共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
The James Webb Space Telescope 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Jonathan P. Gardner John C. Mather Mark Clampin Rene Doyon Matthew A. Greenhouse Heidi B. Hammel John B. Hutchings Peter Jakobsen Simon J. Lilly Knox S. Long Jonathan I. Lunine Mark J. Mccaughrean Matt Mountain John Nella George H. Rieke Marcia J. Rieke Hans-Walter Rix Eric P. Smith George Sonneborn Massimo Stiavelli H. S. Stockman Rogier A. Windhorst Gillian S. Wright 《Space Science Reviews》2006,123(4):485-606
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a large (6.6 m), cold (<50 K), infrared (IR)-optimized space observatory that will be launched early in the next decade into orbit around the second Earth–Sun Lagrange point. The observatory will have four instruments: a near-IR camera, a near-IR multiobject spectrograph, and a tunable filter imager will cover the wavelength range, 0.6 < ; < 5.0 μ m, while the mid-IR instrument will do both imaging and spectroscopy from 5.0 < ; < 29 μ m.The JWST science goals are divided into four themes. The key objective of The End of the Dark Ages: First Light and Reionization theme is to identify the first luminous sources to form and to determine the ionization history of the early universe. The key objective of The Assembly of Galaxies theme is to determine how galaxies and the dark matter, gas, stars, metals, morphological structures, and active nuclei within them evolved from the epoch of reionization to the present day. The key objective of The Birth of Stars and Protoplanetary Systems theme is to unravel the birth and early evolution of stars, from infall on to dust-enshrouded protostars to the genesis of planetary systems. The key objective of the Planetary Systems and the Origins of Life theme is to determine the physical and chemical properties of planetary systems including our own, and investigate the potential for the origins of life in those systems. Within these themes and objectives, we have derived representative astronomical observations.To enable these observations, JWST consists of a telescope, an instrument package, a spacecraft, and a sunshield. The telescope consists of 18 beryllium segments, some of which are deployed. The segments will be brought into optical alignment on-orbit through a process of periodic wavefront sensing and control. The instrument package contains the four science instruments and a fine guidance sensor. The spacecraft provides pointing, orbit maintenance, and communications. The sunshield provides passive thermal control. The JWST operations plan is based on that used for previous space observatories, and the majority of JWST observing time will be allocated to the international astronomical community through annual peer-reviewed proposal opportunities. 相似文献
2.
We review results about protoplanetary disk models, protoplanet migration and formation of giant planets with migrating cores.
We first model the protoplanetary nebula as an α–accretion disk and present steady state calculations for different values
of α and gas accretion rate through the disk. We then review the current theories of protoplanet migration in the context
of these models, focusing on the gaseous disk–protoplanet tidal interaction. According to these theories, the migration timescale
may be shorter than the planetary formation timescale. Therefore we investigate planet formation in the context of a migrating
core, considering both the growth of the core and the build–up of the envelope in the course of the migration.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
Alain Abergel Laurent Verstraete Christine Joblin René Laureijs Marc-Antoine Miville-Deschênes 《Space Science Reviews》2005,119(1-4):247-271
Infrared spectroscopy and photometry with ISO covering most of the emission range of the interstellar medium has led to important
progress in the understanding of the physics and chemistry of the gas, the nature and evolution of the dust grains and also
the coupling between the gas and the grains. We review here the ISO results on the cool and low-excitation regions of the
interstellar medium, where T
gas≲ 500 K, n
H∼ 100–105 cm−3 and the electron density is a few 10−4.
JEL codes: D24, L60, 047
Based on observations with ISO, an ESA project with instruments funded by ESA Member States (especially the PI countries:
France, Germany, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom), and with the participation of ISAS and NASA. 相似文献
4.
Clusters of galaxies are self-gravitating systems of mass ∼1014–1015
h
−1 M⊙ and size ∼1–3h
−1 Mpc. Their mass budget consists of dark matter (∼80%, on average), hot diffuse intracluster plasma (≲20%) and a small fraction
of stars, dust, and cold gas, mostly locked in galaxies. In most clusters, scaling relations between their properties, like
mass, galaxy velocity dispersion, X-ray luminosity and temperature, testify that the cluster components are in approximate
dynamical equilibrium within the cluster gravitational potential well. However, spatially inhomogeneous thermal and non-thermal
emission of the intracluster medium (ICM), observed in some clusters in the X-ray and radio bands, and the kinematic and morphological
segregation of galaxies are a signature of non-gravitational processes, ongoing cluster merging and interactions. Both the
fraction of clusters with these features, and the correlation between the dynamical and morphological properties of irregular
clusters and the surrounding large-scale structure increase with redshift.
