平流层飞艇太阳能源系统研究

以平流层太阳能飞艇平台为背景,对平流层太阳能飞艇能源系统展开了分析和研究。文中建立了飞艇表面太阳能电池接收太阳直接辐射、散射辐射、反射辐射的模型。利用该模型对某飞艇太阳能电池进行计算,结果显示飞艇接收的太阳辐射能量与飞艇的工作纬度、季节、太阳能电池阵列表面面积、飞行姿态密切相关。当飞艇的脊背从日出到日落时刻正对太阳光线时,太阳能电池接收到的太阳辐射能量将是最大的。     

面向装备RUL预测的平行仿真技术

装备平行仿真是系统建模与仿真领域的新兴仿真技术,已经成为研究热点。在装备维修保障领域中,分析了装备剩余寿命（RUL）预测存在的突出问题,即模型参数固定、不具备自适应演化能力,成为阻碍实现装备剩余寿命自适应预测的首要因素。结合装备平行仿真理论,在建模分析的基础上提出了面向装备剩余寿命预测的平行仿真框架,该框架以Wiener状态空间模型为基础仿真模型,在动态注入的装备退化观测数据驱动下,利用期望最大化（EM）算法在线更新模型参数,并利用卡尔曼滤波（KF）算法实现仿真输出数据与观测数据的同化（DA）,从而实现仿真模型动态演化,使得仿真输出不断逼近装备真实退化状态,为准确预测剩余寿命提供高逼真度仿真模型和数据输出。以某轴承性能退化数据为数据驱动源,对该框架进行了验证,仿真结果表明平行仿真方法能准确仿真装备性能退化过程,在提高预测精度的基础上实现了装备剩余寿命的自适应预测,有力证明了平行仿真方法的可行性和有效性。      

高空太阳能无人机三维航迹优化

为提升高空太阳能无人机的飞行性能和载荷能力,综合考虑无人机运动状态和能量获取、存储、消耗之间的耦合关系,建立了三维航迹优化模型。采用高斯伪谱法在离散点上近似状态变量和控制变量,且在一系列配点上满足动力学方程的约束,将最优控制问题转化为非线性规划问题。针对典型的点到点飞行任务开展了航迹优化,并与常规定高定速航迹进行了对比。结果表明:通过调整飞行姿态,可以使高空太阳能无人机的净吸收能量提高9.2%;综合调整飞行姿态和改变飞行高度两种措施可以获得更大的能量优势,使储能电池剩余电量提高18.8%。      

升力体式浮升混合飞艇多学科设计优化

升力体式混合飞艇是全球远距离大载重运输的重要选择,随着全球贸易的发展,逐渐成为国内外的研究热点。作为航空宇航技术、新能源技术和高性能材料技术相结合的新概念飞行器,混合飞艇设计过程需对多个学科进行综合考虑和优化。为了将多学科设计优化（MDO）方法引入到混合飞艇的总体设计中,将其分解为能源子系统、气动和推进子系统以及结构和重量子系统。在子系统模型构建的基础上,提出具有自适应能力的基于响应面的并行子空间优化（CSSO-RS）算法,将重量平衡和能量平衡作为实现远距离载重运输的约束条件,并提出爬升、日间巡航、滑翔和夜间巡航的多阶段任务剖面,以充分利用太阳能电池、燃料电池和锂电池的优势,实现混合飞艇的最优化设计。优化结果表明:具有自适应能力的优化算法在精确度和计算效率上均有明显的优势,同时重量分配的结果也为混合飞艇结构轻量化设计和能源系统设计提出了更高的要求。      

基于副气囊的平流层浮空器高度控制

浮空器悬停或飞行控制设计时,通常将风作为干扰项或阻力,螺旋桨需要消耗大量的能源克服风的阻力,而浮空器携带的能源有限,因此浮空器设计时存在欠能源问题。根据平流层风场的特点,采用副气囊控制浮空器的高度,实现平流层不同高度的风场利用,可以减小浮空器的能源消耗。建立浮空器高度控制模型,采用反步法设计浮空器高度控制器,利用状态观测器对浮空器的模型误差和输入误差进行估计,并进行了仿真分析,证明所设计的控制器能有效控制浮空器的高度。建立浮空器高度控制时其囊体内外压差变化模型,仿真分析表明, 浮空器高度变化后,其囊体最终内外压差与初始压差相同。      

综合热力学模型的平流层飞艇上升轨迹优化

针对平流层飞艇的上升轨迹优化问题,综合热力学模型进行了研究.主要分析了飞艇基本热力学行为,研究了蒙皮及内部气体的能量方程并建立了详细的飞艇动力学和运动学模型.在热力学、动力学和运动学分析的基础上,建立了以飞行时间为优化目标的平流层飞艇的轨迹优化模型.利用直接配点法将轨迹优化问题转化为非线性优化问题,再通过非线性求解器SNOPT(Sparse Nonlinear Optimizer)对不同场景的问题进行最优化轨迹求解.优化结果表明:热力学效应对优化轨迹有较大影响,在上升过程中,太阳能辐射为主要影响因素,另外风场也对换热量有一定影响.     

