阻旋栅对密封静力与动力特性影响的数值分析与实验研究

密封动力特性对旋转机械转子系统稳定性影响较大,在密封入口端部设置阻旋栅是提高密封稳定性的有效方法。设计加工了无/有阻旋栅共5种密封结构,从数值分析与实验研究两个方面研究阻旋栅对密封静力与动力特性的影响规律。建立阻旋栅密封静力特性CFD理论模型,数值分析阻旋栅对密封泄漏量、切向速度以及周向压力分布的影响;应用不平衡同频激励法实验研究阻旋栅对密封动力特性的影响。研究结果表明:阻旋栅可降低密封的泄漏量,减小密封内流体的切向速度,进而降低密封内流体的周向压力差,且随着阻旋栅周向稠度与径向长度的增加,这种作用逐渐增大,这是阻旋栅抑制气流激振力的主要原因;预旋是密封产生交叉刚度的重要因素,密封的交叉刚度随进出口压比与转速的增加而增大;阻旋栅可有效降低密封的交叉刚度,增加密封的主阻尼,提高密封的稳定性。本文研究揭示了阻旋栅抑制密封气流激振力的机理,为设计阻旋栅密封提供理论依据。     

凹槽射流对袋型阻尼密封泄漏特性与动力特性影响机理

采用非定常动网格技术建立了袋型阻尼密封泄漏特性和动力特性多频椭圆涡动求解模型,在验证求解模型准确性的基础上,研究了压比、转速和凹槽位置不同时凹槽射流对袋型阻尼密封泄漏特性与动力特性的影响,分析了袋型阻尼密封轴向与周向的流速和压力分布特性,揭示了凹槽射流对袋型阻尼密封泄漏特性和动力特性的影响机理.研究表明:凹槽射流增强了...     

预旋对蜂窝密封和迷宫密封内流动传热特性影响

采用数值求解三维雷诺平均纳维尔-斯托克斯(RANS)方程技术,研究了进口预旋对典型航空发动机用光滑面迷宫密封和蜂窝密封的泄漏流动和传热特性的影响规律.计算了-0.3,0,+0.3三种预旋工况下,两种密封的流动特性和温升特性随压比的变化关系.计算结果表明:预旋对密封的泄漏特性和子午面上的流场形态的影响十分微弱;在相同压比条件下,正预旋会导致密封的总温升减小,而负预旋会导致密封总温升增大;蜂窝面的阻尼作用会削弱预旋对密封内温升特性的影响;进口无预旋或施加正预旋时,蜂窝密封的间隙热能比光滑面迷宫密封大,但进口施加负预旋时恰好相反.      

周向发散式袋型阻尼密封泄漏特性与动力特性数值研究

提出一种周向发散式袋型阻尼密封结构,建立了袋型阻尼密封多频椭圆涡动求解模型,在实验验证求解模型准确性的基础上,研究了进出口压比、偏心率对袋型阻尼密封泄漏特性与动力特性的影响,分析了两种袋型阻尼密封的转子稳定性.结果表明:两种袋型阻尼密封的泄漏量平均相差0.89％,两者泄漏特性相当.传统袋型阻尼密封在转子偏心状态时各腔室...     

带盖盘45°预旋系统流动特性的实验

对带盖盘45°预旋系统的预旋腔和转静腔内流动特性进行了实验研究，得到了高转速下静盘表面的静压分布、中心面（z/S=0.326）总压分布、流阻系数以及预旋孔排气系数的变化规律。结果表明:流量分配对腔内压力分布影响较小；湍流参数是腔内流动特性的主要影响参数之一；腔内流动结构主要分为转静腔的自由涡结构以及预旋腔的回流区和低压区；流阻系数随湍流参数变大而显著上升；预旋孔排气系数随着进、出口压比增加而增加。      

长径比对预旋孔流动特性影响的数值研究

采用数值方法研究了长径比和压比对预旋孔流动特性的影响,所研究的预旋角度为30°,长径比范围为1～5,压比范围为1.1 ～1.9.计算获得了出气角度、出气面积、出气速度及其周向分量,流量系数和预旋效率等参数随压比和长径比的变化.对长径比1.75和4的预旋孔流量系数进行了实验测量.结果表明预旋效率是一个可以综合反映预旋喷嘴气流偏转、加速和流动损失等主要性能的无量纲参数.预旋效率随长径比的增加先显著增加后微弱减小,最佳长径比为2.5左右.长径比小于2时由于出气角度和实际出气面积都明显偏离设计值,预旋效率显著偏低,在设计中应避免出现.     

