整体叶盘铣削数控编程与加工技术

整体叶盘有良好的结构完整性、轻质化、装配环节少、装配精度高等优点,已被广泛应用于航空发动机中。根据整体叶盘的切削加工特征,将其简化为整体叶盘基准件,从数控编程和加工技术两方面实现整体叶盘的高质量加工。首先,利用Hyper MILL软件对整体叶盘基准件进行数控编程,优化获得理想的刀具路径,保证高效高质量的零件加工。然后,利用DMU-70V五轴加工中心对钛合金TC4整体叶盘基准件进行切削加工,在整体叶盘基准件叶片和流道几何特征的精加工时,选用不同型号的立铣刀,并监测加工过程中的切削力。最后,对加工后叶片和流道加工表面形貌进行测试分析,并结合切削力对比分析国产刀具和进口刀具对钛合金整体叶盘的切削加工性能。     

Tool Life and Surface Integrity in High-speed Milling of Titanium Alloy TA15 with PCD/PCBN Tools

Titanium alloys are widely used in aeronautics that demand a good combination of high strength, good corrosion resistance and low mass. The mechanical properties lead to challenges in machining operations such as high process temperature as well as rapidly increasing tool wear. The conventional tool materials are not able to maintain their hardness and other mechanical properties at higher cutting temperatures encountered in high speed machining. In this work, the new material tools, which are polycrystalline diamond (PCD) and polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) tools, are used in high-speed milling of Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V (TA15) alloy. The performance and wear mechanism of the tools are investigated. Compared to PCBN tool, PCD tool has a much longer tool life, especially at higher cutting speeds. Analyses based on the SEM and EDX suggest that attrition, adhesion and diffusion are the main wear mechanisms of PCD and PCBN tools in high-speed milling of TA15. Oxidation wear is also observed at PCBN tool/workpiece interface. Roughness, defects, micro-hardness and microstructure of the machined surface are investigated. The recorded surface roughness values with PCD/PCBN tools are bellow 0.3 μm at initial and steady cutting stage. Micro-hardness analysis shows that the machined surface hardening depth with PCD and PCBN tools is small. There is no evidence of sub-surface defects with PCD and PCBN tools. It is concluded that for TA15 alloy, high-speed milling can be carried out with PCD/PCBN tools.     

超声滚压技术在表面强化中的研究与应用进展

超声滚压加工是一种复合特种加工技术，其综合了传统滚压和超声加工的材料去除方式，在增加残余应力提高表面完整性、抗疲劳、抗腐蚀、耐磨损等方面具有显著的优势。自该技术应用至今，国内外学者做了大量有关超声滚压工艺及机理方面的研究，并在多种重要金属材料及关键零部件中应用。本文首先总结了国内外滚压装置的发展现状；其次论述了超声滚压机理研究的主要方法（理论法、有限元法和实验法）研究进展，指出以上3种方法的优缺点及待解决问题；随后总结了超声滚压对表面完整性（包括微观结构、表面形貌、微观硬度、残余应力）的影响规律，超声滚压对提高抗疲劳特性及其他性能影响，并指出超声滚压目前存在的不足及尚待解决的问题；最后就超声滚压技术进一步研究和发展方向进行展望，从而为曲面的超声滚压制造提供一定的参考。     

Laser-induced oxidation assisted micro milling of high aspect ratio microgroove on WC-Co cemented carbide

Severe tool wear and poor surface quality are the main problems during micro machining of cemented carbide. In this work, an innovative hybrid process of laser-induced oxidation assisted micro milling (LOMM) was proposed to solve the problems. A nanosecond laser was utilized to induce oxidation of the WC-20%Co material, producing loose oxide which was easy to remove. The micro machinability of the material was improved by laser-induced oxidation. The oxidation mechanisms of cemented carbide were studied. A microgroove with a depth of 2.5 mm and aspect ratio of 5 was fabricated successfully. The milling force, surface quality and tool wear mechanisms were investigated. For comparison, a microgroove was also fabricated with conventional micro milling (COMM) using identical milling parameters. Results revealed that in LOMM the milling force and tool wear rate were extremely low during removing the oxide. The machined surface quality and dimensional accuracy achieved by LOMM were superior to those obtained by COMM. The surface roughness S_a of the microgroove bottom reached 88 nm in LOMM, while the cross-sectional geometry of the microgroove was a trapezoid. Perpendicularity of the microgroove sidewall machined by LOMM was better than that by COMM. The tool wear forms in LOMM were coating spalling and slight tool nose breakage. Compared with COMM, the tool life in LOMM was prolonged significantly. It indicates that the proposed hybrid process is an effective and efficient way to fabricate high aspect ratio micro-features with high dimensional accuracy.     

