遗传算法在弹道数据融合中的应用

目前靶场采用全测元融合滤波的方式确定目标飞行器弹道,为测控设备提供引导信息并为安全决策和指挥显示提供数据支持。随着靶场测控设备种类和数量越来越丰富,而新的试验任务又对实时弹道融合解算精度提出了更高的要求,全测元融合处理能否提供高精度的融合弹道和快速地从海量融合方案中寻找最优的方案是弹道测量数据融合急需解决的问题。本文提出了基于遗传算法的最优融合方案选择方法,利用该方法得到的融合弹道精度优于全测元融合方案,仿真结果表明了方法的有效性。     

用于靶场安全的GPS转发跟踪系统性能的实时评价

GPS转发跟踪系统用作靶场安全的主跟踪系统越来越普遍。这种系统的费用低于C波段雷达系统,并且试验场地的选择更加灵活。用于靶场安全,在飞行器上接收GPS信号,变换到S频段,转发到地面站。地面站处理该信号,估计出飞行器的位置和速度。利用该信息评价飞行器是否在靶场上空安全飞行。在靶场安全判决过程中必须知道所估计飞行弹道的精度。本文介绍了一种软件包一性能实时评价(PAR),它能计算出GPS转发跟踪系统状态矢量(位置和速度)估计精度的实时边界。该PAR已安装到一台GPS转发跟踪系统内,现已投入运行。本文介绍了几次靶场安全跟踪的结果。     

基于北斗双星定位系统的靶场空间精度分析

把北斗双星应用于靶场实际,建立基于双星、光雷的联合测量模型,利用误差传播关系,使用逐点以及样条算法对典型弹道和整个靶场的空间精度进行分析,为靶场试验提供依据;同时还对不同地区北斗对靶场的影响进行分析,其结果与北斗精度特性基本吻合。本文使用逐点求解方法对一条典型弹道以及靶场进行了精度分布仿真,结果表明,此方法能有效地提供任意弹道以及靶场空间精度分布,为靶场试验中测站布局与弹道选择提供依据。     

用到达时间与速度测量值估算弹道

该文给出了利用到达时间和速度(多卜勒)估算目标弹道的方法。也就是不通过求导而直接得到弹道估值——位置和速度。选取相应的权值可以调整弹道的平滑性。对测量误差造成的弹道统计误差进行了分析。还给出了一种用FORTRAN77编制的程序。     

靶场安控系统时延分析与估算方法

靶场安控系统的时延决定导弹试验中安全区域的设定和安控方案的制定与实施。给出靶场安控系统各环节划分、时延数据的收集和整理的原则。把概率论和数据统计理论引入到靶场安控时延的估算领域，以安控指令的形成时延为例，建立安控时延分析估算的数学模型，给出实用的时延估算方法。工程实践证明，该模型和方法科学合理，可实现靶场安控系统时延估算的数量化和精确化。     

飞行弹道测量规划

本文介绍了新墨西哥州的白沙导弹靶场所采用的设备选择法,即选择测量试验目标位置和弹体角度设备的方法。选择准则包括设备的数量和位置,测量量的类型和质量,工件可靠性以及数据处理方法等。根据价格-测量要求比、成功概率、所用数据和测量系统的预期误差作出最佳选择。约束条件包括理论弹道和目标尺寸,光学图象尺寸和视角,跟踪速率,大气畸变,某些应用情况下还有现有设施的位置。该方法使用了经理论推导并经实践验证了的模型,还利用了观测到的误差分布和可靠性数据。已在UNIVAC1108计算机上实现了自动计算。     

