基于遗传算法和空间推进方法的单壁扩张喷管优化设计研究

 将单目标遗传算法和多目标遗传算法（包括NSGA-II和NCGA），与高效、高精度的空间推进流场数值模拟方法——SSPNS方法相结合，对二维超燃冲压发动机尾喷管即单壁扩张喷管（SERN）进行了气动优化设计研究。在巡航点（Ma=6.0）讨论了推力系数C_T最大单目标模型，推力系数C_T最大升力系数C_L最大两目标模型，以及推力系数C_T最大升力系数C_L最大俯仰力矩系数C_m最小三目标模型，分别得到了喷管的最大推力设计和关于多个目标性能的Pareto最优前沿。结果表明，扩张壁初始扩张角θ_r,i和外罩长度L_c对C_T影响较大；较小的L_c和较大的θ_r,i设计，将降低外罩内表面的负升力作用而使得SERN的C_L较大；较长外罩和较小的θ_r,i，对应Pareto最优设计的C_M较小。     

空天飞行器机翼/翼型的需求分析及应用

空天飞行器飞行空域大,速域宽,经历亚/跨/超/高超声速飞行,气动特性变化大,传统翼型难以同时满足低速、高速时的设计要求,给机翼/翼型设计提出了新的挑战.本文围绕飞行环境特点,分析了低速高升力与高速高升阻比、升重匹配、结构热防护等设计要求,提出了空天飞行器对机翼/翼型设计的新需求.基于一种新的宽速域翼型,采用数值模拟方法,开展三维流动下翼型与机翼平面形状的一体化优化设计,获得了一种翼型沿展向变化的新机翼,相对优化前,低速时机翼产生的升力效率提高了36.3％,超声速和高超声速升重平衡升阻比分别提高了33.4％和12.9％,新机翼能更好地兼顾低速、跨声速、超声速和高超声速气动性能的要求.将新机翼应用于典型空天飞行器,再通过全机气动外形优化设计,进一步提高了宽速域飞行时升重平衡下的使用升阻比,高亚声速时提高了5.9％,超声速时提高了10.3％,高超声速时提高了0.7％,解决了低速飞行时高升力与高速飞行时高升阻比的需求矛盾,并获得了一种满足宽速域总体设计要求的空天飞行器气动布局.研究成果具有一定工程指导意义.     

后缘连续变弯度对跨声速翼型气动特性的影响

针对后缘连续变弯度对跨声速翼型气动特性的影响进行了研究。首先不考虑翼型后缘连续变弯度,基于搭建的优化设计系统对跨声速翼型进行气动减阻优化设计,通过添加不同的约束优化得到两种跨声速翼型:无激波翼型和超临界翼型。然后在这两种翼型的基础上,以后缘偏转角度为设计变量、以阻力系数最小为目标,针对不同的升力系数分别进行优化设计,并根据优化结果深入分析后缘连续变弯度对这两种翼型极曲线特性的影响机理。优化结果表明:无激波翼型与超临界翼型相比,其设计点处的气动特性较好,但鲁棒性较差;升力系数小于设计升力系数时,应用后缘连续变弯度后,无激波翼型的极曲线特性明显提高,减阻最高达到3.9%,而超临界翼型的极曲线特性提高不明显;升力系数大于设计升力系数时,应用后缘连续变弯度后,无激波翼型和超临界翼型的极曲线特性都明显提高,减阻分别达到2.4%~18.1%和1.7%~13.2%。     

中空长航时无人机两段翼型设计和应用研究

中空长航时无人机追求高续航性能和任务多样化,故应满足高效巡航、短距起降、抗变形等多性能要求。在原始飞机单段翼型的基础上,通过控制点加分段可控二次曲线方法并结合优化算法开展两段翼型的设计优化;利用新设计的两段翼型完成对无人机机翼内侧段(襟翼段)的改进设计及其结果分析。结果表明:改进后的无人机在续航因子、起飞升力和起飞升阻比方面得到大幅提升;襟翼大角度偏转时,在保持一定升力的同时阻力增加,满足飞机着陆减速要求;此方法可以满足中空长航时无人机巡航和起降多设计点综合设计要求。     