TC9钛合金拉削加工性与表面完整性的试验研究

 本文介绍了用P18、M2Al、M42等三种高速钢拉刀低速拉削TC9钛合金时的刀具磨损、拉削表面完整性同拉削工艺条件的关系,同时也探讨了用H19硬质合金拉刀高速拉削TC9钛合金的可能性;并比较了两种拉削条件下的刀具磨损和表面完整性状况;分析了为提高钛合金拉削的表面完整性所应采取的措施。     

PCD刀具车削不同颗粒含量SiCp/Al复合材料试验研究

碳化硅铝基复合材料具有优良的导热性、较高的比强度和比刚度,在航空航天领域具有广泛的应用前景。由于此复合材料中含有增强相,导致材料的切削加工性能变差。通过试验分析了不同颗粒体积分数(纳米级5%、微米级25%)SiCp/Al复合材料和切削参数(切削速度、背吃刀量、进给量)对刀具磨损和工件表面质量的影响,并对刀具磨损机理进行了研究。试验结果表明,车削微米级25%SiCp/Al材料时聚晶金刚石PCD(Polycrystalline Diamond)刀具磨损更严重,且工件表面质量更差。随着进给量和背吃刀量的增大,工件表面粗糙度值增大,刀片前刀面磨损严重;随着切削速度的增大,工件表面粗糙度值减小,刀片前刀面磨损量增大。选取本文切削参数进行SiCp/Al复合材料的切削加工时,发现刀具磨粒磨损、微崩刃是PCD刀具后刀面磨损的主要成因,且刀具前刀面也会产生积屑瘤。研究结果可为SiCp/Al复合材料PCD车削工艺的优化提供理论基础。     

Electrochemical machining of complex components of aero-engines: Developments,trends, and technological advances

Because of several advantages, such as no tool wear, independence on the mechanical properties of the material, and high machining efficiency, electrochemical machining (ECM) has become a viable method for machining components in numerous industrial applications, particularly in the manufacture of typical aero-engine components with complex structures fabricated from materials that are difficult to cut. This paper highlights the current developments, new trends, and technological advances of key factors of ECM, such as electrochemical dissolution characteristics of novel difficult to cut materials which are often used in aero-engine, numerical simulation of electrochemical process, design for the complex profile and structure of cathode tool, flow field simulation and design for uniform electrolyte flow, and innovation of electrochemical machining or hybrid methods which reflect the state of the art in academic and industrial research on electrochemical machining in aero-engine manufacturing.     

C/SiC复合材料AUAG加工机理及实验研究

对C/SiC复合材料沿纤维分布方向超声磨削加工AUAG展开研究,对超声加工C/Si C复合材料的表面微观结构以及机械性能进行了评估,对表面质量随加工参数的变化而变化展开了研究。结果表明通过AUAG超声磨削加工参数的优化设计,可以得到较好的表面质量。     

Elliptical vibration cutting of large-size thin-walled curved surface parts of pure iron by using diamond tool with active cutting edge shift

Large-size thin-walled curved surface parts of pure iron are crucial in aerospace, national defense, energy and precision physical experiments. However, the high machining accuracy and surface quality are difficult to achieve due to the serious tool wear and deformation when machining the parts with conventional cutting tools. In this paper, an elliptical vibration cutting (EVC) with active cutting edge shift (ACES) based on a long arbor vibration device is proposed for ultra-precision machining the pure iron parts by using diamond tool. Compared with cutting at a fixed cutting edge, the influence of ACES on the EVC was analyzed. Experiments in EVC of pure iron with ACES were conducted. The evolutions of the surface roughness, surface topography, and chip morphology with tool wear in EVC with ACES are revealed. The reasonable parameters of ultra-precision machining the pure iron parts by EVC with ACES were determined. It shows that the ACES has a slight influence on the machined surface roughness and surface topography. The diamond tool life can be significantly prolonged in EVC of pure iron with ACES than that with a fixed cutting edge, so that high profile accuracy and surface quality could be obtained even at higher nominal cutting speed. A typical thin-walled curved surface pure iron part with diameter ∅240 mm, height 122 mm, and wall thickness 2 mm was fabricated by the presented method, and its profile error and surface roughness achieved PV 2.2 μm and Ra less than 50 nm, respectively.     

Collaborative manufacturing technologies of structure shape and surface integrity for complex thin-walled components of aero-engine: Status,challenge and tendency

Presently, the service performance of new-generation high-tech equipment is directly affected by the manufacturing quality of complex thin-walled components. A high-efficiency and quality manufacturing of these complex thin-walled components creates a bottleneck that needs to be solved urgently in machinery manufacturing. To address this problem, the collaborative manufacturing of structure shape and surface integrity has emerged as a new process that can shorten processing cycles, improve machining qualities, and reduce costs. This paper summarises the research status on the material removal mechanism, precision control of structure shape, machined surface integrity control and intelligent process control technology of complex thin-walled components. Numerous solutions and technical approaches are then put forward to solve the critical problems in the high-performance manufacturing of complex thin-wall components. The development status, challenge and tendency of collaborative manufacturing technologies in the high-efficiency and quality manufacturing of complex thin-wall components is also discussed.     

