Integration of Large Power Systems into Manned Space Stations

Essential design factors and system characteristics are explored for integration of large power systems into manned space stations. The impact of the type of power system selected upon the space station is outlined, as is the impact of the mission requirements upon the selection of power systems. Criteria for resolving the selection/application/ integration problems are provided. Comparisons between systems are based on recently defined space-station models for 90-day to five-year mission durations in the 1970' s, with four-to nine-man crews. Power systems encompass power levels from 3 to 50 kWe and include solar cell/battery. fuel cell, hybrid fuel cell/solar cell, radioisotope, and nuclear reactor systems. Thermoelectric, Brayton cycle, organic Rankine, and liquid-metal Rankine power conversion systems are considered for the nuclear energy sources. Both rigid and roll-out photovoltaic array configurations are analyzed with respect to the solar energy source.     

基于预测电流控制的光伏并网系统最大功率点跟踪算法

针对光伏发电的突变性及昼发夜停特性提出一种新型的基于预测电流控制的光伏并网系统最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)算法。根据实际情况考虑光伏阵列的非线性特性,最大功率点周围光伏电压的振荡及逆变器、滤波器的设计等。为了确保系统采用控制算法的稳定性,MPPT的设计应运而生,在此基础上通过改进算法从光伏系统的电压与电流预测基准电流进而控制光伏并网系统。通过与传统的波动相关控制方法对比给出了仿真结果。仿真结果表明:在光照发生突变时,与传统的波动相关控制法相比,提出的改进算法的跟踪速度较之提升9.3%,并能够准确跟踪光伏并网系统最大功率点,且性能稳定可靠。     

基于改进姿态控制系统模型的卫星多学科优化

分析了三轴稳定卫星姿态控制分系统与其它分系统的耦合关系,选定了姿态稳定方式和姿态控制系统硬件,建立了更为精确的计算姿态控制分系统质量和功率的分析模型,然后基于多学科设计优化协同优化算法建立了总体系统、姿态控制分系统、电源分系统和结构分系统的优化模型,最后用C语言对分析模型和优化模型编程计算.结果表明,分系统模型能与总体系统模型有效协调优化,得到更好的总体性能指标.      

Fully distributed time-varying formation tracking control for multiple quadrotor vehicles via finite-time convergent extended state observer

This paper investigates a time-varying anti-disturbance formation problem for a group of quadrotor aircrafts with time-varying uncertainties and a directed interaction topology. A novel Finite-Time Convergent Extended State Observer (FTCESO) based fully-distributed formation control scheme is proposed to enhance the disturbance rejection and the formation tracking performances for networked quadrotors. By adopting the hierarchical control strategy, the multi-quadrotor system is separated into two subsystems: the outer-loop cooperative subsystem and the inner-loop attitude subsystem. In the outer-loop subsystem, with the estimation of disturbing forces and uncertain dynamics from FTCESOs, an adaptive consensus theory based cooperative controller is exploited to ensure the multiple quadrotors form and maintain a time-varying pattern relying only on the positions of the neighboring aircrafts. In the inner-loop subsystem, the desired attitude generated by the cooperative control law is stably tracked under a FTCESO-based attitude controller in a finite time. Based on a detailed algorithm to specify the cooperative control protocol, the feasibility condition to achieve the time-varying anti-disturbance formation tracking is derived and the rigorous analysis of the whole closed-loop multi-quadrotor system is given. Some numerical examples are conducted to intuitively demonstrate the effectiveness and the improvements of the proposed control framework.     

基于3RRS-Bricard复合空间捕获系统运动学分析

面向跨尺度、目标多样化的空间捕获任务,融合Bricard和3RRS机构的折展特性和几何特点对复合捕获系统运动学进行了分析。基于捕获系统的自由度和构型特点分析,通过构建Bricard与3RRS间的转换关系实现了捕获系统各机构间的运动学解耦。根据六棱柱模型,引入Bricard虚拟顶点,设计了面向复合空间捕获系统的运动学求解方法。在仿真环境下搭建捕获系统的运动学和动力学模型,并开展针对动态捕获目标的轨迹跟随实验。通过与基于闭环约束的阻尼最小二乘法（DLS）对比,验证了该运动学求解算法的有效性和先进性。实验结果表明,捕获系统可实现平稳的协同控制,运动过程中位置跟随精度优于4 mm,姿态精度优于0.035 rad。     

