Signal to Noise Ratio Improvement by Frequency Division in the Presence of Bandpass Noise

The performance of a wide band frequency divider in the presence of additive Gaussian noise is presented. It is shown that the same theoretical signal to noise ratio improvement is attainable in this case as in the case where the spurious signal is a sine wave.     

An Ideal Digital Frequency Translator

Many digital techniques are available for providing a desired shift in frequency of a given carrier signal, but the resulting output usually contains spurious harmonic content due to the digital means employed. This correspondence discusses a digital device which provides a variable shift in frequency of a given carrier signal, with the feature that no spurious harmonic content exists in the output.     

Imaging of a compact range using autoregressive spectral estimation[radiation patterns measurement]

The spurious scattering mechanisms of a compact range, which cause spurious signals as well as the desired plane wave to illuminate the test zone, are addressed. It is shown that an accurate estimation of the direction-of-arrival and amplitude of spurious signals in a compact range is beyond the resolution available from the Fourier transform. An estimation technique based on autoregressive (AR) modeling of field probe data is developed to locate and quantify the spurious signal sources. The probe aperture is divided into a number of overlapping subapertures so that the far-field criterion for each subaperture is satisfied. Then, the subaperture data are modeled as an AR process. Singular value decomposition and forward-backward linear prediction are used to estimate the model order and the AR parameters. Examples of probe measurements and analysis for an actual compact range are given     

基于梳状谱发生器的毫米波相参脉压模拟器

研制了一种基于梳状谱发生器的全相参脉冲压缩毫米波雷达目标射频回波模拟器。通过与被测雷达共用基准频率参考信号,结合梳状谱发生器及DDS,保证了输出信号和雷达发射信号的相参性和快速频率跳变,实现较好的相位噪声性能和杂散抑制。该系统输出为Ka波段,带宽2GHz,步进100kHz,相位噪声小于一80dBc@1kHz,跳频时间小于2μs。     

UV 波段的宽带可重构收发机的实现

设计了一种宽带可重构收发机,主要由三部分组成：发射机、接收机和频率源。发射机完成从中频 70 MHz 到100~550 MHz 的射频发射,为了减小发射信号对相邻信道的干扰,发射信号的杂散抑制要高。接收 机从众多的电波中选出有用信号,并将该信号搬移到中频信号,然后放大到解调器所要求的电平值,将射频信 号变为中频信号,由于传输路径上的损耗和多径效应,接收机接收的信号是微弱且有变化的,并伴随着许多干 扰,这些干扰信号强度往往远大于有用信号,因此接收机的主要指标是灵敏度和选择性。频率源提供精确和低 噪声的本振信号,为射频变频系统核心部分之一,频率源的主要指标是相位噪声。     

一种用于捕捉间断多维任意单元的有限元法

本文根据差分格式构造过程中对三阶、四阶人工粘性及熵增条件的分析，构造出适合于非结构单元的有限元法。计算实例表明，这种方法能较好地捕捉间断，激波前后的伪振荡基本消除。     

Autonomous attitude coordinated control for spacecraft formation with input constraint,model uncertainties,and external disturbances

To synchronize the attitude of a spacecraft formation flying system, three novel autonomous control schemes are proposed to deal with the issue in this paper. The first one is an ideal autonomous attitude coordinated controller, which is applied to address the case with certain models and no disturbance. The second one is a robust adaptive attitude coordinated controller, which aims to tackle the case with external disturbances and model uncertainties. The last one is a filtered robust adaptive attitude coordinated controller, which is used to overcome the case with input con- straint, model uncertainties, and external disturbances. The above three controllers do not need any external tracking signal and only require angular velocity and relative orientation between a spacecraft and its neighbors. Besides, the relative information is represented in the body frame of each spacecraft. The controllers are proved to be able to result in asymptotical stability almost everywhere. Numerical simulation results show that the proposed three approaches are effective for attitude coordination in a spacecraft formation flying system.     

