Novel radar target detection

Herein, a novel method of radar target detection based on 2-dimensional (2-D) fractal dimension is proposed. The proposed approach exploits both range information and azimuth information to estimate fractal dimension. Moreover, the approach can increase the number of data points. The above two merits result in the fractal dimension estimated by this method are more accurate and robust than the previous method. The detection performance is also better than the previous, which only makes use of 1-dimensional (1-D) information to estimate fractal dimension. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the proposed method performs well in a strong clutter background. The proposed method is also validated by real-life radar data, and the better result has been achieved.     

Fractal interpolation of radar signatures for detecting stationarytargets in ground clutter

The fundamentals of fractal geometry are reviewed, and its application to the millimeter-wave radar detection of stationary targets in a clutter background is described. First, high-range-resolution (HRR) profiles are used to determine the fractal interpolation functions needed to create fractal signatures. The fractal dimension is then determined for these signatures. On the basis of the value of the fractal dimension, the signature is declared to represent either a target of interest or clutter. The results of a CFAR (constant false alarm rate) simulation are presented to illustrate the performance of the method. They indicate that the fractal dimension feature used seems to be independent of amplitude. Thus, the fractal dimension information combined with traditional amplitude processing techniques will improve probabilities of detection     

Robust space-time adaptive processing for airborne radar in nonhomogeneous clutter environments

Space-time adaptive processing (STAP) holds tremendous potential for the new generation airborne surveillance radar, in which the phased array antennas and pulse Doppler processing mode are adopted. A new STAP approach using the multiple-beam and multiple Doppler channels is presented here for airborne phased array radar. The approach with space-time multiple-beam (STMB) architecture is robust to array errors and has very low system degrees of freedom (DOFs). Hence, it has low sample support requirement and it is very suitable for the practical planar phased array radar under nonhomogeneous clutter environments. Meanwhile, a new nonhomogeneous detector (NHD) based on the correlation dimension (CD) is also proposed here, which is used as an effective method to screen tracing data prior to detection processing. It can further improve the performance of the STAP approach in the severely nonhomogeneous clutter environments. Therefore, a scheme that incorporates the correlation dimension nonhomogeneity detector (CD-NHD) with the STMB is recommended, which we term CD-NHD-STMB. The experimental simulation results indicate that: 1) the STMB processor is robust to array element error and has high performance under nonhomogeneous clutter environments; 2) the CD-NHD is also effective on the nonhomogeneous clutter. As a result, the CD-NHD-STMB scheme is robust to array element error and nonhomogeneous clutter, and therefore available for airborne phased array radar applications.     

Robust altitude estimation for over-the-horizon radar using a state-space multipath fading model

In previous work, a matched-field estimate of aircraft altitude from multiple over-the-horizon (OTH) radar dwells was presented. This approach exploits the altitude dependence of direct and surface reflected returns off the aircraft and the relative phase changes of these micro-multipath arrivals across radar dwells. Since this previous approach assumed high dwell-to-dwell predictability, it has been found to be sensitive to mismatch between modeled versus observed micro-multipath phase and amplitude changes from dwell-to-dwell. A generalized matched-field altitude estimate is presented here based on a state-space model that accounts for random ionospheric and target-motion effects that degrade the dwell-to-dwell predictability of target returns. The new formulation results in an efficient, robust recursive maximum likelihood (ML) estimation of aircraft altitude. Simulations suggest that the proposed technique can achieve accuracy within 5,000 ft of the true aircraft altitude, even with relatively high levels of uncertainty in modeling of dwell-to-dwell changes in the target return. A real data result is also presented to illustrate the technique.     

价电子-分形燃烧模型燃速模拟计算

在价电子燃烧模型的基础上，运用分形理论建立了一个崭新的固体推进剂价电子．分形燃烧模型。针对AP颗粒形状不规则的特点，引进分形维数，进行了燃烧模拟计算方法的有关公式推导和编程计算研究，用价电子-分形燃烧模型编制出燃速计算软件。计算结果表明，该模型比价电子模型计算结果更接近实验值，这说明新型的价电子-分形燃烧模型更合理。     

基于分形维数的地磁图适配性研究

针对地磁匹配导航对匹配区适配性研究的需求,提出一种基于分形维数分析地磁匹配区适配性的方法,从原理上分析了分形维数与适配性之间的关系,在几块选定区域的地磁图上分别对分形维数进行了计算和分析,最后在上述选定区域进行了匹配仿真试验.结果表明:匹配仿真试验中所反映的地磁图适配特性与提出的方法分析所得结果具有良好的一致性,分形维数在指示地磁图适配性上具有优良的性能.     