重力姿轨耦合效应引起的太阳能电站轨道共振

以任意相控阵天线式空间太阳能电站为研究对象,主要研究了其在轨运行过程中受到的重力姿轨耦合效应对其轨道运动的影响。首先,通过Hamilton原理建立起考虑重力姿轨耦合效应时的姿态运动和轨道运动的方程。其中,任意相控阵天线式空间太阳能电站被简化成刚体,它的重力势能以其结构尺寸和其轨道半径的比值为小量进行泰勒展开,并保留至二阶项。之后,采用解析的方法对方程进行分析,并发现当电站的姿态运动满足一定条件时,其轨道运动将会出现共振现象。此外,重力姿轨耦合效应还会引起空间太阳能电站轨道运动长期的漂移,通过选择合适的轨道运动初始条件可以消除漂移;而且,在一定条件下,重力姿轨耦合效应还会引起轨道运动的发散。最后,数值仿真结果验证了分析的正确性。     

A nickel/hydrogen battery for PV systems

The nickel-hydrogen battery, developed in the early nineteen-seventies as an energy-storage subsystem for commercial communication satellites, is discussed. The advantages offered by nickel-hydrogen batteries, including long life, low maintenance and high reliability, make it very attractive for terrestrial applications such as stand-alone photovoltaic systems. The major drawback to the wider use of the nickel-hydrogen battery is its high initial cost. A 7-kWh battery has been on test since January 1988 using a flat-plate photovoltaic array for charging. The cell, battery design and test methods are briefly described, and the results of cycling and solar tests are presented. It is concluded that the battery is well suited for remote solar applications     

Computer Simulation of Satellite Electric Power Systems

A computer program concept is described for performing an electrical analysis and a transient thermal analysis of a satellite electric power subsystem consisting of a solar array, battery, and power controls. The program "flies" the power subsystem and certain thermally sensitive portions of the spacecraft through one or more complete orbits, and plots curves of voltages, currents, temperatures, and energy balance in critical parts of the power and thermal subsystems.     

Flight strategy optimization for high-altitude long-endurance solar-powered aircraft based on Gauss pseudo-spectral method

Solar-powered aircraft have attracted great attention owing to their potential for longendurance flight and wide application prospects.Due to the particularity of energy system, flight strategy optimization is a significant way to enhance the flight performance for solar-powered aircraft.In this study, a flight strategy optimization model for high-altitude long-endurance solar-powered aircraft was proposed.This model consists of three-dimensional kinematic model,aerodynamic model, energy collection model, energy store model and energy loss model.To solve the nonlinear optimal control problem with process constraints and terminal constraints, Gauss pseudo-spectral method was employed to discretize the state equations and constraint equations.Then a typical mission flying from given initial point to given final point within a time interval was considered.Results indicate that proper changes of the attitude angle contribute to increasing the energy gained by photovoltaic cells.Utilization of gravitational potential energy can partly take the role of battery pack.Integrating these two measures, the optimized flight strategy can improve the final state of charge compared with current constant-altitude constant-velocity strategy.The optimized strategy brings more profits on condition of lower sunlight intensity and shorter daytime.     

Singular formalism and admissible control of spacecraft with rotating flexible solar array

This paper is concerned with the attitude control of a three-axis-stabilized spacecraft which consists of a central rigid body and a flexible sun-tracking solar array driven by a solar array drive assembly. Based on the linearization of the dynamics of the spacecraft and the modal identi- ties about the flexible and rigid coupling matrices, the spacecraft attitude dynamics is reduced to a formally singular system with periodically varying parameters, which is quite different from a space- craft with fixed appendages. In the framework of the singular control theory, the regularity and impulse-freeness of the singular system is analyzed and then admissible attitude controllers are designed by Lyapunov＇s method. To improve the robustness against system uncertainties, an H∞ optimal control is designed by optimizing the H∞ norm of the system transfer function matrix. Comparative numerical experiments are performed to verify the theoretical results.     