In the current bottom-up scenario for the formation of cosmic structure, where tiny fluctuations of the otherwise homogeneous
primordial density field are amplified by gravity, clusters are the most massive nodes of the filamentary large-scale structure
of the cosmic web and form by anisotropic and episodic accretion of mass, in agreement with most of the observational evidence.
In this model of the universe dominated by cold dark matter, at the present time most baryons are expected to be in a diffuse
component rather than in stars and galaxies; moreover, ∼50% of this diffuse component has temperature ∼0.01–1 keV and permeates
the filamentary distribution of the dark matter. The temperature of this Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium (WHIM) increases with
the local density and its search in the outer regions of clusters and lower density regions has been the quest of much recent
observational effort.
Over the last thirty years, an impressive coherent picture of the formation and evolution of cosmic structures has emerged
from the intense interplay between observations, theory and numerical experiments. Future efforts will continue to test whether
this picture keeps being valid, needs corrections or suffers dramatic failures in its predictive power. 相似文献
5.
New methods of local helioseismology and uninterrupted time series of solar oscillation data from the Solar and Heliospheric
Observatory (SOHO) have led to a major advance in our understanding of the structure and dynamics of active regions in the
subsurface layers. The initial results show that large active regions are formed by repeated magnetic flux emergence from
the deep interior, and that their roots are at least 50 Mm deep. The active regions change the temperature structure and flow
dynamics of the upper convection zone, forming large circulation cells of converging flows. The helioseismic observations
also indicate that the processes of magnetic energy release, flares and coronal mass ejections, might be associated with strong
(1–2 km/s) shearing flows, 4–6 Mm below the surface. 相似文献
6.
Brunella Nisini Anlaug Amanda Kaas Ewine F. Van Dishoeck Derek Ward-Thompson 《Space Science Reviews》2005,119(1-4):159-179
We summarize the observations of the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) concerning the earliest stages of the stellar formation.
The observations of samples of sources in different evolutionary stages are reviewed, addressing in particular how the physical
and chemical properties of the protostellar environments change from the pre-stellar cores to the protostars at the end of
their accretion phase. In addition, the mid-IR surveys in nearby star-forming regions are discussed, showing their implications
for the understanding of the stellar initial mass function.
Based on observations with ISO, an ESA project with instruments funded by ESA Member States (especially the PI countries:
France, Germany, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom), and with the participation of ISAS and NASA. 相似文献
7.
P. C. Frisch 《Space Science Reviews》2007,130(1-4):355-365
The properties of interstellar matter at the Sun are regulated by our location with respect to a void in the local matter
distribution, known as the Local Bubble. The Local Bubble (LB) is bounded by associations of massive stars and fossil supernovae
that have disrupted dense interstellar matter (ISM), driving low density intermediate velocity ISM into the void. The Sun
appears to be located in one of these flows of low density material. This nearby interstellar matter, dubbed the Local Fluff,
has a bulk velocity of ∼19 km s−1 in the local standard of rest. The flow is coming from the direction of the gas and dust ring formed where the Loop I supernova
remnant merges into the LB. Optical polarization data suggest that the local interstellar magnetic field lines are draped
over the heliosphere. A longstanding discrepancy between the high thermal pressure of plasma filling the LB and low thermal
pressures in the embedded Local Fluff cloudlets is partially mitigated when the ram pressure component parallel to the cloudlet
flow direction is included. 相似文献
8.
Jack J. Lissauer 《Space Science Reviews》2005,116(1-2):11-24
Models of the origins of gas giant planets and ‘ice’ giant planets are discussed and related to formation theories of both
smaller objects (terrestrial planets) and larger bodies (stars). The most detailed models of planetary formation are based
upon observations of our own Solar System, of young stars and their environments, and of extrasolar planets. Stars form from
the collapse, and sometimes fragmentation, of molecular cloud cores. Terrestrial planets are formed within disks around young
stars via the accumulation of small dust grains into larger and larger bodies until the planetary orbits become well enough
separated that the configuration is stable for the lifetime of the system. Uranus and Neptune almost certainly formed via
a bottom-up (terrestrial planet-like) mechanism; such a mechanism is also the most likely origin scenario for Saturn and Jupiter. 相似文献
9.