航空难加工材料的深冷加工技术研究进展

主要介绍了深冷加工技术的发展现状,论述了深冷加工对航空难加工材料切削性能、切削温度、刀具磨损、表面完整性等的影响,指出了进一步研究和应用亟待探索和解决的问题。     

航空发动机钛材料磨削技术研究现状及展望

钛材料主要指钛合金、钛铝金属间化合物和钛基复合材料，具有密度低、强度高、抗氧化与蠕变性能好等优异特性，在航空发动机领域具有广泛应用前景。钛材料属于典型的难加工材料。磨削是高效精密加工钛材料的重要方法，可以获得良好的加工精度和表面质量。首先概述了钛材料在航空发动机中的应用及其磨削工艺技术总体情况。随后，从磨削力与磨削温度、砂轮磨损、材料去除机理、表面完整性等方面阐述了钛材料磨削技术的研究进展，并总结了针对钛材料磨削关键问题提出的新工艺和新方法。最后，对钛材料磨削技术未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

Effect of tube-electrode inner diameter on electrochemical discharge machining of nickel-based superalloy

Nickel-based superalloys are widely employed in modern aircraft engines because of their excellent material characteristics, particularly in the fabrication of film cooling holes. How-ever, the high machining requirement of a large number of film cooling holes can be extremely chal-lenging. The hybrid machining technique of tube electrode high-speed electrochemical discharge drilling (TEHECDD) has been considered as a promising method for the production of film cooling holes. Compared with any single machining process, this hybrid technique requires the removal of more complex machining by-products, including debris produced in the electrical discharge machin-ing process and hydroxide and bubbles generated in the electrochemical machining process. These by-products significantly affect the machining efficiency and surface quality of the machined prod-ucts. In this study, tube electrodes in different inner diameters are designed and fabricated, and the effects of inner diameter on the machining efficiency and surface quality of TEHECDD are inves-tigated. The results show that larger inner diameters could effectively improve the flushing condi-tion and facilitate the removal of machining by-products. Therefore, higher material removal efficiency, surface quality, and electrode wear rate could be achieved by increasing the inner diam-eter of the tube electrode.     

脉冲电流大厚度电解线切割加工试验

航空航天难加工材料直纹面构件的高精度高表面完整性加工已经成为制造领域普遍关注和亟需解决的难题，电解线切割加工在高表面完整性要求加工场合上具有原理性优势。建立脉冲电流电解线切割加工模型，分析了工件厚度变化带来的影响。试验结果表明：随着工件厚度增加，电解液电阻减小，工件两端极间电压减小，加工缝宽变窄；双电层时间常数增大，脉宽时间内充电所能达到的电位降低，有效加工时间变短，平均电流密度较低；脉冲频率大于20 kHz时，最大进给速度随频率增加而快速减小，低于20 kHz时，最大加工速度差别较小。最后，采用脉冲频率20 kHz，以进给速度4 μm/s稳定加工出20 mm厚榫头/榫槽结构，表面粗糙度约为0.449 4 μm，表面质量、加工效率明显高于100 kHz加工效果。     

Effects of in-situ TiB2 particles on machinability and surface integrity in milling of TiB2/2024 and TiB2/7075 Al composites

In-situ ceramics particle reinforced aluminum matrix composites are favored in the aerospace industry due to excellent properties. However, the hard ceramic particles as the reinforcement phase bring challenges to machining. To study the effect of in-situ TiB₂ particles on machinability and surface integrity of TiB₂/2024 composite and TiB₂/7075 composite, milling experiments were performed, and compared with conventional 2024 and 7075 aluminum alloys. In-situ TiB₂ particles clustered at the grain boundaries and dispersed inside the matrix alloy grains hinder the dislocation movement of the matrix alloy. Therefore, the milling force and temperature of the composites are higher than those of the aluminum alloys due to the increase of the strength and the decrease of the plasticity. In the milling of composites, abrasive wear is the main wear form of carbide tools, due to the scratching of hard nano-TiB₂ particles. The composites containing in-situ TiB₂ particles have machining defects such as smearing, micro-scratches, micro-pits and tail on the machined surface. However, in-situ TiB₂ particles impede the plastic deformation of the composites, which greatly reduces cutting edge marks on the machined surface. Therefore, under the same milling parameters, the surface roughness of TiB₂/2024 composite and TiB₂/7075 composite is much less than that of 2024 and 7075 aluminum alloy respectively. Under the milling conditions of this experiment, the machined subsurface has no metamorphic layer, and the microhardness of the machined surface is almost the same as that of the material. Besides, compared with 2024 and 7075 aluminum alloy, machined surfaces of TiB₂/2024 composite and TiB₂/7075 composite both show tensile residual stress or low magnitude of compressive residual stress.     

