态实时监控分析与稳定性评价、工装使用过程中的力位与多轴协调控制、产品装配超差的降低等方面，开展数字化装配工装测量传感规划、工装应变及精度预测、工装服役状态描述及稳定性评估、现场定位适应性控制等问题研究，并解析装配工装宏微观作业状态评估、面向装配精度保障的多末端精度协调等关键技术。最后以航空弱刚性壁板试验件的多点柔性装配为例，分析面向产品精准装配的工装定位精度保障、以及基于实际工况状态的工装适应性装配及壁板外形装配效果，为装配质量的精确与主动控制奠定工装基础。     

基于分解协调移动极值响应面法的多构件结构动态可靠性分析

多个构件装配而成的复杂结构可靠性分析存在计算流程繁琐、计算效率低的问题。基于极值响应面 法、移动最小二乘法和分解协调的策略,提出分解协调移动极值响应面法(DCMERSM),对考虑流-热-固耦 合作用的航空发动机高压涡轮叶盘径向变形进行动态可靠性分析,通过对比直接模拟和分解协调极值响应面 法(DCERSM),对 DCMERSM 在 建 模 特 性 和 仿 真 性 能 方 面 的 有 效 性 和 适 用 性 进 行 验 证。 结 果 表 明: DCMERSM不仅适用于转子机械动态可靠性分析,同时还可以用于复杂机械多构件结构可靠性分析。     

基于隶属函数的装配协调顺序优化方法

面向装配现场,充分利用专家的经验和知识,解决集成装配工装和产品的装配协调顺序优化问题,提出一种基于隶属函数的装配协调顺序优化方法。该方法设置7级评价标准,在两两装配协调顺序对比的情况下采用优先关系排序法通过专家给对象打分;计算总分并求出优先选择比,形成模糊优先关系矩阵;最后,采用平均算法求得每条装配协调顺序的隶属度,形成隶属函数,隶属度最大的即为最优的装配协调顺序。并以某型飞机机翼为例进行了验证。     

一种自动化并行重叠网格隐式装配方法

重叠网格装配是处理计算流体力学领域多体相对运动问题的关键技术之一。针对常见重叠网格隐式装配方法中几何分析过程复杂、节点无差别并行查找操作影响并行装配效率等问题,提出一种高度自动化的重叠网格隐式装配方法。首先,基于协方差分析、切割盒子等快速算法,将壁面距离计算与贡献单元存在性判断解耦,实现网格组动态重叠关系的自动化识别;其次,结合集合分析,设计出并行化的自动挖洞算法;最后,通过快速查询方法建立重叠单元与贡献单元的插值关系。针对所实现的并行重叠网格隐式装配工具库,采用某五球体部件验证了自动挖洞逻辑的准确性,并通过机翼-挂架-外挂物（WPFS）模型检验了重叠单元与贡献单元插值关系的准确性。     

飞机大部件自动对接装配技术

飞机研制不断向大型化、高可靠性、长寿命、隐身和轻量化、快速研制的方向发展,飞机部件结构中大量应用钛合金、复合材料等难加工材料和锯齿蒙皮对缝,对飞机各大部件的对接装配提出更高的要求,迫使国内飞机大部件对接技术由模拟量协调、固定专用工装手工调姿装配向数字量协调、柔性化工装自动调姿装配方向发展,研究和应用基于数字量协调的飞机大部件自动对接装配技术势在必行。     

飞机大部件装配能力测算方法研究

针对具有典型离散型制造特征的飞机大部件结构装配能力测算问题,以其下级部段件为研究单位,分析了部段装配能力随工艺方案、操作熟练度、倒班模式、制造资源以及一般能力社会化等因素的动态变化关系,提出了基于部段装配能力数据集并综合考虑飞机装配流程时序关系以及各部段装配能力匹配关系的飞机大部件实际装配能力测算方法,通过举例计算,验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

多自由度大型装配工艺装备虚拟建模与仿真

多自由度大型装配工艺装备的结构和驱动形式复杂.通过分解大型工装的自由度,引入运动构件层次结构对工装进行多自由度抽象建模,提出一种节点单元结构构建虚拟环境下的工装模型,并建立了适用于多自由度工装建模的模板;基于多自由度工装模型,通过实时交互指定虚拟环境中工装与装配对象的关系,实现工装和装配对象的组合运动仿真;开发了用于多...     