C. M. Lisse M. F. A’Hearn T. L. Farnham O. Groussin K. J. Meech U. Fink D. G. Schleicher 《Space Science Reviews》2005,117(1-2):161-192
As comet 9P/Tempel 1 approaches the Sun in 2004–2005, a temporary atmosphere, or “coma,” will form, composed of molecules
and dust expelled from the nucleus as its component icy volatiles sublimate. Driven mainly by water ice sublimation at surface
temperatures T > 200 K, this coma is a gravitationally unbound atmosphere in free adiabatic expansion. Near the nucleus (≤ 102 km), it is in collisional equilibrium, at larger distances (≥104 km) it is in free molecular flow. Ultimately the coma components are swept into the comet’s plasma and dust tails or simply
dissipate into interplanetary space. Clues to the nature of the cometary nucleus are contained in the chemistry and physics
of the coma, as well as with its variability with time, orbital position, and heliocentric distance.
The DI instrument payload includes CCD cameras with broadband filters covering the optical spectrum, allowing for sensitive
measurement of dust in the comet’s coma, and a number of narrowband filters for studying the spatial distribution of several
gas species. DI also carries the first near-infrared spectrometer to a comet flyby since the VEGA mission to Halley in 1986.
This spectrograph will allow detection of gas emission lines from the coma in unprecedented detail. Here we discuss the current
state of understanding of the 9P/Tempel 1 coma, our expectations for the measurements DI will obtain, and the predicted hazards
that the coma presents for the spacecraft.
An erratum to this article is available at . 相似文献
10.
Modern hydrodynamical simulations offer nowadays a powerful means to trace the evolution of the X-ray properties of the intra-cluster
medium (ICM) during the cosmological history of the hierarchical build up of galaxy clusters. In this paper we review the
current status of these simulations and how their predictions fare in reproducing the most recent X-ray observations of clusters.
After briefly discussing the shortcomings of the self-similar model, based on assuming that gravity only drives the evolution
of the ICM, we discuss how the processes of gas cooling and non-gravitational heating are expected to bring model predictions
into better agreement with observational data. We then present results from the hydrodynamical simulations, performed by different
groups, and how they compare with observational data. As terms of comparison, we use X-ray scaling relations between mass,
luminosity, temperature and pressure, as well as the profiles of temperature and entropy. The results of this comparison can
be summarised as follows: (a) simulations, which include gas cooling, star formation and supernova feedback, are generally successful in reproducing the
X-ray properties of the ICM outside the core regions; (b) simulations generally fail in reproducing the observed “cool core” structure, in that they have serious difficulties in
regulating overcooling, thereby producing steep negative central temperature profiles. This discrepancy calls for the need
of introducing other physical processes, such as energy feedback from active galactic nuclei, which should compensate the
radiative losses of the gas with high density, low entropy and short cooling time, which is observed to reside in the innermost
regions of galaxy clusters. 相似文献
11.
This contribution describes the formation of circumstellar disks and their earliest evolutionary phases when self-gravity
in the disk plays a crucial role in eliciting the transport of mass and angular momentum. We first discuss the formation of
protostellar disks within the context of analytic infall-collapse solutions. We then discuss our efforts to understand the
behavior of the newly formed disks. Our specific approach consists of performing a detailed analysis of a simplified model
disk which is susceptible to the growth of a spiral instability. Using a combination of numerical simulation and semi-analytic
analysis, we show how the dramatic early phase of mass and angular momentum transport in the disk can be explained by a second-order
nonlinear process involving self-interaction of a dominant two-armed spiral mode.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
12.
In this paper we review the current predictions of numerical simulations for the origin and observability of the warm hot
intergalactic medium (WHIM), the diffuse gas that contains up to 50 per cent of the baryons at z∼0. During structure formation, gravitational accretion shocks emerging from collapsing regions gradually heat the intergalactic
medium (IGM) to temperatures in the range T∼105–107 K. The WHIM is predicted to radiate most of its energy in the ultraviolet (UV) and X-ray bands and to contribute a significant
fraction of the soft X-ray background emission. While O vi and C iv absorption systems arising in the cooler fraction of the WHIM with T∼105–105.5 K are seen in FUSE and Hubble Space Telescope observations, models agree that current X-ray telescopes such as Chandra and XMM-Newton do not have enough sensitivity to detect the hotter WHIM. However, future missions such as Constellation-X and XEUS might be able to detect both emission lines and absorption systems from highly ionised atoms such as O vii, O viii and Fe xvii. 相似文献
13.
