Nitrogen incorporation in CH(4)-N(2) photochemical aerosol produced by far ultraviolet irradiation

Nitrile incorporation into Titan aerosol accompanying hydrocarbon chemistry is thought to be driven by extreme UV wavelengths (λ<120?nm) or magnetospheric electrons in the outer reaches of the atmosphere. Far UV radiation (120-200?nm), which is transmitted down to the stratosphere of Titan, is expected to affect hydrocarbon chemistry only and not initiate the formation of nitrogenated species. We examined the chemical properties of photochemical aerosol produced at far UV wavelengths, using a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS), which allows for elemental analysis of particle-phase products. Our results show that aerosol formed from CH(4)/N(2) photochemistry contains a surprising amount of nitrogen, up to 16% by mass, a result of photolysis in the far UV. The proportion of nitrogenated organics to hydrocarbon species is shown to be correlated with that of N(2) in the irradiated gas. The aerosol mass greatly decreases when N(2) is removed, which indicates that N(2) plays a major role in aerosol production. Because direct dissociation of N(2) is highly improbable given the immeasurably low cross section at the wavelengths studied, the chemical activation of N(2) must occur via another pathway. Any chemical activation of N(2) at wavelengths >120?nm is presently unaccounted for in atmospheric photochemical models. We suggest that reaction with CH radicals produced from CH(4) photolysis may provide a mechanism for incorporating N into the molecular structure of the aerosol. Further work is needed to understand the chemistry involved, as these processes may have significant implications for how we view prebiotic chemistry on early Earth and similar planets.     

基于PCI的1553B总线接口卡的设计与实现

对 PCI局部总线与其他计算机局部总线进行了性能分析和比较 ;介绍了围绕 15 5 3B总线协议芯片设计基于 PCI的 15 5 3B总线接口卡的一些关键技术 :应用 PCI协议接口芯片实现PCI总线和本地的 15 5 3B总线之间的桥接 ,对 15 5 3B总线接口卡的软件接口进行配置等 ;并对15 5 3B总线接口卡与其配套软件之间的数据流和控制流进行了说明。     

Promising roadmap alternatives for the SpaceLiner

The paper describes the vision and potential roadmap alternatives of an ultrafast intercontinental passenger transport based on a rocket powered two-stage reusable vehicle. An operational scenario and the latest technical lay-out of the configuration's preliminary design including flight performance are described. The question of how the revolutionary ultrafast transport can be realized is addressed by an assessment of the different technological and programmatic roadmap alternatives.     

Space transportation system: Upper stage possibilities

This study is concerned with STS upper stages; in particular, the question of reusability vs expendability is addressed.The main result is: reusability seems to be of economic advantage in the lower performance requirement field, and expendability seems to be the more attractive in the case of high performance requirement. The boundary between “low” and “high” performance requirement can be well defined, and is of course dependent upon the technology applied.Whereas single-stage conventional chemical rocket upper stages compatible with STS are the main focal point of this study, several less conventional possibilities are identified. So a second major result is, that in spite of many years of study by competent authors the field is not yet fully understood.Finally: Study method and some of the results are applicable to the more general question of optimum OTV design.     

The NASA Performance Assessment Workstation: cognitive performance during head-down bed rest

The NASA Performance Assessment Workstation was used to assess cognitive performance changes in eight males subjected to seventeen days of 6 degrees head-down bed rest. PAWS uses six performance tasks to assess directed and divided attention, spatial, mathematical, and memory skills, and tracking ability. Subjective scales assess overall fatigue and mood state. Subjects completed training trials, practice trials, bed rest trials, and recovery trials. The last eight practice trials and all bed rest trials were performed with subjects lying face-down on a gurney. In general, there was no apparent cumulative effect of bed rest. Following a short period of performance stabilization, a slight but steady trend of performance improvement was observed across all trials. For most tasks, this trend of performance improvement was enhanced during recovery. No statistically significant differences in performance were observed when comparing bed rest with the control period. Additionally, fatigue scores showed little change across all periods.     

Variations of Protons and Doubly Ionized Helium Ions in the Solar Wind

Cosmic Research - We investigated variations on scales of 104–105 km and local spatial inhomogeneities in the density of protons Np, doubly ionized helium ions (α-particles) Nα, and...     

卫星MPLS网络中存在标签差错时TCP的吞吐量分析

卫星多协议标签交换(Multiprotocol label switching,MPLS)技术成为当前卫星通信系统研究的一个重要课题。本文分析了卫星通信链路高误码所导致的MPLS标签差错对标签交换路径(Label Switching Path,LSP)承载TCP/IP业务能力的影响。建立了卫星交换系统内"误插入"分组产生过程的数学模型,计算了受干扰LSP上TCPReno会话所能获得的吞吐量。仿真结果表明,本文提出的分析方法能够准确地衡量卫星MPMS网络中TCP业务性能的损失。     

Communications satellite business ventures : Measuring the impact of technology programmes and related policies

Both commercial organizations and government agencies invest in spacecraft technology programmes aimed at increasing the performance of communications satellites. Government agencies also make policy decisions which may affect communications satellite business ventures. This article describes an economic evaluation and planning tool which has been developed to assess the impact of various policies on typical fixed satellite service business ventures. The methodology is based upon a stochastic financial simulation model (DOMSAT II) which allows for consideration of reliability and various market, performance and cost uncertainties. Results of the assessment of NASA on-orbit and space power technology programmes are presented, as are results of insurance v self insurance decisions and the choice of transportation system.     