An optimal method of posture adjustment in aircraft fuselage joining assembly with engineering constraints

Posture of an aircraft fuselage can be evaluated based on the coordinate values of measure points fixed on the aircraft fuselage in aircraft final assembly. Posture adjustment is carried out by rotation and translation of the aircraft fuselage to make sure that the actual coordinate values of the measure points are coincided with the theoretical ones read from the computer aided design(CAD) model. The point registration method of posture adjustment without considering engineering constraints may cause out-of-tolerance for some engineering constraints. Hence, engineering constraints such as plane symmetry of two points, as well as coplanar and collinear of the multipoint should be considered in the new optimal method of posture adjustment in aircraft fuselage joining assembly. Based on the point registration model, a multi-objective optimization model of posture adjustment considering engineering constraints including collinear, coplanar, and symmetry constraints is established and represented by a uniform vector function. The weights of constraint conditions can be set freely in the optimization model to reflect the importance of the corresponding constraints in aircraft fuselage joining assembly. The rotation and translation parameters of posture adjustment are obtained by the proposed multi-objective optimization algorithm based on the Gauss-Newton method. Results of an example of aircraft fuselage joining assembly show that constraint errors of posture adjustment obtained by the multi-objective optimization model are not out of tolerance for design constraint errors and satisfy the requirement of aircraft fuselage joining assembly.     

A multi-constraints based pose coordination model for large volume components assembly

In the assembly process of large volume product, engineering constraints limit the relative pose of components and serve as a standard for judging assembly quality. However, in the traditional process of target pose estimation, a general method is needed for establishing the correlation between engineering constraints and product pose, and it is difficult to evaluate pose by constraints comprehensively. Therefore, the process of target pose estimation and evaluation is separated. In this paper, a pose coordination model based on multi-constraints is proposed, which includes pre-processing, pose estimation, pose adjustment and evaluation. Firstly, engineering constraints are decoupled into 4 types of Minimum Geometrical Reference Constraints (MGRC), and the inequalities for solving target pose are formulated. Then the Constraint Coordination Index (CCI) is defined as the optimization objective to solve the target pose. Finally, with CCI as the numerical index, the target pose is evaluated to illustrate the quality of assembly. Taking the simulation experiment of wing-fuselage jointing as an example, the external and internal parameters of model are analyzed, and the pose estimation based on multi-constraints reduces the CCI by 12%, compared with the point-set-registration method.     

机器人在轨装配无标定视觉伺服对准方法

针对在轨装配过程中机器人"手眼"关系无法进行有效标定及机器人系统和被操作物惯性参数不定的情况,在传统的无标定视觉伺服基础上设计了深度估计器,基于机器人和图像运动的测量数据在线估计目标特征的深度值,并在机器人关节控制环中设计滑模控制器实时控制机器人关节运动,根据反馈图像信息纠正系统误差完成对准跟踪,通过仿真验证了方法的有效性。所提的无标定视觉伺服对准方法使机器人在装配过程中免去了复杂的"手眼"关系的标定程序,克服了机器人系统及被操作物惯性参数不确定性给装配精度造成的影响,提高了"手眼协调"的鲁棒性,保证机器人能够在复杂的太空环境下完成在轨装配任务。     

部件级多组件结构系统的整体式拓扑布局优化

基于多组件结构系统整体式拓扑布局优化设计方法,研究了同时含有部件布局、组件布局、主结构框架构型和部件结构构型4类设计变量的复杂系统协同优化设计问题,是整体式拓扑布局优化设计面向复杂飞行器结构系统设计的拓展。采用多点约束(MPC)模拟组件、部件及支撑结构之间的刚性连接,采用有限包络圆方法(FCM)解决组件之间、组件与设计域边界之间的几何干涉问题。通过整体式拓扑布局的刚度优化设计,部件和组件均可以获得优化的布局位置,同时主结构框架构型和部件结构构型获得优化的结构样式,充分体现了整体式拓扑布局优化设计方法应用于复杂结构系统设计的能力。     