空空导弹大角度姿态反作用喷气控制

为研究具有大离轴角及越肩发射能力的先进空空导弹初始段敏捷转弯方法,研究了装有反作用喷气控制系统的空空导弹的大角度姿态过失速机动控制律。反作用喷气控制系统用来提供大角度敏捷转弯时大攻角飞行的控制力矩。利用时间尺度分离的方法将导弹的姿态动力学和运动学系统分别看作快子系统和慢子系统。用李亚普诺夫方法设计了慢子系统控制律,利用滑动模态方法设计了快子系统控制律,在该控制律作用下,导弹闭环系统不仅是稳定的而且其动态品质也可以得到保证。分析了控制系统的鲁棒性,结果表明所提控制方法能够有效消除空空导弹大角度姿态机动时转动惯量变化以及各种力矩干扰的影响。最后给出了一个实例来说明姿态控制在空空导弹敏捷转弯中的应用。     

A Diagnostic Tree Approach for Fault Cause Identification in the Attitude Control Subsystem of Satellites

Space and Earth observation programs demand stringent guarantees ensuring smooth and reliable operations of space vehicles and satellites. Due to unforeseen circumstances and naturally occurring faults, it is desired that a fault-diagnosis system be capable of detecting, isolating, identifying, or classifying faults in the system. Unfortunately, none of the existing fault-diagnosis methodologies alone can meet all the requirements of an ideal fault- diagnosis system due to the variety of fault types, their severity, and handling mechanisms. However, it is possible to overcome these shortcomings through the integration of different existing fault-diagnosis methodologies. In this paper, a novel learning-based, diagnostic-tree approach is proposed which complements and strengthens existing efficient fault detection mechanisms with an additional ability to classify different types of faults to effectively determine potential fault causes in a subsystem of a satellite. This extra capability serves as a semiautomatic diagnostic decision support aid to expert human operators at ground stations and enables them to determine fault causes and to take quick and efficient recovery/reconfiguration actions. The developed diagnosis/analysis procedure exploits a qualitative technique denoted as diagnostic tree (DX-tree) analysis as a diagnostic tool for fault cause analysis in the attitude control subsystem (ACS) of a satellite. DX-trees constructed by our proposed machine-learning-based automatic tree synthesis algorithm are demonstrated to be able to determine both known and unforeseen combinations of events leading to different fault scenarios generated through synthetic attitude control subsystem data of a satellite. Though the immediate application of our proposed approach would be at ground stations, the proposed technique has potential for being integrated with causal model-based diagnosis and recovery techniques for future autonomous space vehicle missions.     

Parametric cost model for solar space power and DIPS systems

A detailed cost model has been developed to parametrically determine the program development and production cost of photovoltaic, solar dynamic, and dynamic isotope (DIPS) space power systems. The model is applicable in the net electrical power range of 3 to 300 kWe for solar power and 0.5 to 10 kWe for DIPS. Application of the cost model allows spacecraft or space-based power system architecture and design trade studies or budgetary forecasting and cost benefit analyses. The cost model considers all major power subsystems (i.e., power generation, power conversion, energy storage, thermal management, and power management/distribution/control). It also considers system cost effects such as integration, testing, and management. The cost breakdown structure, model assumptions, ground rules, bases, cost estimation relationship format, and rationale are presented, and the application of the cost model to 100-kWe solar space power plants and to a 1.0-kWe DIPS is demonstrated     

连续地月转移系统动力学研究与能量分析

为了研究新型连续地月转移系统的动力学及能量需求,采用Lagrange方法,在系绳为刚性杆假设的前提下,同时忽略第三体引力、地球扁率和系绳轴向变形等扰动因素的影响,建立了驱动型动量交换绳系卫星(MMET)系统的三维刚性动力学模型。对所建立的动力学模型进行了数值仿真及对比分析,仿真结果验证了所建模型的正确性。研究表明,外力矩对系统轨道运动参数影响甚小,对姿态运动参数影响明显。采用MMET方式进行载荷转移,推导出了实现载荷地月轨道转移所需的入口速度条件以及时间周期条件,并求解出了载荷在2次任务之间的时间间隔。给定初始条件下,当MMET系统以0.231 6 rad/s的旋转角速度绕其质心旋转1 448.5圈,其绕地心刚好运行5圈时,载荷可顺利进入地月转移轨道。最后,对连续地月转移系统实现载荷的地月转移进行了能量对比分析,结果表明,相同条件下,MMET载荷转移方式相比于传统脉冲变轨方式在载荷转移过程中消耗更少的能量。     

