Microstructural evolution and hardness of as-cast Be-Al-Sc-Zr alloy processed by laser surface remelting

As-cast beryllium-aluminum (Be-Al) alloy exhibits a coarse microstructure with pore defects due to a large solidification interval, greatly limiting its mechanical properties. In this research, the relationship between laser surface remelting process and microstructure and hardness of as-cast Be-Al-Sc-Zr alloy was established. The experimental results demonstrated that a pore-free refined microstructure of remelted layer was obtained by controlling the parameter of effective laser energy input. The microstructure of as-cast Be-Al-Sc-Zr alloy consisted of equiaxed grains with Al phase forming a continuous frame wrapping Be phase, which was significantly refined in the remelted zone (from 25 μm to 2 μm). The Vickers hardness in the remelted zone (approximately 210 HV) was approximately 3 times that of as-cast Be-Al-Sc-Zr alloy. Analysis of the Vickers hardness and the Be phase size showed a good agreement with a Hall-Petch equation. In addition, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis evidenced that Sc and Zr elements formed a single blocky phase Be₁₃(Sc_x,Zr_1-x), which was also greatly refined from 8 μm to 1.5 μm in the remelted zone. The results obtained in this study indicate that the laser surface remelting allowed refining the microstructure and further strengthening the Vickers hardness of Be-Al-Sc-Zr alloy.     

不同冷却介质下多道次搅拌摩擦加工对 AZ91镁合金组织和性能影响

对铸态 AZ91镁合金板进行了三种不同冷却条件下的多道次搅拌摩擦加工,即两次空气、一次空气和一次水下、两次水下的搅拌摩擦加工,并对其组织和力学性能进行了研究。研究结果表明：在多道次搅拌摩擦加工过程中,剧烈的塑性变形使搅拌区内呈网状的第二相β-Mg17 Al12显著破碎变成细小颗粒状,搅拌区的微观组织均得到了显著细化,三种不同冷却条件下样品的平均晶粒尺寸分别为5．8μm,1．4μm 和0．8～1μm;两次水下加工的组织更为细小,其显微硬度、抗拉强度和延伸率较其他两种冷却条件下多道次搅拌摩擦加工样品的高,分别为94．7 HV,355．5 MPa 和31．5％。     

微波烧结制备MoSi2 及SiC/ MoSi2 纳米复合陶瓷

采用微波烧结法制备了MoSi2和10vol%SiC/MoSi2纳米复合陶瓷。通过SiC预加热体的混合式加热法和合理的保温结构设计,实现了MoSi2低温阶段的快速升温,提高了温度均匀性。密度和力学性能测试结果表明,1 450℃保温60 min烧结工艺下,MoSi2试样的相对密度达到93.4%,断裂韧度4.5 MPa.m1/2,维氏硬度为10.53 GPa,弯曲强度为186 MPa。10vol%SiC/MoSi2试样尽管相对密度下降为90.3%,但各项力学性能均优于MoSi2试样。相比1 650℃热压烧结,微波烧结温度降低了200℃,MoSi2和SiC/MoSi2试样致密性有所下降,但力学性能有较大提高,尤其是MoSi2试样。断口扫描分析表明,微波烧结试样相对热压烧结试样基体晶粒更细,孔隙细小且分布均匀;SiC/MoSi2试样微波烧结的晶粒细化效果不如MoSi2明显。     

细晶AZ31镁合金高温压缩变形行为研究

通过Gleeble-1500试验机对坯料预先经过晶粒细化处理的AZ31镁合金圆柱体试样进行单向热压缩试验,压缩温度为300～450℃,应变速率.ε为0.01s-1,0.1s-1,1.0s-1,根据试样结果分析计算了本构方程中的各参数,获得了完整的镁合金高温本构方程,进一步分析了压缩试样的显微组织。结果表明:在本试验条件下,AZ31镁合金的热变形应力指数n为6.24,热变形激活能为177.2kJ/mol。压缩试样心部组织变形程度明显高于边缘;随着温度的升高,心部压缩组织发生明显的再结晶,新晶粒在晶界处形核并长大。     

Characteristics of surface and subsurface of formed thread parts by axial-infeed thread rolling process

The thread rolling process has been widely applied to manufacture high-performance thread parts. In this process, the evolutions of surface and subsurface are frequently introduced, which affect the working performance of manufactured parts. In this study, an axial-infeed thread rolling process (ATRP) is employed, and the macro-meso surface characteristics under different lubrications and operating conditions are investigated. Moreover, the distributions of microstructure and hardness on the subsurface of formed tooth are analyzed in detail, along with the study of stress state and yield strength change. It is found that the MoS₂ grease is more effective in reducing the surface roughness and defects than the lubrication oil and water-base graphite during the ATRP process. Increasing rolling speed improves the quality of surface morphology and can reduce the surface roughness. On the subsurface of bottom and flank, intensive shear stress occurs in a narrow region, resulting in the elongation and refinement of the grains and increasing the low angle grain boundary fraction. Based on the grain size and plastic strain, the yield strength is predicted. The maximum yield strength and hardness on the bottom of formed tooth are improved by 41.2% and 39.4%, respectively.     