负错位密封静力与动力特性的数值研究

提出了一种抑制气流激振力的负错位密封结构，建立了基于瞬态流场CFD动网格技术的负错位密封静力与动力特性求解模型，分析了偏心率、错位率等因素对密封泄漏量、周向压力、气流力与动力特性系数及密封转子稳定性的影响.结果表明:密封的泄漏量随偏心率与错位率的增加而增大；密封间隙流体周向压力呈正弦规律分布；与传统圆形密封相比，负错位密封形成发散的楔形间隙，降低流体动压效应，降低周向压力差，减小密封的切向力；随着偏心率的增加，密封的直接与交叉刚度以及交叉阻尼的绝对值均增大，直接阻尼降低；与传统圆形密封结构相比，该型密封可有效降低密封的交叉刚度，增加主阻尼，提高等效刚度与等效阻尼，改善了密封的稳定性.      

径向预旋系统温降与流阻特性的数值研究

为了探索“预旋降温效应”在航空发动机中应用的新形式,研究径向预旋结构的温降和流阻特性,对径向预旋系统结构的简化模型进行了数值模拟,通过实验验证了数值方法,分析模型内部的流动结构,获得旋转雷诺数和无量纲质量流量对径向预旋系统温降和流阻特性的影响规律.结果表明:数值计算得到的结果与实验值趋势一致,最大相对误差不超过20%.计算的参数范围内,当流经径向预旋系统的冷气质量流量一定时,气流温降和压降均随旋转雷诺数的增大而降低;当径向预旋系统工作的旋转雷诺数一定时,气流温降和压降均随无量纲质量流量的增大而增加.      

扩口孔型预旋喷嘴流动与温降特性

分别对预旋角度为20°的直孔和扩口孔型喷嘴进行了数值模拟和实验测量.计算模型包括仅有进气腔、预旋孔和出气腔的单独模型和在此基础上增加了旋转部分的系统模型;研究内容包括速度场、出气速度、出气角度、流量系数、预旋效率和温降,并对单独模型的孔流量系数进行了实验测量.结果表明流量系数的计算结果与实验结果符合良好,扩口孔的流量系数、预旋效率和温降都比直孔显著增大20％以上.数据还显示由单独模型计算得到的流量系数和预旋效率与由系统模型得到的结果比较接近,根据单独模型的预旋效率而推算出的温降可在一定程度上间接反映预旋系统的温降特性.     

预旋对周向槽处理机匣扩稳能力的影响

以Rotor 67转子为研究对象,通过数值模拟的手段分析了周向槽(CG)提高转子失速裕度(SM)的机理,并在此基础上研究了周向槽处理机匣与转子前预旋的匹配问题。结果表明:在Rotor 67转子中,叶尖泄漏流与激波相互干渉产生的低速区是转子失速的重要原因,而周向槽内气流离开时形成的与泄漏涡(LV)方向相反的涡会抑制泄漏涡的周向发展,是周向槽的扩稳机理之一。通过分析周向槽处理机匣在不同预旋条件下扩稳效果的变化,显示在不同流量点、不同预旋条件下,随着转子叶尖负荷位置的变化,起主要扩稳作用的处理槽不同,并在此原则下,提出了一种周向槽设计的思路。      

Effects of swirl brake axial arrangement on the leakage performance and rotor stability of labyrinth seals

Swirl brakes are usually introduced at the seal entrance in industry to improve the seal stability, especially for labyrinth seals suffering low seal clearance and high inlet preswirl ratio. However, how to arrange swirl brakes at the seal entrance to obtain better seal stability retains unknown, such as the axial distance between the brake trailing edge and the first tooth. To this end, the effects of the distance between brakes and the first tooth on the leakage flow rate and seal rotordynamic coefficients were numerically investigated at typical inlet preswirl ratios of 0.45 and 0.8, and the predicted results were in comparison with the results for no-brake configuration. The obtained results disclose that the brake configuration arranged against the first tooth produces lower circumferential velocity in the downstream of the brakes as a result of the larger counter-clockwise vortex moving from the brake trailing edge to the brake leading edge when compared to the brake configuration away from the first tooth. Besides, the dropped circumferential velocity in the downstream of brakes will cause larger pressure fluctuation in the circumferential direction and thus generates larger tangential force to restrain the rotor forward whirl. On the other hand, the effective damping is further increased when the distance between brakes and the first tooth decreases to zero, that is, the crossover frequency is even disappeared at the inlet preswirl ratio of 0.45 and successfully drops from 69.9 Hz to 32.7 Hz at the preswirl ratio of 0.8.     