Adaptive imaging for forward-looking ground penetrating radar

Most of the current forward-looking ground-penetrating radar (FLGPR) systems use conventional delay-and-sum (DAS) based methods to form radar images for detection of the target (such as a landmine). However, DAS is a data-independent approach which is known to suffer from low resolution and poor interference and clutter rejection capability. We present a data-adaptive imaging approach for FLGPR image formation based on APES (amplitude and phase estimation) and rank-deficient RCB (robust Capon beamforming). Due to the data-adaptive nature of both APES and RCB, our approach has better resolution and much better interference and clutter rejection capability than the standard DAS-based imaging methods. The excellent performance of the proposed method is demonstrated using experimental data collected via two FLGPR systems recently developed by PSI (Planning Systems, Inc.) and SRI (Stanford Research Institute).     

Optimum detection and location estimation of target lines in the range-time space of a search radar

The average likelihood ratio detector is derived as the optimum detector for detecting a target line with unknown normal parameters in the range-time data space of a search radar, which is corrupted by Gaussian noise. The receiver operation characteristics of this optimum detector is derived to evaluate its performance improvement in comparison with the Hough detector, which uses the return signal of several successive scans to achieve a non-coherent integration improvement and get a better performance than the conventional detector. This comparison, which is done through analytic derivations and also through simulation results, shows that the average likelihood ratio detector has a better performance for different SNR values. This result is justified by showing the disadvantages of the Hough method, which are eliminated by the optimum detector. To have an estimate for the location of the detected target line in the optimum detection method as the Hough method, which detects and localizes the target lines simultaneously, we present the maximum a posteriori probability estimator. The estimation performance of the two methods is then compared and it is shown that the maximum a posteriori probability estimator localizes the detected target lines with a better performance in comparison with the Hough method.     

基于Hilbert谱脊线粗糙度的微弱目标检测算法

为检测海杂波中的微弱目标,文中采用实测数据分析了海杂波的Hilbert谱脊线及其粗糙度,研究了目标对其Hilbert谱脊线及其粗糙度的影响。研究发现,目标的出现将导致海杂波Hilbert谱脊线起伏趋予平滑,Hilbert谱脊线粗糙度减小,在此基础上,文中提出了采用Hilbert谱脊线粗糙度检测微弱目标的方法。仿真结果表...     

海杂波FRFT域分形特征在动目标检测中的应用

文中研究了海上动目标雷达回波与海杂波在分数阶Fourier域(FRFT域)的分形特性,利用两者幅值起伏程度的不同,提出了一种基于FRFT域分形维数差异的动目标检测方法。该方法以处处连续而不可导的非平稳不规则信号模型——分数布朗运动作为FRFT域分形模型,通过仿真分析实测海杂波数据的分形曲线,证明海杂波在FRFT域的无标度区间内具有分形特性。提取出FRFT域海杂波与动目标回波的分形维数,并利用其固有的差异进行目标检测。经不同极化方式下海杂波数据仿真,验证了算法的有效性。     

Multiple model particle flter track-before-detect for range ambiguous radar

The middle pulse repetition frequency（MPRF）and high pulse repetition frequency（HPRF）modes are widely adopted in airborne pulse Doppler（PD）radar systems,which results in the problem that the range measurement of targets is ambiguous.The existing data processing based range ambiguity resolving methods work well on the condition that the signal-to-noise ratio（SNR）is high enough.In this paper,a multiple model particle flter（MMPF）based track-beforedetect（TBD）method is proposed to address the problem of target detection and tracking with range ambiguous radar in low-SNR environment.By introducing a discrete variable that denotes whether a target is present or not and the discrete pulse interval number（PIN）as components of the target state vector,and modeling the incremental variable of the PIN as a three-state Markov chain,the proposed algorithm converts the problem of range ambiguity resolving into a hybrid state fltering problem.At last,the hybrid fltering problem is implemented by a MMPF-based TBD method in the Bayesian framework.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed Bayesian approach can estimate target state as well as the PIN simultaneously,and succeeds in detecting and tracking weak targets with the range ambiguous radar.Simulation results also show that the performance of the proposed method is superior to that of the multiple hypothesis（MH）method in low-SNR environment.     

联合截获威胁下的雷达射频隐身目标搜索算法

针对基于射频(RF)隐身需求的机载雷达目标搜索问题进行了研究。通过分析实际作战中射频辐射面临的截获威胁,提出了一种基于联合截获威胁的射频隐身性能表征方法,并给出了具体的值估算方法;对机载雷达搜索任务中辐射参数的优化问题进行了建模,并采用优化算法对目标函数进行求解。通过分析典型情景下解集的分布特点,给出了从最优解集中选取最终解的方法。结果表明,提出的射频隐身性能表征方法能更好地反映截获实现过程的多域需求,提出的雷达搜索方法能够在保证探测性能的同时,提高射频隐身性能和搜索速度,能够为相控阵雷达搜索任务中参数的优化控制提供方法和依据。     

Space-time registration of radar and ESM using unscented Kalman filter

Space and time alignments are the prerequisites for the successful fusion of multiple sensors. A space-time registration model is proposed to estimate the system biases and to perform time synchronization together for mobile radar and electronic support measure (ESM) systems. A space-time registration model for radar and ESM is first developed, and an unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is proposed to estimate the space-time biases and target states simultaneously. The posterior Cramer-Rao bounds (PCRBs) are derived for the proposed UKF registration algorithm for ESM detection probability less than or equal to one. Theoretical analyses are performed to evaluate the accuracy and robustness of the proposed method. Computer simulations show that the UKF registration algorithm is indeed effective and robust for different radar and ESM tracking scenarios.     

