On orbit fabrication and assembly of large space structural subsystems

The evolving use of large space systems, with accompanying large truss-like structures, creates the need to develop an on-orbit fabrication and assembly capability for producing structural elements and structural subsystems. Such a capability is a basic necessity for extremely large structural subsystems because of the economy of operations resulting from the on-orbit conversion of high-density material stock into low-density structural elements. This paper discusses the development of large space structural subsystems; in particular the role a generic structure plays in that development. This generic structure embodies the key issues of the structural subsystems of various classes of large space systems and as such, when its development is completed a proof-of-capability will have been accomplished for a wide variety of large space structures.     

空间细胞机器人系统关键技术及其应用

针对传统空间操控装置难以适应未来大型空间设施在轨建设的问题，提出一种能够实现多层次自重构的空间细胞机器人系统，并对其概念体系以及设计理念进行了分析。介绍了空间三角桁架装配场景下的空间细胞机器人系统硬件设计。提出了空间细胞机器人系统关键技术，包括多智能体协同不确定行为规划、多层次机器人系统构型决策、多智能体协同无环境地图自主导航以及多智能体分层协同分布式控制等。最后结合空间细胞机器人系统的特点与优势，对其应用前景进行了展望。     

氢氧推进剂在轨加注若干关键问题研究进展

为了实现深空探测和大型空间站的建设,有必要对氢氧推进剂的在轨加注技术进行研究。通过文献调研和对比,重点分析氢氧推进剂在轨加注遇到的若干热力学和流体力学问题。首先介绍了可以用于氢氧贮箱蒸发量控制的被动热防护技术,目的是实现推进剂的长期在轨贮存。其次,对9种常用的常规推进剂在轨测量技术进行比较,得出适用于氢氧贮箱内剩余推进剂的测量方法。最后,针对在轨低温推进剂的气液分离问题,分析了正推法和表面张力贮箱在氢氧贮箱气液分离中的适用性。通过对氢氧推进剂在轨加注关键问题的调研和论证,为我国氢氧推进剂在空间环境下的长期在轨使用和再加注提供技术参考。     

开放式超高速空间智能数传系统研究

开放式超高速空间智能数传系统具有针对超高速载荷数据输入、基于开放式架构设计实现在轨智能信息处理的特点。文章中研究超高速复杂数据流控制与路由交互技术,采用具备空间环境适应性的高可靠光电模块等高速传输接口,先进的星型路由处理拓扑架构,制定统一数据标准协议,构建开放式超高速星载处理系统平台的方法。通过平台集成共用、架构在轨重构、软件上注更新方式实现各种先进智能处理算法应用。研究多源数据分类存储和管理技术,解决了海量多组高速数据存储和检索问题,满足高达数百Tb的超大数据存储检索能力。通过设计仿真和试验验证了系统功能性能。实现了具有数百Gbps高实时性载荷数据信息处理能力、灵活空间智能处理功能和开放式架构的新型空间智能数传系统。     

美国的中性浮力模拟器及其应用

中性浮力地面模拟试验不仅可以用来训练航天员,对大型空间结构的设计及在轨组装与维修技术研究也具有重要的作用.文章对美国的三台大型中性浮力模拟器的性能、规模和配置及几次典型的大型空间结构的中性浮力模拟试验作了介绍.     

仿生壁虎微纳米黏附阵列的空间应用

采用仿生壁虎微纳米黏附阵列作为在轨服务时的捕获载荷,可为在轨对接提供一种新型模式。文章介绍了在轨对接技术的研究现状,重点介绍了仿生壁虎微纳米黏附阵列的作用原理及研究动态,并分析了其空间应用领域,以及需要突破的关键技术。     

低温推进剂在轨加注技术与方案研究综述

为了探究适用于低温推进剂在轨加注的相关技术与方案,通过文献调研与对比分析,介绍国内外在轨加注技术的研究现状,梳理低温推进剂在轨加注的关键技术,研究现有加注技术与方案对低温推进剂的适用性,并提出我国开展相关研究的思路与方向。研究表明：1）气液分离、蒸发量控制、质量测量和流体驱动循环等技术是直接影响推进剂在轨加注系统结构与加注性能的关键技术;2）低温推进剂具有沸点低、表面张力小等特殊性,对气液分离、系统热防护等技术的性能要求更高;3）表面张力式气液分离、纤维镜或射频质量检测、多层隔热材料、热力学排气系统（TVS）以及无排气加注等先进技术方案对低温流体和微重力环境均具有更好的适用性,将成为实现低温推进剂在轨加注的关键突破口。     

Development and verification of ground-based tele-robotics operations concept for Dextre