封严流对预旋供气系统温降特性影响的数值研究

为获得封严流对预旋供气系统温降特性的影响,基于三维稳态数值模拟方法,针对内封严出气流量,内封严进气流量,内封严进气温度和内封严进气旋转比四个因素进行了研究。结果表明：在保持供气流量和供气压力一定的条件下,封严流流出预旋腔对预旋供气系统温降特性影响微小;而封严流流入预旋腔的影响显著。内封严进气流量从0增大到喷嘴流量的20%时,温降效率降低31.3%;内封严进气温度升高37K时,温降效率降低29.2%;内封严进气旋转比从0提高到0.8时,温降效率提高15.6%。     

耦合热、动载荷的超超临界汽轮机迷宫密封动力特性

密封汽流激振严重影响超超临界汽轮机的安全运行,采用DEFINE_CG_MOTION和DEFINE_PROFILE控制宏建立转子的涡动方程,通过Workbench流固耦合方法计算热、动载荷下密封齿形变,根据快速傅里叶变化得到机组运行时的密封动力特性,并对转子稳定性进行分析。结果表明:蒸汽可导致密封齿膨胀变形,温度对密封齿长度变化影响可达1%~1.5%,压力和离心作用对其影响较小。热、动载荷使迷宫密封直接刚度减小,直接阻尼先增加后减小,交叉刚度先减小后增加,动力系数的最大变化为原来的2倍。35~55 Hz内转子稳定裕度急剧下降,转子对密封汽流激振更敏感。热、动载荷引起的压力波动集中在低频范围,密封周向压力波动可增高18.5 kPa。密封高压区的压力波幅剧增是汽流激振显著的主要原因。      

Rotordynamic characteristics prediction for scallop damper seals using computational fluid dynamics

Enhancing damping characteristic is one of the effective methods to solve the instability problem of the rotor system. The three-dimensional numerical analysis model of scallop damper seal was established, and the effects of inlet pressures, preswirl ratios, rotational speeds, interlaced angles and seal cavity depths on the rotordynamic characteristics of scallop damper seal were studied based on dynamic mesh method and multi-frequencies elliptic whirling model. Results show that the direct stiffness of the scallop damper seal increases with decreasing inlet pressure and increasing rotational speed and cavity depth. When the seal cavity is interlaced by a certain angle, which shows positive direct stiffness. The effective damping of the scallop damper seal increases with the increasing inlet pressure, the decreasing preswirl ratio and the rotational speed and cavity depth. There exists an optimal interlaced angle to maximize the effective damping and the system stability. The leakage of the scallop damper seal is significantly reduced with decreasing inlet pressure. The preswirl will reduce the leakage flowrate, and the rotational speed has a slight effect on the leakage performance. The leakage of the scallop damper seal decreases with increasing seal cavity depth.     

Operating characteristics of a high radius pre-swirl cooling system

An experimental investigation into pre-swirl effectiveness and receiver hole discharge coefficient characteristics for a high radius injection pre-swirl cooling systems was carried out on a physically representative experimental rig with a 450 mm diameter rotor.The receiver holes and pre-swirl nozzle were located at a radius of 181 mm and 180 mm respectively.The experimental work was mainly conducted at 5 000～12 000 r/min,4 bar absolute pressure and 1.132 kg/s air supply.The maximum air supply temperature was 190 ℃.Pressure and temperature distributions in the pre-swirl system were examined with an emphasis on the velocity effectiveness of the pre-swirl system as a whole and on the discharge coefficients of the rotating 'receiver holes' in the rotor.The results showed that the velocity effectiveness increased with increasing swirl ratio resulting in reduced blade cooling flow temperature.Different seal flow configurations caused very different effectiveness at different speeds,but outflow through the inner and outer seals always gave the highest effectiveness compared other configurations.Increasing the seal flow rate reduced the effectiveness.For the coefficient of discharge,except for the low speed range,it increased with increase in swirl ratio for most speeds.      

锥形间隙孔型阻尼密封动力特性分析及抑振机理

应用非定常动网格技术建立了锥形间隙孔型阻尼密封动力特性多频椭圆涡动求解模型,研究了锥形度和涡动频率对孔型阻尼密封泄漏特性与动力特性的影响,分析了锥形间隙孔型阻尼密封的抑振机理。结果表明:锥形间隙增强了孔型阻尼密封的泄漏直通效应,增加了密封泄漏量。在平均间隙相等的情况下,收敛间隙孔型阻尼密封泄漏量小于发散间隙孔型阻尼密封;在同一涡动频率下,刚度系数随着锥形度的增加而增大,阻尼系数随着锥形度的增加而减小;收敛间隙孔型阻尼密封具有较大的正直接刚度,增加了转子系统的固有频率,发散间隙孔型阻尼密封产生较大的负直接刚度;收敛间隙孔型阻尼密封具有较大的有效刚度和穿越频率,较小的有效阻尼,发散间隙孔型阻尼密封具有较大的有效阻尼,较小的有效刚度和穿越频率;在锥形间隙孔型阻尼密封结构设计时,需要同时考虑转子系统固有频率和同心度的影响。