十二通道GPS信号发生器的硬件设计

分析十二通道 GPS信号发生器的系统结构 ,提出由计算机完成信号处理、PCI板卡完成信号调制的设计形式 ,并详细介绍 PCI板卡上 DSP和 FPGA的具体设计方法和各器件的选择考虑 ,分析 NCO主要参数的计算方法以及数字量化带来的系统误差     

电性拓扑态指数预测硝基类含能材料撞击感度

应用电性拓扑态(E-state)指数模拟分析了硝基类含能化合物的撞击感度,采用逐步回归构建了5个变量的定量结构-性质相关模型,模型的相关系数和标准偏差分别为0.907和0.1713,交叉验证相关系数及均方根误差分别为0.941和0.1869,模型具有较高的可靠性、相关度和预测能力。模型分析表明,电性拓扑态指数与硝基类化合物的撞击感度有较好的相关性,原子的电性状态是影响撞击感度的重要因素。     

固体火箭发动机壳体/绝热层界面缺陷的声-超声检测

为了对固体火箭发动机钢壳体/绝热层界面缺陷进行有效检测,基于HSD4超声波发射/接收卡,构建了声-超声实验系统.对具有圆底孔和脱粘缺陷的钢壳体/绝热层试件进行了检测,检测信号分别采用了权振铃应力波因子方法和驻波共振模型进行分析.实验实现了对缺陷的有效检出,并可对圆底孔缺陷大小作定性评估和脱粘缺陷的定位.实验结果表明,声-超声实验系统对界面缺陷的检测是有效的.     

Timing and sex effects on the “Spatial Orientation Test”: A World War II map reading test

The present study aimed to document the psychometric properties of a recently declassified map reading test used in World War II, known as the Spatial Orientation Test (SOT), which measures mostly the ability to match map and aerial images. We also examined the influence of timing conditions and sex of the participants as correlates of performance. A total of 101 participants (41 males, 60 females) completed the SOT, along with other spatial tests and spatial affect scales (tapping spatial anxiety and confidence). Results showed a significant male advantage on this rediscovered map reading test. Additionally, timing affected overall performance but not the magnitude of sex differences. Finally, significant correlations were found between the SOT and other spatial tests and scales. The processes underlying this test and its potential for future use are discussed.     

Performance evaluation and parametric analysis on cantilevered ramp injector in supersonic flows

The cantilevered ramp injector is one of the most promising candidates for the mixing enhancement between the fuel and the supersonic air, and its parametric analysis has drawn an increasing attention of researchers. The flow field characteristics and the drag force of the cantilevered ramp injector in the supersonic flow with the freestream Mach number 2.0 have been investigated numerically, and the predicted injectant mole fraction and static pressure profiles have been compared with the available experimental data in the open literature. At the same time, the grid independency analysis has been performed by using the coarse, the moderate and the refined grid scales, and the influence of the turbulence model on the flow field of the cantilevered ramp injector has been carried on as well. Further, the effects of the swept angle, the ramp angle and the length of the step on the performance of the cantilevered ramp injector have been discussed subsequently. The obtained results show that the grid scale has only a slight impact on the flow field of the cantilevered ramp injector except in the region near the fuel injector, and the predicted results show reasonable agreement with the experimental data. Additionally, the turbulence model makes a slight difference to the numerical results, and the results obtained by the RNG k−ε and SST k−ω turbulence models are almost the same. The swept angle and the ramp angle have the same impact on the performance of the cantilevered ramp injector, and the kidney-shaped plume is formed with shorter distance with the increase of the swept and ramp angles. At the same time, the shape of the injectant mole fraction contour at X/H=6 goes through a transition from a peach-shaped plume to a kidney-shaped plume, and the cantilevered ramp injector with larger swept and ramp angles has the higher mixing efficiency and the larger drag force. The length of the step has only a slight impact on the drag force performance of the cantilevered ramp injector. However, it makes a difference to the flow field in the vicinity of the fuel injector, and the subsonic region becomes narrower with the increase of the length of the step.     

VxWorks下设备驱动技术研究

讨论了实时多任务操作系统VxWorks下驱动程序原理及实现.在深入分析VxWorks操作系统的I/O系统及驱动程序调用过程的基础上,介绍了PCI/ISA设备驱动的实现,重点给出了驱动程序实现的关键代码,同时对提高驱动程序的性能进行了讨论.     