锂离子电池SOC及容量的多尺度联合估计

锂离子电池的荷电状态（SOC）和电池容量估计是电池管理系统的核心。由于SOC和容量在估计过程中参数相互影响，提出一种适用于三元锂离子电池SOC及容量的多尺度联合估计方法。采用戴维宁等效电路模型，建立数学模型及状态空间方程。针对不同温度下电池特性不同的问题，在不同温度下开展了模型参数辨识，建立了参数随SOC及温度的变化关系。基于双扩展卡尔曼滤波（DEKF）算法建立了电池状态多尺度联合估计模型，对电池的SOC、极化电压在微观时间尺度上进行估计，对电池的容量在宏观时间尺度上进行估计，并对SOC估计中的容量进行更新，保证了电池长期估计的精度。在宽温度范围内进行验证，所建立的三元锂离子电池多尺度联合估计方法具有较高的精度。      

基于不完美先验信息的随机系数回归模型剩余寿命预测方法

剩余寿命预测是设备预测与健康管理的核心问题，准确的剩余寿命预测可以在故障发生前进行有效的维护保养，以减小设备故障发生的概率。针对实际剩余寿命预测中先验信息不足或缺乏的问题，提出一种克服不完美先验信息影响的启发式剩余寿命预测方法。首先，利用非线性随机系数回归模型进行退化建模。其次，证明了基于单个设备现场退化数据，期望最大化（EM）算法的参数估计结果收敛于极大似然估计（MLE）算法的参数估计结果，并提出一种合理融合先验信息和现场信息的启发式剩余寿命预测方法。最后，通过数值仿真数据和实际锂电池退化数据对提出的结论和方法进行了验证，结果表明:启发式剩余寿命预测方法相比传统贝叶斯方法能够较好地克服不完美先验信息的影响，更为准确的预测设备地实际剩余寿命。      

基于Kalman滤波的镍氢动力电池SOC估算方法

动力电池的荷电状态(SOC,State-of-Charge)是电动车能量控制的重要参数,针对镍氢动力电池,建立了一种新的状态空间模型.电池模型采用荷电状态和极化状态作为状态向量,考虑持续充放电时电荷累积效应对电池电压的影响,对模型的状态方程进行了优化,增加了电荷累积项,以提高模型在变电流充放电过程中的精度.根据Kalman最优滤波理论,设计了电池荷电状态Kalman滤波递推算法,估算方法考虑了电池电压、电流和电池温度,给出了递推计算公式.根据恒流充电、恒流放电、脉冲充/放电、变电流充/放电实验的实验数据,对模型进行了仿真分析.结果表明,采用Kalman滤波估算方法有利于提高动力电池的荷电状态估算精度,适合应用在混合动力电动车中.      

基于改进CO-RS的平流层飞艇总体设计与优化

为改进响应面协同优化(CO-RS,Collaborative Optimization based on Response Surface)方法的工程实用性,提出改进的CO-RS方法.在响应面建立中应用广义乘子法和信赖域法,取消响应面更新对梯度的依赖性.针对平流层飞艇的总体设计与优化问题,基于改进的CO-RS框架,进行了系统任务分析和学科耦合分析.对气动与推进子系统、结构子系统和能源子系统进行了学科分析,以最小化平流层飞艇的质量为目标,建立基于改进CO-RS框架的多学科设计优化(MDO,Multidisciplinary Design Optimization)模型和相应的学科分析模型.利用iSIGHT软件搭建求解平台,采用改进的CO-RS算法进行仿真计算,并得到合理结果,验证了所建立的MDO模型的合理性和改进的CO-RS算法在平流层飞艇总体设计优化中的有效性.     

基于正负极动力学特性的锂离子电池优化充电方法

针对电动汽车快速充电存在的问题,分别对锂离子电池正、负极充放电特性进行研究,提出了优化充电方案。以负极析锂抑制为边界条件,获得正、负极在不同状态(SOC)下的最大允许充放电电流,建立了充电过程能耗和充电时间目标函数,以最大允许充电电流为约束条件,利用粒子群算法得到最优多阶段恒流充电电流序列。结果表明:与1 C恒流充电相比,电池充入相同容量时,优化充电时间减少约26.5%,34 min即可充电至80%SOC;与优化充电电流序列的平均电流恒流充电相比,优化充电能耗降低约1.5%。      