The Special Purpose Dextreous Manipulator (Dextre) is the latest addition to the on-orbit segment of the Mobile Servicing System (MSS); Canada's contribution to the International Space Station (ISS). Launched in March 2008, the advanced two-armed robot is designed to perform various ISS maintenance tasks on robotically compatible elements and on-orbit replaceable units using a wide variety of tools and interfaces. The addition of Dextre has increased the capabilities of the MSS, and has introduced significant complexity to ISS robotics operations. While the initial operations concept for Dextre was based on human-in-the-loop control by the on-orbit astronauts, the complexities of robotic maintenance and the associated costs of training and maintaining the operator skills required for Dextre operations demanded a reexamination of the old concepts. A new approach to ISS robotic maintenance was developed in order to utilize the capabilities of Dextre safely and efficiently, while at the same time reducing the costs of on-orbit operations. This paper will describe the development, validation, and on-orbit demonstration of the operations concept for ground-based tele-robotics control of Dextre. It will describe the evolution of the new concepts from the experience gained from the development and implementation of the ground control capability for the Space Station Remote Manipulator System; Canadarm 2. It will discuss the various technical challenges faced during the development effort, such as requirements for high positioning accuracy, force/moment sensing and accommodation, failure tolerance, complex tool operations, and the novel operational tools and techniques developed to overcome them. The paper will also describe the work performed to validate the new concepts on orbit and will discuss the results and lessons learned from the on-orbit checkout and commissioning of Dextre using the newly developed tele-robotics techniques and capabilities.     

太阳电池翼在轨模态光学测量优化的计算机辅助方法

非接触光学测量方法,可作为空间站太阳电池翼等大型航天器柔性部件在轨模态分析的一种潜在手段。为合理布置相机的拍摄工位及视角,有效捕捉靶标运动的位移及方向,提出了利用轨控或姿控激励下柔性附件瞬态响应的结构动力学仿真结果,结合计算机图形学仿真技术,预示虚拟靶标运动过程成像及其位移重构效果,从而对测量有效性做出判断的实验方案评价方法,并通过仿真实验对其可行性进行了验证。该方法可发展为航天器在轨模态测量的计算机辅助优化工具,能充分利用结构动力学仿真成果,弥补大型柔性部件地面实验的不足。     

空间在轨服务技术发展综述

空间技术的飞速发展促使空间在轨服务技术成为了一个新的、独立的研究方向，传统的、以航天飞机为代表的空间在轨服务成为了今后这个方向的发展基础，并在此基础上出现了空间自主在轨服务技术，它以成本低、风险小、隐蔽性高、军事利用价值强等特点，成为了未来空间技术新的研究热点。介绍了空间在轨服务技术的概念、任务和研究现状，分析了其发展趋势和关键技术，并着重分析了空间自主在轨服务中的自主控制技术。     

卫星快速绕飞轨迹设计与制导

快速绕飞在航天器近距离观测、空间目标识别与侦察、在轨服务与应急情况处理活动中具有重要应用。首先建立了适用于目标航天器运行在圆轨道或椭圆轨道的相对运动状态转移矩阵;然后,推导了采用多脉冲控制方法实现与目标航天器共面和异面快速绕飞、进入绕飞和退出绕飞的轨迹设计与制导的模型和算法;最后,分析了绕飞过程速度脉冲需求与绕飞参数的关系。仿真计算结果表明所提出的快速绕飞轨迹设计模型和制导算法可以用于对圆轨道或椭圆轨道目标航天器的共面或异面快速绕飞。     

大型星载天线桁架式可折展机构的模态分析

大型空间抛物柱面星载天线具有口径大、约束弱、刚度低、质量小等特点,其机构的空间稳定性直接决定天线的使用寿命和信息传输的可靠性。为准确获得大型空间星载天线在轨稳定性能参数,依据星载天线的高精度和长寿命的设计需求,提出一种新型抛物柱面星载天线结构形式,利用有限元仿真对该新型星载天线作模态分析,并分析相关参数。结果表明:采用Al7075材料的新型抛物柱面星载天线基频满足设计要求。同时,增加上下支杆和上下斜撑杆的截面尺寸可有效提高天线结构的固有频率。该研究为我国大型抛物柱面星载天线设计提供了理论支撑和技术参考。     

可组装轻质空间结构技术研究进展

概述了当前可组装轻质空间结构的构建技术方法,具体包含嵌锁组装、堆叠组装、折叠成型、充气成型和张拉整体成型五种主流技术;以太空建造、月面栖息地和近空间飞行器为典型应用,介绍了现有可组装轻质空间结构技术的航空航天应用。最后,对比分析了各空间结构技术,讨论了现有挑战和技术难点,并对其未来发展方向进行了展望,旨在为今后航空航天任务中所需的轻量化空间结构研究提供参考。     