Psychosocial issues affecting crews during long-duration international space missions

Psychosocial issues can negatively impact on crew performance and morale during long-duration international space missions. Major psychosocial factors that have been described in anecdotal reports from space and in studies from analog situations on Earth include: 1) crew heterogeneity due to gender differences, cultural issues, and work experiences and motivations; 2) language and dialect variations; and 3) task versus supportive leadership roles. All of these factors can lead to negative sequelae, such as intra-crew tension and cohesion disruptions. Specific sequelae that can result from single factors include subgrouping and scapegoating due to crew heterogeneity; miscommunication due to major or subtle language differences; and role confusion, competition, and status leveling due to inappropriate leadership role definition. It is time to conduct research exploring the impact of these psychosocial factors and their sequelae on space crews during actual long-duration international space missions.     

EXPERT: An atmospheric re-entry test-bed

In recognition of the importance of an independent European access to the International Space Station (ISS) and in preparation for the future needs of exploration missions, ESA is conducting parallel activities to generate flight data using atmospheric re-entry test-beds and to identify vehicle design solutions for human and cargo transportation vehicles serving the ISS and beyond. The EXPERT (European eXPErimental Re-entry Test-bed) vehicle represents the major on-going development in the first class of activities. Its results may also benefit in due time scientific missions to planets with an atmosphere and future reusable launcher programmes.

The objective of EXPERT is to provide a test-bed for the validation of aerothermodynamics models, codes and ground test facilities in a representative flight environment, to improve the understanding of issues related to analysis, testing and extrapolation to flight. The vehicle will be launched on a sub-orbital trajectory using a Volna missile. The EXPERT concept is based on a symmetrical re-entry capsule whose shape is composed of simple geometrical elements. The suborbital trajectory will reach 120 km altitude and a re-entry velocity of . The dimensions of the capsule are 1.6 m high and 1.3 m diameter; the overall mass is in the range of , depending upon the mission parameters and the payload/instrumentation complement. A consistent number of scientific experiments are foreseen on-board, from innovative air data system to shock wave/boundary layer interaction, from sharp hot structures characterisation to natural and induced regime transition.

Currently the project is approaching completion of the phase B, with Alenia Spazio leading the industrial team and CIRA coordinating the scientific payload development under ESA contract.     

满足电子枪电场与电子束参数优化的极板个数确定

为保证透射电子显微镜的电子枪输出电子束符合要求,研究极板个数对电子枪电场与电子束的影响.通过计算机建模和仿真分析,探究不同极板个数(N)下的电子加速效果、电场强度及电子束质量.结果表明,在N=6时,电场强度平均值高、均匀度好,电子在相同加速电压作用下具有最高速度,电子束聚焦性能较好.极板个数最佳值的确定,可为电子枪的具...     

Project Icarus: Analysis of Plasma jet driven Magneto-Inertial Fusion as potential primary propulsion driver for the Icarus probe

Hopes of sending probes to another star other than the Sun are currently limited by the maturity of advanced propulsion technologies. One of the few candidate propulsion systems for providing interstellar flight capabilities is nuclear fusion. In the past many fusion propulsion concepts have been proposed and some of them have even been explored in detail, Project Daedalus for example. However, as scientific progress in this field has advanced, new fusion concepts have emerged that merit evaluation as potential drivers for interstellar missions. Plasma jet driven Magneto-Inertial Fusion (PJMIF) is one of those concepts. PJMIF involves a salvo of converging plasma jets that form a uniform liner, which compresses a magnetized target to fusion conditions. It is an Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF)–Magnetic Confinement Fusion (MCF) hybrid approach that has the potential for a multitude of benefits over both ICF and MCF, such as lower system mass and significantly lower cost. This paper concentrates on a thermodynamic assessment of basic performance parameters necessary for utilization of PJMIF as a candidate propulsion system for the Project Icarus mission. These parameters include: specific impulse, thrust, exhaust velocity, mass of the engine system, mass of the fuel required etc. This is a submission of the Project Icarus Study Group.     

The analysis of measurements of quasi-stationary electrical fields in the near-surface zone of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mir</Emphasis> orbital complex

The quasi-stationary electrical fields have been measured in the near-surface zone of the Kvant module of the Mir orbital complex using vibration-type sensors of the Zond-Zaryad instrument. The analysis of measurements has shown that, depending on the spacecraft’s surface section shape (an octagon), four areas of the electrical fields configuration (and of the plasma component density) were revealed in the spacecraft vicinity: a ram with angular extension of about 120° (±60°), two side areas with angular extension of about 60° each, and a wake with angular extension of about 120° (±60°). The electrical field in the ram has a small absolute value. In the side areas, the electrical field can have either a negative or positive value, and it is smaller in magnitude than that in the ram. The electrical field in the wake has a three-petal structure (and an even more complicated structure is also possible): the negative value of the field (with angular extension of about 45°), the positive value of the field (with angular extension of about 30°), and, again, the negative value of the field (with angular extension of about 45°). Absolute value of the field in the wake is at least an order of magnitude higher than that in the ram and on the side surfaces.