Ascent trajectory optimization for stratospheric airship with thermal effects

Ascent trajectory optimization with thermal effects is addressed for a stratospheric airship. Basic thermal characteristics of the stratospheric airship are introduced. Besides, the airship’s equations of motion are constructed by including the factors about aerodynamic force, added mass and wind profiles which are developed based on horizontal-wind model. For both minimum-time and minimum-energy flights during ascent, the trajectory optimization problem is described with the path and terminal constraints in different scenarios and then, is converted into a parameter optimization problem by a direct collocation method. Sparse Nonlinear OPTimizer(SNOPT) is employed as a nonlinear programming solver and two scenarios are adopted. The solutions obtained illustrate that the trajectories are greatly affected by the thermal behaviors which prolong the daytime minimum-time flights of about 20.8% compared with that of nighttime in scenario 1 and of about 10.5% in scenario 2. And there is the same trend for minimum-energy flights. For the energy consumption of minimum-time flights, 6% decrease is abstained in scenario 1 and 5% decrease in scenario 2. However, a few energy consumption reduction is achieved for minimum-energy flights. Solar radiation is the principal component and the natural wind also affects the thermal behaviors of stratospheric airship during ascent. The relationship between take-off time and performance of airship during ascent is discussed. it is found that the take-off time at dusk is best choice for stratospheric airship. And in addition, for saving energy, airship prefers to fly downwind.     

平流层飞艇总体设计的基础问题

平流层飞艇是一种新型的长航时临近空间飞行器，具有驻空高度高、驻空时间长、承载能力大、使用效费比高等特点，在对地观测及通信中继等领域具有广泛应用前景。但是该飞行器系统十分复杂，技术与设计实现难度大，总体设计需要考虑的基础问题及解决方案尚不完全明晰。根据平流层大气风场、温度和压力的基础特征，考虑平流层环境对平流层飞艇总体设计的影响，根据空气动力学与热力学基本理论，分析平流层飞艇的显著特征及与常规低空飞艇的区别，研究这些基础问题对平流层飞艇总体设计的影响，为平流层飞艇技术发展提供建议和参考。      

Effect of vapor condensation on ascending performance of stratospheric airship

This paper reports a numerical investigation on the effects of water vapor condensing inside the air bag of a stratospheric airship on its ascending performance. The kinetic and thermal model considering vapor condensation was established, based on which a computer program was written in Fortran. The simulation results show that the vapor condensation remarkably affects the kinetic and thermal characteristics of the stratospheric airship in the ascent process. During the ascent process below 11 km, a large amount of latent heat is released when the water vapor in the air inside the air bag of the stratospheric airship condenses, which results in the increase of the temperature and the reduction of the weight of the air in the air bag, causing the airship to speed up, the accelerated expansion of the helium, and the decrease of the helium temperature in the helium bag. When the flight altitude is higher than 11 km, the effect of vapor condensation on the kinetic and thermal characteristics of the stratospheric airship is negligible because vapor is virtually nonexistent in the air.     

平流层飞艇热力学验证温度测量方法研究

平流层飞艇的热力学分析是平流层飞艇关键技术之一。针对热力学分析的工程验证及模型完善,提出了适合于平流层飞艇的艇囊内气体及囊体表面的温度测量方法,包括采集点的分布,传感器的选型,数据传输和处理及数据准确性评价等。经过两次平流层飞艇的缩比飞行试验,对比同艇发放的探空仪采集的温度数据,验证了该方法测量到的数据的准确性。     

Station-keeping control for a stratospheric airship platform via fuzzy adaptive backstepping approach

This paper presents a novel approach for station-keeping control of a stratospheric airship platform in the presence of parametric uncertainty and external disturbance. First, conceptual design of the stratospheric airship platform is introduced, including the target mission, configuration, energy sources, propeller and payload. Second, the dynamics model of the airship platform is presented, and the mathematical model of its horizontal motion is derived. Third, a fuzzy adaptive backstepping control approach is proposed to develop the station-keeping control system for the simplified horizontal motion. The backstepping controller is designed assuming that the airship model is accurately known, and a fuzzy adaptive algorithm is used to approximate the uncertainty of the airship model. The stability of the closed-loop control system is proven via the Lyapunov theorem. Finally, simulation results illustrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control approach.     

Matching trajectory optimization and nonlinear tracking control for HALE

This paper concerns optimal trajectory generation and nonlinear tracking control for stratospheric airship platform of VIA-200. To compensate for the mismatch between the point-mass model of optimal trajectory and the 6-DOF model of the nonlinear tracking problem, a new matching trajectory optimization approach is proposed. The proposed idea reduces the dissimilarity of both problems and reduces the uncertainties in the nonlinear equations of motion for stratospheric airship. In addition, its refined optimal trajectories yield better results under jet stream conditions during flight. The resultant optimal trajectories of VIA-200 are full three-dimensional ascent flight trajectories reflecting the realistic constraints of flight conditions and airship performance with and without a jet stream. Finally, 6-DOF nonlinear equations of motion are derived, including a moving wind field, and the vectorial backstepping approach is applied. The desirable tracking performance is demonstrated that application of the proposed matching optimization method enables the smooth linkage of trajectory optimization to tracking control problems.