Electrical power subsystem initial sizing

The basics of performing the initial electrical power subsystem (EPS) sizing for a spacecraft using solar cells for an energy source and batteries for energy storage are covered. The basic engineering inputs are described. The outputs are the first estimate of the number of solar cells, the solar array area, and the number of batteries required. A spreadsheet program to keep track of the inputs, perform the calculations, and document the inputs and outputs was written     

Large angle pitch attitude maneuver of a satellite using solarradiation pressure

The force exerted by the solar radiation, though very small in magnitude, produces significant effects, especially in the case of high altitude satellites. The solar radiation pressure represents one freely available environmental force that may be put to use for various purposes. This may lead to enhancement of the life of the satellite since it consumes a very nominal amount of on-board energy. The advantages offered by the solar radiation pressure have drawn the attention of several researchers. Various controllers were proposed for many space missions, particularly for attitude control and stabilization of satellites. A controller for achieving large angle pitch attitude maneuver is described. The proposed control law is very simple in its form and requires a minimum number of on-board computations. Varieties of cases are tried and the effect of various parameters is studied     

Large-signal stability analysis of solar array power system

A large-signal stability analysis of the solar array regulator system is performed to facilitate the design and analysis of a low-earth-orbit (LEO) satellite power system. The effective load characteristics of various control methods in the solar array regulator system, such as the constant power load, variable power load, constant voltage load, constant current load, and constant resistive load, are classified to analyze the large-signal stability. Then, using the state plane analysis technique, the large-signal behavior of the solar array system is portrayed and the stability of various equilibrium points is analyzed. Thus, this approach can be contributed to organize the optimal controller structure of the system by representing the relationship between the control method of the solar array regulator and the large-signal stability. For the verification of the proposed large-signal analysis, a solar array regulator system that consists of two 100 W parallel module buck converters has been built and tested using a real 200 W solar array.     

Parameter optimization for torsion spring of deployable solar array system with multiple clearance joints considering rigid–flexible coupling dynamics

In this paper, four novel evaluation indices and corresponding hierarchical optimization strategies are proposed for a deployable solar array system considering panel flexibility and joint clearance. The deployable solar array model consists of a rigid main-body, two panels and four key mechanisms, containing torsion spring mechanism, closed cable loop mechanism, latch mechanism and attitude adjustment mechanism. Rigid and flexible components are established by Nodal Coordinate Formulation and A...     

柔性太阳翼在轨热分析

卫星的太阳电池翼在轨的温度状况对其性能和可靠性有着重要的影响。相比于刚性太阳翼,柔性太阳翼有着质量轻,综合性能好,结构也较简单等优点。在考虑了地球红外辐射,地球的太阳反照,太阳辐射加热的前提下,以柔性太阳翼为研究对象,利用I-DEAS TMG建立2种太阳电池有限元模型,分析了柔性太阳翼厚度方向的温差,以及不同太阳高度和工作状态对其在轨温度场的影响。分析结果表明,当飞行器绕轨道飞行进入第2个周期后,太阳电池温度场呈现周期变化特性;柔性太阳翼正反两面温度几乎一致,不会因为厚度方向的温差引起热应力;0°太阳高度角分流状态太阳电池温度最高,温度变化最为剧烈;66°太阳高度角工作状态,太阳电池的温度最低,温度变化最为缓慢;电池板面内温差极小。     

基于反步法的挠性航天器姿态镇定

利用反步法研究了一类挠性航天器的姿态镇定问题,提出一种基于模态观测器的反步控制设计方案.首先,构造挠性模态观测器对挠性模态变量及其变化率进行观测;其次,将角速度看成虚拟控制器,设计虚拟角速度镇定运动学模型与挠性模态变量组成的子系统;最后,利用反步法设计了一种非线性控制器使得角速度能够跟踪虚拟角速度,从而实现姿态镇定的目...