靶场连续波测距雷达系统分析

结合靶场工程实践,介绍了靶场连续波测距雷达的组成,然后阐述了其测量弹道目标速度、角度、距离的技术原理,并给出了相应的数学推导。     

GPS在弹道导弹跟踪中的应用

在弹道导弹的试验和鉴定过程中,需要精确测定时空信息(TSPI)。出于靶场安全考虑,试验时要对弹道导弹进行跟踪,炸毁失灵的导弹;为鉴定导弹的制导系统,要精确地确定导弹的弹道。过去,用测量雷达跟踪的TSPI精度不够,对弹道的确定更是如此。如果导弹从远海发射,或是同时要跟踪多个目标,那么,雷达用于靶场安全也会力不从心。对于外测跟踪或精密弹道确定,GPS转发跟踪系统可以记录全程飞行情况,供事后分析,而且还可以根据需要多次重放,以使跟踪滤波器最佳化。     

基于弹道动力特性考虑的不完全测量数据处理方法

针对试验任务中数据丢失的情况,讨论了如何结合遥测信息,充分考虑弹道动力特性提供样条节点,最终获得目标高精度的位置和速度参数估计的问题。首先,介绍了样条节点的概念及其反映的物理背景;然后,结合遥测数据处理的相应理论,提出了遥测弹道具有充分反映动力特性、保形的特点;最后,结合最优节点搜索方法和节省参数建模理论,运用样条约束的联合处理手段,采用改进Gauss-Newton法求解非线性方程,给出了相应的实测数据处理算例。结果表明,基于靶场现有高精度测量设备的跟踪数据,充分考虑弹道的动力特性,在某些数据丢失的情况下,仍然可以提供高精度弹道参数。相对于传统的融合低精度测元进行数据补偿的方法,文中所介绍方法对提高全程弹道精度具有重要意义。     

用于GPS转发跟踪的双模卡尔曼滤波器

自1984年以来,用转发GPS方案对高动态飞行器进行高精度、高效费比跟踪,为导弹飞行近实时提供良好的位置、速度和加速度估计。在东靶场,正用第一代设备对三叉戟导弹飞行进行靶场安全跟踪。第二代设备被称为转发处理系统(TPS),已经部署在马歇尔群岛的USAKA站(夸加林再入场区),目前正用来跟踪各种飞行目标。现正在规划研制第三代新系统。本文主要讨论安装于TPS中的卡尔曼滤波器的设计和调试。这种滤波器的独特之处在于它有两种工作模式,一种用来跟踪动态飞行器,另一种特殊模式用来跟踪弹道飞行器。当滤波器确认飞行器的加速度接近弹道加速度时,模式切换逻辑电路就选择弹道方式。而当探测到非弹道加速度时,滤波器就返回到动态方式。本文综述了近期任务所获得的跟踪数据,证明用双模滤波器所获得的跟踪精度是卓越非凡的。     

基于脱靶量数据的发射系航迹参数求解方法

针对当前海态巡航飞行试验末段外测无法跟踪测量的实际问题,基于现有脱靶量测量系统,建立了利用某脱靶量测量数据到发射系的转换模型。此模型将脱靶量测量数据统一到发射系航迹中,有利于航迹分析工作。并建立了转换结果的误差估计模型,误差模型充分考虑了脱靶量测量误差、靶船定位误差以及靶船航向角误差。利用仿真数据对转换模型及误差模型进行了计算验证。结果表明,位置误差满足精度要求。该方法对延拓外测处理时段具有积极意义。     

基于多维航迹特征的异常行为检测方法

在信息融合领域,利用数据挖掘中的异常检测技术,可以基于目标的多维航迹特征来挖掘目标的异常行为。现有轨迹异常检测方法主要检测目标的位置异常,没有充分利用目标的属性、类型、位置、速度和航向等多维特征,在挖掘目标的异常行为时具有局限性。通过定义多因素定向Hausdorff距离和构造多维度局部异常因子,提出了一种基于多维航迹特征的异常行为检测方法,通过对多维航迹数据的异常检测,实现对目标异常行为的挖掘。在仿真军事场景和真实的民用场景上进行了实验分析,所提方法都能有效的检测出目标的异常行为。     