Aprajita Verma Vassilis Charmandaris Ulrich Klaas Dieter Lutz Martin Haas 《Space Science Reviews》2005,119(1-4):355-407
Some of the most ‘active’ galaxies in the Universe are obscured by large quantities of dust and emit a substantial fraction
of their bolometric luminosity in the infrared. Observations of these infrared luminous galaxies with the Infrared Space Observatory
(ISO) have provided a relatively unabsorbed view to the sources fuelling this active emission. The improved sensitivity, spatial
resolution and spectroscopic capability of ISO over its predecessor Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) of enabled significant
advances in the understanding of the infrared properties of active galaxies. ISO surveyed a wide range of active galaxies
which, in the context of this review, includes those powered by intense bursts of star formation as well as those containing
a dominant active galactic nucleus (AGN). Mid-infrared imaging resolved for the first time the dust enshrouded nuclei in many
nearby galaxies, while a new era in infrared spectroscopy was opened by probing a wealth of atomic, ionic and molecular lines
as well as broad band features in the mid- and far-infrared. This was particularly useful, since it resulted in the understanding
of the power production, excitation and fuelling mechanisms in the nuclei of active galaxies including the intriguing but
so far elusive ultraluminous infrared galaxies. Detailed studies of various classes of AGN and quasars greatly improved our
understanding of the unification scenario. Far-infrared imaging and photometry revealed the presence of a new very cold dust
component in galaxies and furthered our knowledge of the far-infrared properties of faint starbursts, ULIGs and quasars. We
summarise almost nine years of key results based on ISO data spanning the full range of luminosity and type of active galaxies. 相似文献
14.
Michael F. A’Hearn Michael J. S. Belton Alan Delamere William H. Blume 《Space Science Reviews》2005,117(1-2):1-21
The Deep Impact mission will provide the first data on the interior of a cometary nucleus and a comparison of those data with
data on the surface. Two spacecraft, an impactor and a flyby spacecraft, will arrive at comet 9P/Tempel 1 on 4 July 2005 to
create and observe the formation and final properties of a large crater that is predicted to be approximately 30-m deep with
the dimensions of a football stadium. The flyby and impactor instruments will yield images and near infrared spectra (1–5
μm) of the surface at unprecedented spatial resolutions both before and after the impact of a 350-kg spacecraft at 10.2 km/s.
These data will provide unique information on the structure of the nucleus near the surface and its chemical composition.
They will also used to interpret the evolutionary effects on remote sensing data and will indicate how those data can be used
to better constrain conditions in the early solar system. 相似文献
15.
Roger A. Kopp 《Space Science Reviews》1994,70(1-2):309-316
The working group on coronal streamers convened on the first day of the 2nd SOHO Workshop, which took place in Marciana Marina, Isola d'Elba, 27 September –1 October 1993. Recent progress in streamer observational techniques and theoretical modeling was reported. The contribution of streamers to the mass and energy supply for the solar wind was discussed. Moreover, the importance of thin electric current sheets for determining both the gross dynamical properties of streamers and the fine-scale filamentary structure within streamers, was strongly emphasized. Potential advances to our understanding of these areas of coronal physics that could be made by the contingent of instruments aboard SOHO were pointed out. 相似文献
16.
W. R. Binns M. E. Wiedenbeck M. Arnould A. C. Cummings G. A. de Nolfo S. Goriely M. H. Israel R. A. Leske R. A. Mewaldt G. Meynet L. M. Scott E. C. Stone T. T. von Rosenvinge 《Space Science Reviews》2007,130(1-4):439-449
We have measured the isotopic abundances of neon and a number of other species in the galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) using the
Cosmic Ray Isotope Spectrometer (CRIS) aboard the ACE spacecraft. Our data are compared to recent results from two-component
(Wolf–Rayet material plus solar-like mixtures) Wolf–Rayet (WR) models. The three largest deviations of galactic cosmic ray
isotope ratios from solar-system ratios predicted by these models, 12C/16O, 22Ne/20Ne, and 58Fe/56Fe, are very close to those observed. All of the isotopic ratios that we have measured are consistent with a GCR source consisting
of ∼20% of WR material mixed with ∼80% material with solar-system composition. Since WR stars are evolutionary products of
OB stars, and most OB stars exist in OB associations that form superbubbles, the good agreement of our data with WR models
suggests that OB associations within superbubbles are the likely source of at least a substantial fraction of GCRs. In previous
work it has been shown that the primary 59Ni (which decays only by electron-capture) in GCRs has decayed, indicating a time interval between nucleosynthesis and acceleration
of >105 y. It has been suggested that in the OB association environment, ejecta from supernovae might be accelerated by the high
velocity WR winds on a time scale that is short compared to the half-life of 59Ni. Thus the 59Ni might not have time to decay and this would cast doubt upon the OB association origin of cosmic rays. In this paper we
suggest a scenario that should allow much of the 59Ni to decay in the OB association environment and conclude that the hypothesis of the OB association origin of cosmic rays
appears to be viable. 相似文献
17.