Effect of grain refinement on cutting force of difficult-to-cut metals in ultra-precision machining

The nickel-based superalloy Inconel 718 is treated with Coupled Ultrasonic and Electric Pulse Treatment(CUEPT), and the surface grain is refined from the average size of 9550.0 nm to287.9, 216.3, 150.5, 126.3, 25.8 nm by different effective treatment currents, respectively. The ultraprecision turning experiments are carried out on the processed workpiece after CUEPT. The experimental results show that the average cutting force increases with the decrease of surface grain size.Moreover, a mathema...     

Dimension Accuracy and Surface Integrity of Creep Feed Ground Titanium Alloy with Monolayer Brazed CBN Shaped Wheels

Titanium alloy tenon is creep feed ground with monolayer brazed cubic boron nitride (CBN) shaped wheels. The dimension accuracy of the tenon is assessed and the results indicate that it completely meets the requirement of blade tenon of aero-engine. Residual stresses, surface roughness, microstructure and microhardness are measured on ground surfaces of the specimen, which are all compared with that ground with vitrified CBN wheels. Under all the circumstances, compressive residual stress is obtained and the depth of the machining affected zone is found to be less than 40 μm. No phase transformation is observed at depths of up to 100 μm below the surface, though plastic deformation is visible in the process of grain refinement. The residual stress and microhardness of specimens ground with brazed CBN wheels are observed to be lower than those ground with vitrified ones. The arithmetic mean roughness (R_a) values obtained are all below 0.8 μm.     

TC4钛合金微弧氧化涂层的制备与微动磨损性能研究

采用自制的微弧氧化装置,在TC4钛合金表面制备了微弧氧化涂层,利用维氏硬度计、轮廓仪、SEM、EDX和XRD等设备对涂层进行了表征,并与GCr15钢球对磨,以研究其微动磨损特性.结果表明:涂层主要由锐钛矿型、金红石型TiO2和少量Al2O3等相组成,表面较粗糙,为典型的高硬度多孔陶瓷结构;经微弧氧化处理后,抗微动磨损性能显著提高;在部分滑移区涂层的摩擦系数随位移幅值的增大而增大,而在滑移区和混合区,稳态摩擦系数与位移幅值的变化无关;在部分滑移区,涂层损伤轻微,在滑移区和混合区涂层的微动磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损、氧化磨损和剥层.     

表面深滚处理对纯镍组织性能及残余应力分布的影响

通过一种新型表面自纳米化方法———表面深滚处理,在纯镍（N4）表面制备出晶粒尺寸小于500nm 的梯度超细晶结构,并对材料次表面微观组织结构、残余应力分布及力学性能进行了研究。结果表明：N4经过表面深滚处理,表面形成织构;由于剧烈塑性变形,位错大量产生,并出现胞状组织和高密度位错墙,这些组织经过演化形成超细晶,并在表面形成具有一定厚度的残余压应力场;与原始材料相比,经过表面深滚处理后表面组织硬度提高近一倍;通过合理选择滚压参数,其细化层厚度、硬度、表面粗糙度及残余应力分布均得到不同程度改善。     

Microstructural characterization and mechanical behavior analysis of 7075-T6 aluminum subjected to simulated lightning strikes

Aircrafts damages caused by lightning strikes have been known since the early days of aviation. However, the physical effects on the aircraft structure are still being investigated. This work seeks to evaluate the lightning strike effects in the aluminum alloy 7075-T6. Samples were submitted to lightning strike simulation in laboratory and the damages evaluated through characterization techniques. Ultrasound and profilometry tests have shown material loss to 0.272 mm depth in the damaged region. In addition, it was detected the material accumulation occurrence in the damage vicinity of the region. Below the damage, it was found a region where metallurgical changes were identified. The tensile and microhardness tests results have shown reduction in the percentage elongation and hardness increasing in the material affected by lightning. These results are corroborated by the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Rietveld Method (red line) that indicated an increasing in dislocation density and micro-deformation in the material matrix. Optical microscopy results have shown the presence of microcracks on the normal and cross-section surface of the samples damaged. The Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDXS) and Electron Backscattered Diffraction Test (EBSD) found coarse intermetallic phases and precipitates compounds with dimensions greater than 1 μm in length. They were responsible for nucleation of the microcracks that propagate along the material grain boundaries.     