滑翔式空中靶标总体设计与弹道仿真

空中靶标作为一种消耗性的无人飞行器,在防空反导武器系统试验训练中具有不可或缺的重要作用,须统筹考虑其逼真性和经济性。为此,提出了滑翔式空中靶标系统发展思路与工作原理,设计了滑翔式空靶总体方案,并利用Datcom和Matlab对其滑翔供靶弹道进行了仿真分析。仿真计算表明,弹道性能满足亚音速俯冲类目标模拟供靶要求,系统具有高性能、低成本、使用安全等显著特点。     

Trajectory prediction in pipeline form for intercepting hypersonic gliding vehicles based on LSTM

The interception problem of Hypersonic Gliding Vehicles (HGVs) has been an important aspect of missile defense systems. In order to provide interceptors with accurate information of target trajectory, a model based on an improved Long Short-Time Memory (LSTM) network for trajectory prediction pipeline is proposed for the interception of a skip gliding hypersonic target. Firstly, for trajectory prediction required by intercepting guidance laws, the altitude, velocity and velocity direction of the target are formulated in the form of analytic functions, consisting of linear decay terms and amplitude decay sinusoidal terms. Then, the dynamic characteristics of the model parameters are analyzed, and the target trajectory prediction pipeline is proposed with the prediction error considered. Finally, an improved LSTM network is designed to estimate parameters in a dynamically-updated manner, and estimation results are used for the calculation of the final trajectory prediction pipeline. The proposed prediction algorithm provides information on the velocity vector for midcourse guidance with the effect of prediction errors on interception taken into account. Simulation is conducted and the results show the high accuracy of the algorithm in HGVs’ trajectory prediction which is conducive to increasing the interception success rate.     

New approach for target locations in the presence of wall ambiguities

A technique for target location estimation in through-the-wall radar imaging applications is presented. The algorithm corrects for the shifts in target positions due to ambiguities in the wall thickness and dielectric constant. We consider uniform walls and perform imaging using wideband beamforming, with the antennas placed against the wall. Behind-the-wall images are obtained using different structures of transmit and receive arrays. For each array structure, a trajectory of the shifts in the target locations is generated assuming different wall parameters. The target position is estimated as the intersection of the corresponding trajectories. The paper shows that for unknown wall thickness or dielectric constant, the point of intersection is the true target position. In the case when both parameters are unknown, the estimated target location is in close proximity to the target true position. It is demonstrated that the performance of the proposed technique is rather insensitive to the target location behind the wall and to various array structures.     

An online ensemble semi-supervised classification framework for air combat target maneuver recognition

Online target maneuver recognition is an important prerequisite for air combat situation recognition and maneuver decision-making. Conventional target maneuver recognition methods adopt mainly supervised learning methods and assume that many sample labels are available. However, in real-world applications, manual sample labeling is often time-consuming and laborious. In addition, airborne sensors collecting target maneuver trajectory information in data streams often cannot process information in real time. To solve these problems, in this paper, an air combat target maneuver recognition model based on an online ensemble semi-supervised classification framework based on online learning, ensemble learning, semi-supervised learning, and Tri-training algorithm, abbreviated as Online Ensemble Semi-supervised Classification Framework (OESCF), is proposed. The framework is divided into four parts: basic classifier offline training stage, online recognition model initialization stage, target maneuver online recognition stage, and online model update stage. Firstly, based on the improved Tri-training algorithm and the fusion decision filtering strategy combined with disagreement, basic classifiers are trained offline by making full use of labeled and unlabeled sample data. Secondly, the dynamic density clustering algorithm of the target maneuver is performed, statistical information of each cluster is calculated, and a set of micro-clusters is obtained to initialize the online recognition model. Thirdly, the ensemble K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN)-based learning method is used to recognize the incoming target maneuver trajectory instances. Finally, to further improve the accuracy and adaptability of the model under the condition of high dynamic air combat, the parameters of the model are updated online using error-driven representation learning, exponential decay function and basic classifier obtained in the offline training stage. The experimental results on several University of California Irvine (UCI) datasets and real air combat target maneuver trajectory data validate the effectiveness of the proposed method in comparison with other semi-supervised models and supervised models, and the results show that the proposed model achieves higher classification accuracy.     

