预旋对阻旋栅密封泄漏特性与动力特性影响机理

应用非定常动网格技术,建立了阻旋栅密封多频椭圆涡动泄漏特性与动力特性求解模型,研究了周向含20、40个阻旋栅和40个加长型阻旋栅密封在不同预旋比下的泄漏特性与动力特性,并在实验验证数值模型准确性基础上,分析了预旋对密封进口流场,密封腔室旋流强度,周向压差及气流激振力影响,揭示了预旋对阻旋栅密封泄漏特性与动力特性影响机理...     

负错位密封静力与动力特性的数值研究

提出了一种抑制气流激振力的负错位密封结构，建立了基于瞬态流场CFD动网格技术的负错位密封静力与动力特性求解模型，分析了偏心率、错位率等因素对密封泄漏量、周向压力、气流力与动力特性系数及密封转子稳定性的影响.结果表明:密封的泄漏量随偏心率与错位率的增加而增大；密封间隙流体周向压力呈正弦规律分布；与传统圆形密封相比，负错位密封形成发散的楔形间隙，降低流体动压效应，降低周向压力差，减小密封的切向力；随着偏心率的增加，密封的直接与交叉刚度以及交叉阻尼的绝对值均增大，直接阻尼降低；与传统圆形密封结构相比，该型密封可有效降低密封的交叉刚度，增加主阻尼，提高等效刚度与等效阻尼，改善了密封的稳定性.      

偏心密封动力特性分析与新型自同心密封研究

密封气流激振引起的转子失稳已成为发展高性能透平机械的瓶颈问题。为了研究偏心率对密封动力特性及转子稳定性的影响规律,揭示转子偏心诱发密封气流激振的机理,采用非定常动网格技术方法,建立了多频椭圆涡动轨迹的密封动力特性求解模型。在此基础上,提出了新型浮动式自同心密封结构,包含密封环浮动式和密封环自适应同心两大理念,分析了新型密封的工作原理以及力学特性。结果表明:密封的等效刚度和等效阻尼随着偏心率的增大而减小。不同涡动频率下,当偏心率增加到0.7时,等效阻尼相比于同心密封下降幅度达到33%~76%。随着偏心率的增大,密封气流力对转子做功增加,降低了转子系统稳定性;随着偏心率的增加,密封流体动压效应增强,密封气流激振力增大,转子系统稳定性降低,偏心转子密封流体动压效应是产生密封气流激振的主要原因;新型浮动式自同心密封的工作原理及动力学特性分析结果表明,新型密封具有自适应同心功能。     

螺旋槽对柱面气膜密封静力与动力特性影响机理研究

螺旋槽对柱面气膜密封静力和动力特性有较大影响。应用非定常动网格技术建立了柱面气膜密封多频椭圆涡动静力与动力特性求解模型,分析了不同工况及结构参数下螺旋槽对柱面气膜密封静力与动力特性的影响,研究了螺旋槽对封严气体泵吸效应与流体动压效应影响,揭示了螺旋槽对柱面气膜密封静力和动力特性的影响机理。研究结果表明：随着进出口压比与偏心率的增大,气膜内流体动压效应增强,封严气体压力分布不均匀,使得密封泄漏量增加。随着螺旋角的增大,气体经过螺旋槽泵吸效应与挤压作用聚集在螺旋槽根部,形成了较为明显的动压效应,使得泄漏量增加。当螺旋角为30°～50°时,密封的径向气流力指向转子涡动中心,切向气流力与转子涡动速度方向相反,有效地抑制了转子涡动,转子系统稳定性较好。     