流体热物性对粗糙微通道内传热性能的影响

为了明晰工质种类对微通道传热性能的影响,研究了导热系数λ,比热容cp,动力粘度μ和密度ρ影响微通道传热性能的规律。首先研究了水和煤油在构造的粗糙微通道中流动与传热性质的差异,然后将各个因素孤立的研究其对于整体传热性能的影响。结果发现,在粗糙微通道中的层流充分发展流动状态,Poiseuille数(Po)基本不随Re变化,也不随工质热物性变化;水和煤油的Nusselt数(Nu)都随Re的增大而增大,且煤油的Nu的数值和随Re的增长率都大于水的对应值。研究还发现,Nu随着λ的增加而减小,随着cp和μ的增加而增加,不随密度ρ变化;同时,λ和μ对Nu的影响比cp大。     

超声磨料对TC4钛合金电火花加工表面质量的影响

为改善TC4钛合金电火花加工表面质量,减少表面微裂纹、重熔层等表面缺陷,提出了基于电极振动的超声磨料电火花复合加工方法。在煤油工作液中混入12g/L的SiC磨料粉,进行了有无超声磨料作用的窄脉冲(脉宽小于1μs)电火花加工的表面粗糙度对比实验研究。实验结果表明:SiC磨料的超声振动作用使零件表面粗糙度Ra由0.5μm降到0.2μm左右;重熔层厚度、表面裂纹的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)照片显示,超声磨料作用使重熔层厚度减薄20～30μm,表面微裂纹得到有效控制;机理分析认为工作液高频振动及磨料对工件的冲击作用,是改善TC4钛合金电火花加工表面质量的主要原因。研究表明磨料的超声振动作用可显著改善TC4钛合金电火花加工的表面质量。     

镁合金AZ91表面弧辉等离子沉积TiN/CrN薄膜的摩擦行为研究

镁合金具有高的比强度、低的弹性模量、减震等优点,在航空航天领域具有很大的应用前景.但是低劣的耐磨性导致镁合金限制于制造静载零件.为改进其耐磨性,采用弧辉等离子沉积的新工艺在镁合金AZ91表面涂覆TiN/CrN多层薄膜.薄膜由12层TiN和CrN交替沉积而成,总厚度为2 μm.用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和辉光放电光谱(GDS)分析涂层的成分和微观结构.采用球盘磨损试验测试摩擦系数,并计算出比磨损率.结果表明,与未处理试样相比摩擦系数增大,但磨损率急剧下降.薄膜的表面硬度超过HK0.011433.     

Performance evaluation of creep feed grinding of γ-TiAl intermetallics with electroplated diamond wheels

This paper evaluates the performance of creep feed grinding γ-TiAl intermetallic (Ti-45Al-2Mn-2Nb) using electroplated diamond wheels. Firstly, a comparative analysis with the grinding results by using electroplated CBN wheels was conducted, mainly involving abrasive wheel wear behavior and maximum material removal rate below surface burn limit. It was found that the diamond wheel would produce much better grinding results including lower wheel wear rate and higher maximum material removal rate. Then the surface integrity obtained at different level of material removal rate was characterized with the utilization of the diamond wheel. The poor ductility of this γ-TiAl intermetallic material was found to have a marginal effect on the surface integrity, as no severe surface defects such as material pullout were generated during the stable wheel wear stage. For the involved operating parameters, a deformation layer was produced with ∼10 μm or more in thickness depending on the material removal rate used. Meanwhile, a work-hardened layer extending to more than 100 μm was produced with a maximum microhardness of above 520 HV_0.05 (bulk value 360 HV_0.05). The residual stress remained compressive, with a value of above −100 MPa and even up to −500 MPa for an elevated material removal rate. Shearing chip was the main chip type, indicating good wheel sharpness in the grinding process.     

铝合金盘型件等温辗压过程中晶粒尺寸演化的数值模拟与实验验证

 为了揭示盘型件双面辗压成形过程中微观组织的演化特征,应用数值模拟方法研究了这一成形过程中所发生的动态再结晶和晶粒长大规律.所研究的盘型件材料为铝合金6061,辗压成形温度为350~500 ℃.晶粒尺寸演化规律的数值模拟结果与实验结果基本符合.与整体锻造不同,双面辗压成形没有变形死区,并且越靠近盘型件表面晶粒细化效果越好;辗压头通过对盘型件厚度方向压缩和表面环向剪切两种方式驱动盘型件变形.计算结果表明,即使压下量零增量辗压也会在沟槽附近产生显著变形和晶粒细化,这说明盘型件变形和组织演化主要源于辗压头对盘型件表面的环向剪切;多遍次辗压过程中,第1遍次辗压对晶粒细化的贡献最大,后续辗压的贡献较小;提高成形温度可能会出现动态晶粒长大区,在这种情况下,盘型件上的点将交替发生动态再结晶和动态晶粒长大,最终晶粒尺寸会有一定程度增加.     