The invention of the neutron monitor pile for the study of cosmic-ray intensity-time and energy changes began with the discovery
in 1948 that the nucleonic component cascade in the atmosphere had a huge geomagnetic latitude dependence. For example, between
0° and 60° this dependence was a ∼ 200–400% effect – depending on altitude – thus opening the opportunity to measure the intensity
changes in the arriving cosmic-ray nuclei down to ∼1–2 GeV nucl−1 for the first time. In these measurements the fast (high energy) neutron intensity was shown to be a surrogate for the nuclear
cascade intensity in the atmosphere.
The development of the neutron monitor in 1948–1951 and the first geomagnetic latitude network will be discussed. Among its
early applications were:
(1) to prove that there exists interplanetary solar modulation of galactic cosmic-rays (1952), and;
(2) to provide the evidence for a dynamical heliosphere (1956).
With the world-wide distribution of neutron monitor stations that are presently operating (∼ 50) many novel investigations
are still to be carried out, especially in collaborations with spacecraft experiments.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
18.
Jessica M. Sunshine Michael F. A’Hearn Olivier Groussin Lucy A. McFadden Kenneth P. Klaasen Peter H. Schultz Carey M. Lisse 《Space Science Reviews》2005,117(1-2):269-295
The science payload on the Deep Impact mission includes a 1.05–4.8 μm infrared spectrometer with a spectral resolution ranging
from R∼200–900. The Deep Impact IR spectrometer was designed to optimize, within engineering and cost constraints, observations
of the dust, gas, and nucleus of 9P/Tempel 1. The wavelength range includes absorption and emission features from ices, silicates,
organics, and many gases that are known to be, or anticipated to be, present on comets. The expected data will provide measurements
at previously unseen spatial resolution before, during, and after our cratering experiment at the comet 9P/Tempel 1. This
article explores the unique aspects of the Deep Impact IR spectrometer experiment, presents a range of expectations for spectral
data of 9P/Tempel 1, and summarizes the specific science objectives at each phase of the mission. 相似文献
19.
T. Tanaka 《Space Science Reviews》2007,133(1-4):1-72
Convection is the most fundamental process in understanding the structure of geospace and disturbances observed in the magnetosphere–ionosphere
(M–I) system. In this paper, a self-consistent configuration of the global convection system is considered under the real
topology as a compound system. Investigations are made based on the M–I coupling scheme by analyzing numerical results obtained
from magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations which guarantee the self-consistency in the whole system under the Bv (magnetic field and velocity) paradigm. It is emphasized in the M–I coupling scheme that convection and field-aligned current
(FAC) are different aspects of same physical process characterizing the open magnetosphere. Special attention is given in
this paper to the energy supplying (dynamo) process that drives the FAC system. In the convection system, the dynamo must
be constructed from shear motion together with plasma population regimes to steadily drive the convection. Convection patterns
observed in the ionosphere are also the manifestation of achievement in global self-consistency. A primary approach to apply
these concepts to the study of geospace is to consider how the M–I system adjusts the relative motion between the compressible
magnetosphere and the incompressible ionosphere when responding to given solar-wind conditions. The above principle is also
applicable for the study of disturbance phenomena such as the substorm as well as for the study of apparently unique processes
such as the flux transfer event (FTE), the sudden commencement (SC), and the theta aurora. Finally, an attempt is made to
understand the substorm as the extension of enhanced convection under the southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) condition. 相似文献
20.
We are making precise determinations of the abundance of the light isotope of helium, 3He. The 3He abundance in Milky Way sources impacts stellar evolution, chemical evolution, and cosmology. The abundance of 3He is derived from measurements of the hyperfine transition of 3He+ which has a rest wavelength of 3.46 cm (8.665 GHz). As with all the light elements, the present interstellar 3He abundance results from a combination of Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBNS) and stellar nucleosynthesis. We are measuring the
3He abundance in Milky Way H ii regions and planetary nebulae (PNe). The source sample is currently comprised of 60 H ii regions and 12 PNe. H ii regions are examples of zero-age objects that are young relative to the age of the Galaxy. Therefore their abundances chronicle
the results of billions of years of Galactic chemical evolution. PNe probe material that has been ejected from low-mass (M≤ 2M
⊙) to intermediate-mass (M∼2–5M
⊙) stars to be further processed by future stellar generations. Because the Milky Way ISM is optically thin at centimeter wavelengths,
our source sample probes a larger volume of the Galactic disk than does any other light element tracer of Galactic chemical
evolution. The sources in our sample possess a wide range of physical properties (including object type, size, temperature,
excitation, etc.). The 3He abundances we derive have led to what has been called “The 3He Problem”. 相似文献