Electrochemical trepanning with uniform electrolyte flow around the entire blade profile

In the traditional machining process for diffusers, blades are easily deformed, and methods suffer from high tool wear and low efficiency. Electrochemical machining(ECM) possesses unique advantages when applied to these difficult-to-machine materials. In the ECM process, theflow field plays a crucial role. Here, an electrolyte flow mode that supplies uniform flow around the entire blade profile was adopted for electrochemical trepanning of diffusers. Various flow rates were employed to obtain the optimal flow field. Simulations were conducted using ANSYS software, and results indicated that increasing the flow rate substantially afforded a more uniform flowfield. A series of experiments was then performed, and results revealed that increasing the flow rate greatly improved both the machining efficiency and the surface quality of the diffusers. The maximum feeding rate of the cathode reached 4 mm/min, the blade taper of the concave part decreased to 0.02, and the blade roughness was reduced to 1.216 lm. The results of this study demonstrated the high feasibility of this method and its potential for machining other complex components for engineering applications.     

基于电极切向旋转进给法的 低刚度锥杆类零件精密电火花加工

提出了基于圆盘电极切向旋转进给法的低刚度锥杆类零件的电火花精密加 工方法。首先介绍了基于等厚损耗原则的圆盘电极设计原理,进而通过电火花加工工艺 的三因素全因子实验考察了峰值电流、脉宽、占空比对工件材料去除率（MRR）、相对 电极损耗率（TWR） 和表面粗糙度（SR） 的影响, 并对电火花加工工艺参数进行优化 从而应用于锥杆类零件的加工。加工出的反馈杆性能一致性高、表面质量好,加工时间 短,试验结果表明基于圆盘电极切向旋转进给法的电火花加工工艺对提高低刚度锥杆的 加工工艺的可靠性和加工效率、提高电极利用率方面有较大优势。     

Machinability of γ-TiAl: A review

Owing to its outstanding mechanical properties, γ-TiAl is desirable materials for crossgeneration aero-engines. Nearly 70 years of exploration have made it into the initial application.However, the intrinsic brittleness of γ-TiAl is still a critical obstacle to its large-scale applications.In this context, researchers have made many attempts to study the machinability of γ-TiAl. At present, existing relevant reviews have mostly discussed the processing methods of γ-TiAl. Hence, there is still a ...     

Electrode design using revolving entity extraction for high-efficiency electric discharge machining of integral shrouded blisk

The integral shrouded blisk provides better performance with minimum weight, but its semi-open structure presents problems for its production. Manufacturing processes of these components require a removal of about 70%-90% of material from their blanks. Multi-axis electrical discharge machining (EDM) is commonly used for these processes, but its poor efficiency cannot meet the requirements of mass production. Strong flushing assisted high-current discharge is able to improve the machining efficiency. In this paper, this method was applied to manufacture the integral shrouded blisk. An electrode design method was proposed. Taking the largest revolving entity inside the flow channel as the base geometry, this laminated arc-shaped hollow electrode meets the requirements such as high pressure flushing, tool wear compensation, and easy to be made. A 4-axis linkage machining tool path with planetary motion was proposed. Taking an integral guide vane ring as an example, it has been experimentally verified that the time consumption for each channel using this method was reduced to a half of the ordinary EDM method, while the finished surface quality remains same.     

Experimental investigation of rotary sinking electrochemical discharge milling with high-conductivity salt solution and non-pulsed direct current

Electrochemical milling is a modified technique of traditional electrochemical machining (ECM) that can be used to manufacture some helicopter transmission system parts. The use of rotary tools and an inner-jet electrolyte supply pattern can greatly improve the material removal rate (MRR) in a single pass. However, the feed speed is generally limited to minimize the tool wear. To increase the MRR, electrical discharge machining (EDM) is introduced into the electrochemical milling process. The tool rotation is employed to interrupt the discharge and the high-conductivity salt solution and non-pulsed direct current power supply are also adopted to increase ECM, eventually, a new machining method is proposed, which can be called rotary sinking electrochemical discharge milling (RSECD milling). The mechanism of it is explored in this study by analyzing the machined current, MRR, surface morphology, and tool wear at different applied voltages and feed speeds. Besides, the RSECD milling using the tool with a larger diameter is also conducted to further verify the effectiveness. In particular, the MRR can be increased by 742.5% when using the tool with a diameter of 20 mm at the applied voltage of 20 V.