基于几何代数理论的转子堆叠装配多目标优化

在航空发动机多级转子装配过程中,优化的转子堆叠装配方案对提高转子装配质量及安全运行有着重要的意义。为了提高转子安装相位优化效率和装配质量,基于几何代数理论并结合多目标优化方法提出了一种高效求解最优堆叠装配方案的方法。首先,对几何代数和齐次矩阵的计算效率进行对比验证,并基于几何代数理论改进多级转子堆叠装配误差传递模型;其次,针对航空发动机转子安装相位角度的装配要求,建立转子同心度和初始不平衡量的多目标优化模型;最后,采用非支配排序遗传算法求解该堆叠装配多目标优化问题,获得符合工艺要求的最优装配方案。算例结果表明,优化后的转子装配方案比随机装配方案同心度降低65.10%,初始不平衡量降低97.88%。     

A heuristic cabin-type component alignment method based on multi-source data fusion

In cabin-type component alignment, digital measurement technology is usually adopted to provide guidance for assembly. Depending on the system of measurement, the alignment process can be divided into measurement-assisted assembly (MAA) and force-driven assembly. In MAA, relative pose between components is directly measured to guide assembly, while in force-driven assembly, only contact state can be recognized according to measured six-dimensional force and torque (6D F/T) and the process is completed based on preset assembly strategy. Aiming to improve the efficiency of force-driven cabin-type component alignment, this paper proposed a heuristic alignment method based on multi-source data fusion. In this method, measured 6D F/T, pose data and geometric information of components are fused to calculate the relative pose between components and guide the movement of pose adjustment platform. Among these data types, pose data and measured 6D F/T are combined as data set. To collect the data sets needed for data fusion, dynamic gravity compensation method and hybrid motion control method are designed. Then the relative pose calculation method is elaborated, which transforms collected data sets into discrete geometric elements and calculates the relative poses based on the geometric information of components. Finally, experiments are conducted in simulation environment and the results show that the proposed alignment method is feasible and effective.     

基于ELM的飞机数字化装配定位运动模型

针对飞机装配中开敞性较差环境下的串联装配机构半闭环定位运动控制问题进行研究,提出了基于极限学习机(EML)算法的飞机数字化装配定位运动模型。通过分析飞机数字化装配串联定位机构的运动学模型特点及性能要求,提出了飞机数字化装配定位运动的单隐含层前馈神经网络模型,并基于极限学习机提出了装配定位运动的数据辨识模型,且最后给出了基于极限学习机算法的定位运动离线辨识方法。通过将某大型飞机机身壁板柔性预定位工装作为试验平台进行验证,结果表明,获得的定位运动模型使直接装配定位精度达到±0.25 mm,满足某大型飞机机身壁板长桁的装配定位精度要求±0.50 mm。试验系统涉及的若干关键技术已应用于某大型飞机的壁板组件装配预定位柔性工装系统。     

A policy iteration method for improving robot assembly trajectory efficiency

Bolt assembly by robots is a vital and difficult task for replacing astronauts in extra-vehicular activities (EVA), but the trajectory efficiency still needs to be improved during the wrench insertion into hex hole of bolt. In this paper, a policy iteration method based on reinforcement learning (RL) is proposed, by which the problem of trajectory efficiency improvement is constructed as an issue of RL-based objective optimization. Firstly, the projection relation between raw data and state-action space is established, and then a policy iteration initialization method is designed based on the projection to provide the initialization policy for iteration. Policy iteration based on the protective policy is applied to continuously evaluating and optimizing the action-value function of all state-action pairs till the convergence is obtained. To verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method, a noncontact demonstration experiment with human supervision is performed. Experimental results show that the initialization policy and the generated policy can be obtained by the policy iteration method in a limited number of demonstrations. A comparison between the experiments with two different assembly tolerances shows that the convergent generated policy possesses higher trajectory efficiency than the conservative one. In addition, this method can ensure safety during the training process and improve utilization efficiency of demonstration data.     

航空发动机智能化装配技术体系构建探索

为了研究国内航空发动机装配技术转型及发展趋势,运用离散装配和流程装配生产理念,借鉴国外在飞机和航空发动机装配,采用脉动节拍化生产成功应用经验,针对国内航空发动机装配工艺特点,提出适用于国产航空发动机单元体装配与总装装配,基于智能物流与产线系统深度融合的“多对一或多对多”混合装配新模式的发展思路和实施路线,为保障装配质量和效率,在新装配模式下,构建探索智能化装配的技术体系。