PCM/FM aeronautical telemetry in frequency selective multipath interference

The performance of PCM/FM using a delay-line detector in multipath interference is analyzed. In aeronautical telemetry applications, the multipath interference causes a in the signal spectrum which is web modeled by a channel composed of a line-of-sight signal and a strong specular reflection with magnitude /spl Gamma/ and excess delay less than a bit time. Analysis shows that the bit error probability is strongly dependent on the location of the within the spectrum. The bit error probability averaged over the location is also analyzed. For the case of no predetection filtering, the average bit error probability is dependent on the depth of the but not on the width. The loss in performance (relative to the AWGN environment) is bounded by (1-/spl Gamma/)/sup -2/ which is the depth of the . For the case of predetection filtering, the average bit error probability is dependent on both the width and depth of the . The performance loss is bounded by (1-/spl Gamma/)/sup -2/spl Gamma// which is less than that for the case of no predetection filtering.     

Two-Stage CFAR Detectors for Multiple-Range-Bin Radars

Two-stage detectors using generalized sign and four-level conditional statistics for signal detection in multiple-range-bin radars are described. The resulting detectors are of constant false-alarm rate (CFAR). Performances are evaluated and compared with singlestage versions. If the a priori probability of either the no-target case or the target-presence case is large (close to 1), a two-stage test can be designed to have the advantage of reducing the average number of samples required without sacrificing detection probability. With the proper choices of parameters, significant improvement in the efficiency can be achieved. Asymptotic relative efficiency of two-stage detectors with respect to single-stage detectors is derived and some numerical results are evaluated.     

On Optimizing Array Reception of Multipath

This paper reviews system configuration requirements and analyzes detectability performance characteristics for maximum likelihood array reception of multipath. Performance is analyzed to determine the effects of channel multipath structure (multipath delay and signal power division among the paths), space-time correlation properties of the incident processes, and the array spacing. It is shown by a series of case studies, that for single element coupling, as well as array coupling, an increased multipath delay factor results in decreased system detectability for fixed signal and noise intensity levels. The performance capacity is degraded as the available signal power tends to distribute more uniformly between the paths. These effects are attributed to the loss of effective signal energy concentration, resulting in a lower effective pre-detection signal-to-noise ratio. An investigation of the effects upon system performance, due to array element spacing, shows that performance is enhanced by increasing the spacing relative to the multipath delay factor and the reciprocal signal bandwidth. The former is the result of a more directive detectability (beam) pattern arising from the increased spacing. In effect, with increased spacing, the main lobe of the pattern is narrowed, while the side lobes are optimally suppressed by the required noise related array element link, frequency filters (weights).     

Ll-CFAR: a flexible and robust alternative

A new family of constant false alarm rate (CFAR) processors is introduced. An Ll-CFAR forms its noise power estimate by linearly filtering ranked samples from the reference set; the weights of this combination, however, depend not only on the rank, but also on the relative proximity of the sample to the cell under test. From the class of Ll-CFARs may be chosen members which effectively censor spurious targets; members which exhibit impressive control of false alarm in the presence of a clutter edge; and members which are robust against both such inhomogeneities. While the design of such schemes is involved, their implementation is not significantly more burdensome than that of plain ordered statistic CFAR (OS-CFAR). After a discussion of the stochastic training of Ll-CFAR, the performance is thoroughly assessed under the most commonly encountered instances of environmental conditions, and compared with those of classical CFAR techniques     

基于二维结构化网格的间断Galerkin方法研究

在二维结构化网格上,对求解Euler方程的间断Galerkin方法进行了研究。应用二阶、三阶精度的问断Galerkin方法对绕NACA0012翼型的跨音速无粘流动进行了数值模拟。在整体逼近精度基本保持不变的前提下,采用moment限制器以消除数值解在激波附近的伪振荡。数值结果表明,间断Galerkin方法能够很好地模拟流场,准确捕捉激波;moment限制器成功抑制了激波附近的伪振荡;高阶格式具有比低阶格式更强的激波捕捉能力。     

Analysis of a Signal Processor for an Antenna Array

A signal processor that provides ratio-squared predetection combining, has been investigated for application in an adaptive antenna array. The analysis and experimental data presented here pertain to the signal processing gain when the antenna array is illuminated by a coherent signal source and a partially coherent noise source. For a noise source which is coherent, the processing gain depends on relative strength of the signal and noise, relative directions of arrival, and the usual "array factor." The array exhibits capturing effects much as in an FM receiver. The effective antenna pattern is a superposition of two beams of different magnitudes, one directed to the signal source and the other to the noise source. When the noise is partially coherent, the behavior of the signal processor is quite complex. Analytical prediction and experimental simulation measurement on a four-channel system indicate that the partially coherent noise may be regarded as the source of an incoherent noise component plus a coherent noise component with the magnitude of the latter determined by the coherence coefficient for the noise source.     