基于替代燃料的航空燃油泵内部空化特性

为了研究以国产大庆RP-3航空煤油为流动介质的航空燃油泵内部空化特性,采用数值模拟的方法研究了高温低压环境下航空燃油泵内部的空化流动.针对航空煤油这种成分复杂的介质,引入替代燃料的概念,选择摩尔分数为74.5%的正十二烷、10%的甲基环已烷、10%的甲苯和5.5%的辛烷构成的四组分替代燃料模拟大庆RP-3航空煤油.计算中采用基于旋转修正的k-ε湍流模型以及Zwart-Gerber-Belamri空化模型,基于实验结果对数值方法进行了验证分析.研究结果表明:基于替代燃料和旋转修正的k-ε湍流模型的数值计算方法能够较准确地预测航空燃油泵的空化特性;忽略大庆RP-3航空煤油空化热力学效应,温度对航空燃油泵空化性能有一定影响,在80℃工况下,航空燃油泵空化性能较差;转速对航空燃油泵空化性能影响较大,航空燃油泵在转速为10000r/min工况下空化比转速最大,空化性能最好.      

新型刚玉砂轮磨削GH4169镍基高温合金的性能评价研究

镍基高温合金是航空发动机部件的常用材料,其磨削加工存在工具损耗严重、寿命短等难题。针对3种新研制的刚玉砂轮(分别为粒度60#的微晶和单晶混合磨料砂轮、粒度60#的单晶刚玉砂轮,以及粒度70#的单晶刚玉砂轮),开展了GH4169镍基高温合金材料的磨削试验,从磨削力、磨削温度、砂轮磨损以及表面粗糙度等方面对3种砂轮的磨削性能进行了评价。结果表明,3种砂轮磨削GH4169材料在砂轮磨损和表面粗糙度方面未表现出明显差异,而通过对磨削力和磨削温度的综合评价发现粒度60#的单晶刚玉砂轮的磨削性能更优。3种砂轮磨削GH4169材料的磨削比在0.5~3之间。在正常磨削条件下,3种砂轮的磨削表面粗糙度Ra小于0.4μm。同时发现,砂轮磨损(主要包括磨粒的破碎和脱落)是造成磨削表面缺陷形成的重要原因。     

GH4169DA磨削表面变质层软化机理

为了深入研究高温合金GH4169DA磨削表面变质层软化机理,分别采用光学显微镜、显微维氏硬度计和透射电子显微镜（TEM）分析了其微观组织、显微硬度和γ"相密度。试验结果表明：GH4169DA磨削表面及亚表面发生了明显软化和局部塑性变形。在试验参数范围内,软化深度约为30~100 μm,而变形层的深度只有约4 μm。从基体到磨削表面,γ"相密度由约2.27×10³个/μm²逐渐降低,至距磨削表面约2.2 μm以内γ"相完全消失。该变化规律与显微硬度变化规律一致,最大影响深度也基本相同。分析指出,GH4169DA磨削表面软化的根本原因是在磨削过程中热的作用下,主要强化相γ"密度降低,强化效果减弱。     

CO_2激光烧蚀水所形成气蚀空穴机理研究

分析了激光烧蚀液体时形成表面空穴的机理。利用高速相机获得CO2激光烧蚀蒸馏水的流场照片,对空穴的发展过程进行了分析,发现空穴的快速发展期在最初的100μs内,之后在几百μs内保持平衡。用简单模型计算了不同能流密度下,空穴平衡时的形状,并分析了模型的局限性。研究结果对于揭示激光烧蚀水产生推力的机理有重要意义,有利于促进水工质激光推进的发展。     

摩圣材料对铸铁试样摩擦表面改性的影响

运用改装的摩擦实验机对灰铸铁-45^#钢摩擦副做旋转对磨实验。在摩擦副中滴入摩圣试剂，在大气环境中变载荷、定转速条件下进行实验。主要探索摩圣材料对灰铸铁摩擦副表面改性的机理和耐磨规律。结果表明：摩擦试样表面有大量光滑的灰色块状物生成，表面微区亦增添了来自矿物粉体中的元素；显微硬度明显提高，其中灰色区尤为显著；表面粗糙度显著降低，起到了良好的耐磨减摩效果。