用于立方体卫星的高增益天线技术与发展趋势

随着MarCO与RainCube的成功在轨验证,立方体卫星已经在深空探测与遥感领域展现出独特的优势。立方体卫星搭载的天线不仅需要提供良好的辐射特性,还必须满足立方体卫星苛刻的体积和重量限制,这种限制条件在设计大口径高增益天线时尤为重要。首先简要介绍了立方体卫星的起源、发展及其应用前景,其次重点介绍了立方体卫星高增益天线的技术特点、研究现状及其在轨验证情况,最后归纳总结了立方体卫星高增益天线技术的未来发展趋势,为我国后续开展立方体卫星研究与应用提供参考。     

Shuttle demonstration of large space structure fabrication and assembly

The purpose of this paper is to describe a program aimed at an early on orbit demonstration of a large space structure fabrication and assembly capability. Requirements for the demonstration concept have been formulated. The concept that has been selected to meet these requirements is a Large Space Structure Platform consisting of a triangular prism of 31.5 m length. Sensors can be mounted on this platform to perform Earth observation measurements from space. Structural elements of the platform are fabricated using an automated beam builder in the Shuttle Orbiter payload bay. Special fixtures are designed to assemble the structure with the aid of the Remote Manipulator System and two astroworkers in an EVA mode. Results are shown of the platform preliminary design in terms of a design layout with related structural, thermal, mass properties and control dynamics data. The assembly scenario is described. Estimates of the total construction time and Orbiter support requirements are also presented.     

空间用太阳翼电路部分隔离二极管应用分析

针对空间太阳翼隔离二极管的应用,结合标准规范及太阳翼电路部分的工程设计约束与在轨应用经验,给出了空间太阳翼电路部分隔离二极管的设计方案;结合工程研制经验,给出了不同类型太阳翼电路部分隔离二极管的应用建议,为相关科研人员提供参考。     

ARCADE small-scale docking mechanism for micro-satellites

The development of on-orbit autonomous rendezvous and docking (ARD) capabilities represents a key point for a number of appealing mission scenarios that include activities of on-orbit servicing, automated assembly of modular structures and active debris removal. As of today, especially in the field of micro-satellites ARD, many fundamental technologies are still missing or require further developments and micro-gravity testing.In this framework, the University of Padova, Centre of Studies and Activities for Space (CISAS), developed the Autonomous Rendezvous Control and Docking Experiment (ARCADE), a technology demonstrator intended to fly aboard a BEXUS stratospheric balloon. The goal was to design, build and test, in critical environment conditions, a proximity relative navigation system, a custom-made reaction wheel and a small-size docking mechanism.The ARCADE docking mechanism was designed against a comprehensive set of requirements and it can be classified as small-scale, central, gender mating and unpressurized. The large use of commercial components makes it low-cost and simple to be manufactured. Last, it features a good tolerance to off-nominal docking conditions and a by-design soft docking capability.The final design was extensively verified to be compliant with its requirements by means of numerical simulations and physical testing. In detail, the dynamic behaviour of the mechanism in both nominal and off-nominal conditions was assessed with the multibody dynamics analysis software MD ADAMS 2010 and functional tests were carried out within the fully integrated ARCADE experiment to ensure the docking system efficacy and to highlight possible issues. The most relevant results of the study will be presented and discussed in conclusion to this paper.     

面向在轨服务的可重构细胞卫星关键技术与展望

为解决传统航天器设计模式所面临挑战,本文分析了当前航天器设计的技术现状和体系结构不能满足在轨服务要求等突出问题。以“凤凰重生”的设想为代表,提出了面向在轨装配任务的可重构细胞卫星技术,分析了细胞卫星的内涵和结构及接口设计理念。针对面向空间装配的在轨服务所面临的挑战,提出了可重构细胞星的关键技术,包括构型优化、信息融合、多细胞结构的控制和针对精细装配的空间遥操作等。最后针对我国的技术现状,提出了我国开展细胞卫星研究所需解决的问题和未来发展建议。     

基于高分卫星姿态监测的姿态参数算法优化

目前航天测绘相机几何参数的在轨标定通常经由地面检校场数据处理完成。然而,由于一次摄影中难以保证获取的地面检校场影像完整,使得在轨标定周期较长,进而导致实时监测与标定非常困难。“高分十四号”卫星搭载了一种新的姿态测定系统,利用高精度的相机光轴监测实现对相机几何参数的在轨实时标定。文章在此基础上对高分卫星星地相机间夹角在轨解算方案进行了优化,并基于数值仿真和在轨实测数据进行了分析,结果显示优化算法可以进一步提高影像内定向稳定度和最终的定位精度,未来有望在高精度立体测绘应用中发挥重要作用。     

在轨服务中空间系绳的应用及发展

针对空间系绳在空间在轨服务中的应用与发展问题，在简述空间系绳传统应用及试验情况的基础上，综述了空间绳系机器人、空间绳网机器人两类新在轨应用方式的研究和发展，主要包括动力学建模、结构设计、相对状态测量、逼近/抓捕控制、拖曳变轨等。最后进一步讨论了空间系绳未来的研究方向。