透平机械动密封动力特性数值方法研究

密封动力特性系数是评价透平机械转子稳定性的重要参数。对现有密封动力特性数值方法进行了综述,为了比较分析不同的密封动力特性数值方法,分别建立了基于控制体方法的双控体求解模型和基于CFD方法的稳态旋转坐标系与瞬态转子平动、转子单/多频椭圆涡动求解模型,综合比较分析了控制体法、CFD稳态旋转坐标系法和CFD瞬态平动法、单/多频法之间的差异以及适用范围,研究了转子涡动频率对密封气流力和动力特性系数的影响。研究结果表明:控制体法求解速度较快,但求解精度较低,稳态旋转坐标系法只适用于转子做小轨迹同心涡动的求解模型,瞬态平动法求解速度较慢;瞬态单/多频法考虑了转子的涡动频率,更符合密封的实际工作情况;应用瞬态单/多频法得到的密封气流力变化频率与转子涡动频率相同,但气流力的相位滞后于转子涡动位移的相位;密封的直接刚度系数随着转子涡动频率的增加而增大,交叉刚度系数和阻尼系数的绝对值随着转子涡动频率的增加而减小。     

蜂窝衬套对篦齿封严静力与动力特性影响机理研究

蜂窝衬套对篦齿封严的泄漏特性和动力特性有较大的影响。本文建立蜂窝衬套篦齿封严数值求解模型,在验证数值方法有效准确的基础上,研究了蜂窝衬套篦齿封严泄漏量随进口压力、封严间隙及转速的变化规律,构造泄漏量理论公式;运用非定常动网格技术,建立多频椭圆涡动模型,分析了蜂窝衬套对篦齿封严泄漏特性和转子动力特性的影响机理。结果表明：蜂窝衬套篦齿封严泄漏量随进口压力、封严间隙的增加而增大,随转速的增加略有减小;在大间隙工况下（封严间隙大于0.5 mm）,蜂窝衬套削弱气流的透气效应,减小泄漏量,对边距为0.8 mm蜂窝衬套篦齿封严的密封性能最佳。蜂窝衬套篦齿封严有着较大的直接阻尼和较小的交叉刚度,在高频涡动（频率大于120 Hz）时效果更明显;蜂窝衬套增大流场中的湍动能,增强气流能量的耗散速度,有利于提高封严性能;并且蜂窝衬套能够使周向压力分布更均匀,提高转子的稳定性。本文所构造的蜂窝衬套篦齿封严泄漏量理论公式,与数值仿真相对误差均在5%之内,能够准确地预测蜂窝衬套篦齿封严的泄漏量,满足工程实际需求。     

耦合热、动载荷的超超临界汽轮机迷宫密封动力特性

密封汽流激振严重影响超超临界汽轮机的安全运行,采用DEFINE_CG_MOTION和DEFINE_PROFILE控制宏建立转子的涡动方程,通过Workbench流固耦合方法计算热、动载荷下密封齿形变,根据快速傅里叶变化得到机组运行时的密封动力特性,并对转子稳定性进行分析。结果表明:蒸汽可导致密封齿膨胀变形,温度对密封齿长度变化影响可达1%~1.5%,压力和离心作用对其影响较小。热、动载荷使迷宫密封直接刚度减小,直接阻尼先增加后减小,交叉刚度先减小后增加,动力系数的最大变化为原来的2倍。35~55 Hz内转子稳定裕度急剧下降,转子对密封汽流激振更敏感。热、动载荷引起的压力波动集中在低频范围,密封周向压力波动可增高18.5 kPa。密封高压区的压力波幅剧增是汽流激振显著的主要原因。      

转子倾斜对交错式迷宫密封动静特性的影响

建立了交错式迷宫密封数值分析模型,并通过基于微元理论的密封动力特性系数理论识别方法研究了转子倾斜对密封动静特性的影响。结果表明：转子倾斜可降低交错式迷宫密封泄漏量,倾斜角为0.6°时泄漏量降低约2.5%,且进出口压比越大,效果越显著;转子倾斜带来的交错式密封腔室几何形状与齿径向间隙变化使得腔室在周向存在压力分布不均,且随倾斜角增加而增大;密封各腔室对系统稳定性影响规律不同,与交错式迷宫密封腔室的几何特性有关,密封腔室进口靠近转子、出口远离转子的腔室局部出现逆转动方向的速度场,能提高密封系统稳定性,而密封腔室进口远离转子、出口靠近转子的腔室则降低系统稳定性;整个密封段的有效阻尼随倾斜角增大而增大,转子在密封段中心倾斜不会降低交错式迷宫系统的稳定性。     