Complex Indicated Angles Applied to Unresolved Radar Targets and Multipath

The off-axis angle indicated by a conventional monopulse radar is only the real part of a "complex indicated angle." The presence of unresolved targets or multipath distorts the real part (causing an erroneous angle indication) and also produces an imaginary part, which can easily be measured by processing the normally unused quadrature-phase component of the difference signal. Under certain conditions the angles, amplitude ratio, and relative phase of two unresolved targets can theoretically be determined by meas urements of the complex indicated angle on two pulses separated by a short interval. In the special case of multipath, known relationships between the unresolved target and image theoretically permit determination of target elevation with a single pulse.     

飞机整体油箱的液固耦合振动计算

 本文对拟弹性法进行了扩充,使其能解三维复杂结构的液固耦合振动问题,并对飞机整体油箱进行计算。计算与试验结果对比,证明扩展了的拟弹性法,能用于复杂结构的液固耦合振动计算。由于离散化技术的误差,计算中出现了虚假频率,本文提出了区分虚假频率的方法。     

三角波信号沿线性度的统计分析评价方法

介绍了三角波信号沿线性度参数的一种统计分析评价方法 ;在均匀分布的条件下 ,通过使用波形测量手段和直方图统计分析方法 ,对三角波信号的幅度分布直方图、沿线性度等指标进行了评价 ,详细讨论了方法的实现过程以及有关技术问题 ,并对相应参数指标进行了误差分析 ;实验验证结果表明了该方法的有效性和实用性 ,该方法可应用到三角波信号源的性能指标评价中。     

一种宽带高速跳频载波频综结构的设计

将DDS（直接数字合成）与PLL（锁相环）频率合成技术相结合,采用多环并列流水线结构,设计出混合扩/跳频系统的载波频率综合单元。利用DDS技术可实现频率分辨率高、转换时间快等要求,利用PLL技术可实现杂散抑制性能高、扩展宽带等要求,并采用多环并列硬件结构保证了系统的跳变速度和宽频带指标。经闭环测试平台的测试,系统达到350～1800MHz带宽可变,频率跳变速度10 000跳/s可变,杂散抑制优于-80dBc。文章首先给出详细的硬件设计方案及其实现,同时理论分析了个各项指标的优化,最后给出闭环测试平台的搭建以及最终测试结果。     

ABORT-like detector to combat active deceptive jamming in a network of LFM radars

This paper studies an electronic counter-counter measures (ECCM) scheme combating against deceptive electronic counter measure (ECM) techniques.An adaptive detector exploiting generalized likelihood ratio test (GRLT) criterion is applied to detect the presence of deceptive jamming in fractional Fourier transform (FrFT) domain.First,the generating mechanism of spurious frequencies is analyzed based on the Volterra serial.The proposed nonlinear distortion model based on power amplifier behavior is robust in distortion analysis when the memory effect is considered.Second,a modified adaptive beamformer orthogonal rejection test (ABORT) like detector in closed form is built.The proposed detector can discriminate the echo and deceptive jamming adaptively by exploiting primary data and secondary data.This ECCM scheme is capable of guaranteeing the performance without the restriction of orthogonality,which is essential for the ABORT detectors.The expansion to radar network is discussed as a special case at the final part of this paper.Numerical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Clutter rejection and transmitter-receiver requirements in anairborne radar

Ground clutter rejection requirements imposed on the exciter transmitter-receiver units of multirole airborne radar are examined. Methods are given to determine the characteristics of the units, such as noise, spurious spectral lines level, and analog-to-digital converter (ADC) dynamics, in both high- and medium-pulse-repetition-frequency modes of operation. It is shown that the spectral noise does not depend on either the wave form or the Doppler bandwidth. The reference oscillator spectral noise must be about -155 dB_c/Hz. The level of spurious lines generally depends only on the duty cycle, and the requirement is -80 dB_c for each line. ADC requires 12 to 14 b. The high-frequency mode is the most promising for detecting targets with very low radar cross sections in head-on configuration (free clutter domain)