无需辅助数据的分布式目标自适应检测器

在非高斯背景和没有辅助数据的条件下,研究了高分辨率雷达分布式目标的自适应检测问题.首先采用有序检测理论和协方差矩阵的迭代估计方法粗略估计散射点集合,进一步利用迭代估计方法获得协方差矩阵的近似最大似然估计,提出了无需辅助数据的自适应检测器(ADWSD).ADWSD在非高斯背景下具有近似恒虚警率特性,且检测性能远好于修正的...     

超分辨距离-多普勒成像的动态优化方法

提出了超分辨距离多普勒成像的动态优化方法,基本思想是利用正则化图像重建方法及动态优化算法求出雷达目标反射率的最小二乘估计。还利用FFT大大提高了动态优化算法的计算效率。用B-52飞机缩比金属模型微波暗室转台实验数据和Boeing-727飞机外场实测数据进行成像的初步结果表明,采用超分辨成像方法可以获得更高的图像分辨力;或用较小的信号带宽和成像总转角,可以获得相同质量的图像。进一步研究发现,如果能充分利用成像区域中更多的先验信息,动态优化方法可望能提供更好的分辨性能。     

A novel target detection approach based on adaptive radar waveform design

To resolve problems of complicated clutter, fast-varying scenes, and low signal-clutterratio (SCR) in application of target detection on sea for space-based radar (SBR), a target detection approach based on adaptive waveform design is proposed in this paper. Firstly, complicated sea clutter is modeled as compound Gaussian process, and a target is modeled as some scatterers with Gaussian reflectivity. Secondly, every dwell duration of radar is divided into several sub-dwells. Regular linear frequency modulated pulses are transmitted at Sub-dwell 1, and the received signal at this sub-dwell is used to estimate clutter covariance matrices and pre-detection. Estimated matrices are updated at every following sub-dwell by multiple particle filtering to cope with fast-varying clutter scenes of SBR. Furthermore, waveform of every following sub-dwell is designed adaptively according to mean square optimization technique. Finally, principal component analysis and generalized likelihood ratio test is used for mitigation of colored interference and property of constant false alarm rate, respectively. Simulation results show that, considering configuration of SBR and condition of complicated clutter, 9 dB is reduced for SCR which reliable detection requires by this target detection approach. Therefore, the work in this paper can markedly improve radar detection performance for weak targets.     

Multiband coherent radar detection against compound-Gaussianclutter

A Multiband GLRT-LQ (Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test-Linear Quadratic), MBGLRT-LQ, detector is derived for the coherent radar target detection against a compound-Gaussian clutter background. This scheme is an extension to the multiband case of the Asymptotically Optimum Detector (AOD), also derived under the name of GLRT-LQ in. The proposed multiband version of the algorithm shows two main advantages with respect to the original single-band algorithm. 1) For the adaptive implementation, it requires a much smaller area of homogeneous clutter echoes to estimate the covariance matrix of the interference; 2) it provides an optimum processing of the radar echoes when the radar operates in frequency agility, as electronic counter-countermeasure (ECCM) strategy. A closed form performance analysis is provided for the MBGLRT-LQ detector, which is used to compare it with the single-band version. An application to live recorded data is also presented to validate the obtained results     

TC11合金高温拉伸断口分形维数的测量

本文提出了一种由断口面粗糙度参数求断口面分维的方法,计算机模拟和TC11钛合金高温拉伸断口面分维测定结果表明:只要对称截取三个垂直剖面,该方法得到的面分线相对误差小于3%,而且同线分维相比,该法获得的面分维能更多地反映出断口表面的几何特征.     

基于DRFM的高分辨雷达扩展目标回波仿真技术

介绍了一种基于DRFM的高分辨雷达扩展目标回波信号仿真方法,该方法将舰船等复杂目标视为扩展目标,其雷达回波信号可以看作扩展目标各散射中心产生的回波信号的叠加。应用该技术产生的模拟目标回波信号和假目标干扰信号,由于携带雷达发射信号和照射目标特征信息,能顺利进入末制导雷达接收机,仿真效果优于一般常规仿真技术。     

基于激光雷达的数字化装配检测技术研究

为提高新型飞机装配检测需求,提出了基于激光雷达的装配检测方法,使用激光雷达对装配零部件定位基准进行测量,并对测量数据进行分析,提取出关键尺寸信息,从根本上解决装配问题。结合飞机某部件装配检测实例,对其装配问题进行检测及分析,解决了飞机装配过程中配合尺寸超差问题。结果证明基于激光雷达的装配检测技术可高效准确地检测出飞机装配问题,对实现飞机数字化自动装配具有重要意义。