超临界二氧化碳多槽型干气密封泄漏流动与动力特性研究

针对超临界二氧化碳（SCO₂）旋转机械面临的严重泄漏、气流激振引发转子失稳等问题，以美国通用电气公司10MWe SCO₂循环中高压涡轮的轴端密封为研究对象，设计了螺旋角15°和30°的螺旋槽、T型槽和ST型槽的四种槽型结构的干气密封。采用基于动网格技术和非定常CFD数值方法的微尺度摄动模型，研究了在实验边界条件下干气密封的稳态性能及在轴向简谐微扰动下SCO₂涡轮轴端干气密封的非稳态动力学特性。对比分析了3种动压槽深度、2种动压槽角度下的干气密封泄漏量、静态气膜刚度、动态气膜刚度和阻尼系数。研究表明：四种槽型均满足泄漏流量的设计要求。随着动压槽深度的增加，干气密封开启力与泄漏流量均增大。ST型槽干气密封有着较大的气膜刚度和刚漏比，同时其在面对轴向微尺度摄动时最为稳定，是综合性能最优秀的干气密封结构。     

锥形间隙孔型阻尼密封动力特性分析及抑振机理

应用非定常动网格技术建立了锥形间隙孔型阻尼密封动力特性多频椭圆涡动求解模型,研究了锥形度和涡动频率对孔型阻尼密封泄漏特性与动力特性的影响,分析了锥形间隙孔型阻尼密封的抑振机理。结果表明:锥形间隙增强了孔型阻尼密封的泄漏直通效应,增加了密封泄漏量。在平均间隙相等的情况下,收敛间隙孔型阻尼密封泄漏量小于发散间隙孔型阻尼密封;在同一涡动频率下,刚度系数随着锥形度的增加而增大,阻尼系数随着锥形度的增加而减小;收敛间隙孔型阻尼密封具有较大的正直接刚度,增加了转子系统的固有频率,发散间隙孔型阻尼密封产生较大的负直接刚度;收敛间隙孔型阻尼密封具有较大的有效刚度和穿越频率,较小的有效阻尼,发散间隙孔型阻尼密封具有较大的有效阻尼,较小的有效刚度和穿越频率;在锥形间隙孔型阻尼密封结构设计时,需要同时考虑转子系统固有频率和同心度的影响。      

Effects of swirl brake axial arrangement on the leakage performance and rotor stability of labyrinth seals

Swirl brakes are usually introduced at the seal entrance in industry to improve the seal stability, especially for labyrinth seals suffering low seal clearance and high inlet preswirl ratio. However, how to arrange swirl brakes at the seal entrance to obtain better seal stability retains unknown, such as the axial distance between the brake trailing edge and the first tooth. To this end, the effects of the distance between brakes and the first tooth on the leakage flow rate and seal rotordynamic coefficients were numerically investigated at typical inlet preswirl ratios of 0.45 and 0.8, and the predicted results were in comparison with the results for no-brake configuration. The obtained results disclose that the brake configuration arranged against the first tooth produces lower circumferential velocity in the downstream of the brakes as a result of the larger counter-clockwise vortex moving from the brake trailing edge to the brake leading edge when compared to the brake configuration away from the first tooth. Besides, the dropped circumferential velocity in the downstream of brakes will cause larger pressure fluctuation in the circumferential direction and thus generates larger tangential force to restrain the rotor forward whirl. On the other hand, the effective damping is further increased when the distance between brakes and the first tooth decreases to zero, that is, the crossover frequency is even disappeared at the inlet preswirl ratio of 0.45 and successfully drops from 69.9 Hz to 32.7 Hz at the preswirl ratio of 0.8.     