基于惯性/里程计组合导航的管道定位仿真分析

管道在油气传输中有着非常重要的地位,关乎着生命与财产安全,定期对传输管道进行检测能使管道安全、高效地运行.对管道损伤点进行精确定位,是修复管道缺陷所必需的.本文仿真了检测设备在管道中的运行轨迹,并加入了检测设备在管道中滚转运动和长时间导航下陀螺刻度系数漂移的影响,搭建了基于惯性/里程计组合导航的仿真模型.通过实际仿真发现,利用磁标点校正、卡尔曼滤波、磁标二点间误差修正和起点与终点误差修正,能有效提高管道中定位精度.     

逐步回归法在反舰导弹火控建模中的应用

用均匀试验设计方法布点，计算了反舰导弹的标准弹道，根据获得的弹道数据，用逐步回归分析方法建立了各种发射条件下预报弹道坐标的预报模型，该模型计算简单、精度高。此建模方法也可应用于其他领域。     

飞机管道颗粒碰撞阻尼器设计与试验验证

飞机管道振动超标是严重威胁飞机飞行安全的重要故障,降低飞机管道振动水平,对于提高飞机可靠性和安全性具有重要意义。针对难于施加管道卡箍约束的飞机管道结构的减振问题,设计了一种基于颗粒碰撞阻尼技术的管道减振器。该减振器通过特定的结构设计,在不影响现有管道结构的基础上,很方便地安装到管道上进行减振。其减振原理是基于减振器内部的颗粒碰撞而导致的能量耗散,从而提高管道结构的阻尼效应。因此,将此颗粒碰撞阻尼器安装在振动管道上,在管道发生共振的情况下,管道振动峰值将明显降低。本文基于所设计的管道减振器,利用振动台试验研究了颗粒填充率对减振效果的影响,发现改变阻尼器内部颗粒的填充率,管道的振动随颗粒填充率的增加有先减小后增大的趋势,同时利用EDEM颗粒流仿真软件计算了减振器振动过程中颗粒的能量耗散情况,发现颗粒能量耗散速率最大时所对应的颗粒填充率与试验过程中管道振动加速度降到最低时所对应的颗粒填充率达到了一致,仿真结果与试验结果取得了很好的一致性。最后,将所设计的颗粒阻尼减振器安装在液压动力源管道上进行实际减振试验,测试了在安装减振器前后,试验管道在X、Y、Z三个方向的振动加速度,经过对比分析,发现安装颗粒阻尼减振器后,液压管道的压力脉动频率下的振动水平得到了明显抑制,试验结果充分表明了本文所设计的飞机管道颗粒减振器的有效性和实用性。     

Launch Envelope Optimization of Virtual Sliding Target Guidance Scheme

This paper presents an optimization of the performance of a recently proposed virtual sliding target (VST) guidance scheme in terms of maximization of its launch envelope for three-dimensional (3-D) engagements. The objective is to obtain the launch envelope of the missile using the VST guidance scheme for different lateral launch angles with respect to the line of sight (LOS) and demonstrate its superiority over kinematics-based guidance laws like proportional navigation (PN). The VST scheme uses PN as its basic guidance scheme and exploits the relation between the atmospheric properties, missile aerodynamic characteristics, and the optimal trajectory of the missile. The missile trajectory is shaped by controlling the instantaneous position and the speed of a virtual target which the missile pursues during the midcourse phase. In the proposed method it is shown that an appropriate value of initial position for the virtual target in 3-D, combined with optimized virtual target parameters, can significantly improve the launch envelope performance. The paper presents the formulation of the optimization problem, obtains the approximate models used to make the optimization problem more tractable, and finally presents the optimized performance of the missile in terms of launch envelope and shows significant improvement over kinematic-based guidance laws. The paper also proposes modification to the basic VST scheme. Some simulations using the full-fledged six degrees-of-freedom (6-DOF) models are also presented to validate the models and technique used.