周向发散式袋型阻尼密封泄漏特性与动力特性数值研究

提出一种周向发散式袋型阻尼密封结构,建立了袋型阻尼密封多频椭圆涡动求解模型,在实验验证求解模型准确性的基础上,研究了进出口压比、偏心率对袋型阻尼密封泄漏特性与动力特性的影响,分析了两种袋型阻尼密封的转子稳定性.结果表明:两种袋型阻尼密封的泄漏量平均相差0.89％,两者泄漏特性相当.传统袋型阻尼密封在转子偏心状态时各腔室...     

凹槽射流对袋型阻尼密封泄漏特性与动力特性影响机理

采用非定常动网格技术建立了袋型阻尼密封泄漏特性和动力特性多频椭圆涡动求解模型,在验证求解模型准确性的基础上,研究了压比、转速和凹槽位置不同时凹槽射流对袋型阻尼密封泄漏特性与动力特性的影响,分析了袋型阻尼密封轴向与周向的流速和压力分布特性,揭示了凹槽射流对袋型阻尼密封泄漏特性和动力特性的影响机理.研究表明:凹槽射流增强了...     

Numerical investigation on leakage and rotordynamic performance of the honeycomb seal with swirl-reverse rings

Honeycomb seals are a crucial component to restrict the leakage flow and improve system stability for the turbomachines and aero-engines. In this work, the leakage and rotordynamic performance of honeycomb seals with the Swirl-Reverse Ring(SRR) is predicted by employing the approach of Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) and the multifrequency whirling model theory.Numerical results show that the positive preswirl flow and circumferential velocity can be effectively weakened for the honeycomb seal...     

Rotordynamic characteristics prediction for scallop damper seals using computational fluid dynamics

Enhancing damping characteristic is one of the effective methods to solve the instability problem of the rotor system. The three-dimensional numerical analysis model of scallop damper seal was established, and the effects of inlet pressures, preswirl ratios, rotational speeds, interlaced angles and seal cavity depths on the rotordynamic characteristics of scallop damper seal were studied based on dynamic mesh method and multi-frequencies elliptic whirling model. Results show that the direct stiffness of the scallop damper seal increases with decreasing inlet pressure and increasing rotational speed and cavity depth. When the seal cavity is interlaced by a certain angle, which shows positive direct stiffness. The effective damping of the scallop damper seal increases with the increasing inlet pressure, the decreasing preswirl ratio and the rotational speed and cavity depth. There exists an optimal interlaced angle to maximize the effective damping and the system stability. The leakage of the scallop damper seal is significantly reduced with decreasing inlet pressure. The preswirl will reduce the leakage flowrate, and the rotational speed has a slight effect on the leakage performance. The leakage of the scallop damper seal decreases with increasing seal cavity depth.     

Effect of bristle pack position on the rotordynamic characteristics of brush-labyrinth seals at various operating conditions

Over the last few decades, the research on the effect of bristle pack position on the rotordynamic characteristics of the brush-labyrinth seals is not sufficient. To this end, two kinds of brush-labyrinth seals for the bristle pack element installed upstream of the labyrinth teeth named BSU and installed downstream of the labyrinth teeth called BSD were used to investigate the effect of bristle pack position on the rotordynamic characteristics of the brush-labyrinth seals. Using the numerical model combining the porous medium model and the whirling rotor method, the rotordynamic characteristics of the BSU and BSD at various operating conditions including four kinds of pressure ratios, five kinds of inlet preswirl speeds and four kinds of rotor spinning speeds were conducted. The obtained results show that the effects of operating conditions on rotordynamic coefficients for the different seal configurations are different. The direct stiffness, cross-coupled stiffness and direct damping of the BSU are lower than those of the BSD. The rotordynamic coefficients of the BSU are more insensitive to the operating conditions variation. From the perspective of the seal stability, the BSU is a better brush-labyrinth seal configuration at high pressure ratio, high positive preswirl or high rotor spinning speed conditions. While in the case of low pressure ratio, low positive preswirl or low rotor spinning speed conditions, the BSD is a better choice.