跨声速层流翼型的混合反设计/优化设计方法

跨声速层流翼型设计须兼顾优良的超临界特性和自然层流特性,因而对设计方法提出了更高的要求。针对现有反设计方法和直接优化设计方法的不足,发展了一种适用于跨声速层流翼型的混合反设计/优化设计方法。该方法引入了基于经验的局部流场特征作为反设计目标,翼型性能指标作为直接优化设计目标,然后加权形成了混合反设计/优化设计总目标,并同时考虑了气动和几何约束。优化算法采用基于自适应并行加点技术的代理优化,流动数值模拟采用耦合基于线性稳定性理论的e^N转捩自动判定的雷诺平均Navier-Stokes（RANS）方程求解器。针对现代中短程民用客机需求,以NPU-LSC-72613翼型为基准,开展了层流翼型减阻的混合反设计/优化设计。分别将局部目标压力分布、总阻力作为反设计和直接优化设计目标,得到了较好的优化结果,验证了方法的有效性。经过2轮优化结果显示混合反设计/优化设计总目标显著下降。所设计翼型吸力面局部压力分布与目标压力分布基本一致,总阻力下降15.5%;吸力面和压力面层流范围均大于55%倍弦长,激波强度显著减弱,说明所设计翼型同时具有优良的超临界和层流特性。将所设计翼型配置到机翼上,通过三维数值模拟进行校验,结果显示所设计跨声速层流机翼升阻比提高了6.64%,在一定升力系数范围内,气动性能均有显著提高,验证了所设计跨声速层流翼型在机翼设计中的适用性。     

基于博弈论的高空长航时无人机翼型多点优化

针对高空长航时无人机的特点和使用要求,采用多人博弈中的纳什平衡,结合下山单纯形算法,发展了一个可同时满足低速爬升的高升力和高速巡航的大升阻比要求的翼型多点设计方法。可根据设计变量对目标的影响程度,自动将设计变量动态划分给局内人,具有非常强的适应性。对NLF1015翼型的优化算例表明,可以同时改善翼型在多个设计点的性能,同时,与多目标遗传算法NSGA-II相比,此方法在计算资源和成本不大的情况下,取得较好的优化结果,可以应用在高空长航时无人机的翼型设计中。     

翼型的气动最优化设计方法和反设计方法＊

本文将数值优化方法同计算流体动力学（ＣＦＤ）相结合,形成两种跨声速翼型的气动设计方法,即：最优化方法和反设计方法。采用求解Ｅｕｌｅｒ方程的有限体积法计算流场,通过结合优化算法,从正反两个方向对跨声速翼型进行气动优化设计。实例证明它们是翼型气动设计的有效方法,有较高的工程应用价值。     

高速自然层流翼型高效气动稳健优化设计方法

先进高速高升力自然层流(NLF)翼型的设计已经成为提高新一代高空长航时(HALE)无人机(UAV)性能的重要手段。然而这类翼型表面极易出现分离泡和激波等，尤其对于马赫数、飞行攻角等状态波动气动特性非常敏感，这导致传统的层流翼型设计方法设计的外形在面向工程应用中出现稳健性差，难以被工程使用。气动稳健设计(RADO)方法虽然是一种有希望的解决途径，但它遭遇了巨大计算花费的难题。为了解决这些问题，通过对影响气动稳健优化设计效率的关键技术进行研究，发展了基于自适应前向-后向选择(AFBS)的稀疏多项式混沌重构方法，极大改善了不确定分析(UQ)和稳健优化效率。同时，也发展了考虑多参数不确定的高效气动稳健优化设计方法，有效解决了传统翼型设计方法难以满足高速高升力自然层流翼型设计要求兼顾高升力设计、自然层流设计以及超临界设计的难题。最后使用发展的方法成功设计了一类具有典型特点的跨空域稳健自然层流翼型。结果表明设计的翼型相对于经典的全球鹰无人机翼型气动性能全面提升，同时低阻范围更大，气动性能更加稳健，从而验证了稳健优化方法的有效性和相对于确定性设计的优势。     

基于代理模型的自适应后缘翼型气动优化设计

针对具有自适应后缘的跨声速翼型,基于代理模型和遗传算法相结合的优化方法,开展考虑自适应后缘结构约束的翼型气动优化设计研究。结果表明,低升力系数下翼面流场没有明显的能量损失,不同设计升力系数得到的自适应后缘翼型阻力相差不大;高升力系数下翼面附近存在激波,翼型阻力主要由激波强度决定。对于以低升力系数为设计点的基本翼型,通过后缘自适应变弯来调整载荷分布,可以降低翼面激波强度,减小翼型阻力;对于以高升力系数为设计点的基本翼型,可以直接通过气动优化来消除翼面激波,使得翼型阻力达到最小。因此对于带有自适应后缘的翼型,为了实现宽升力系数范围内的阻力最小,应首先以高升力系数为设计点完成基本翼型的气动优化设计,然后以低升力系数为设计点完成自适应后缘外形的气动优化设计。     

跨声速翼型多目标优化设计方法

本文通过采用多目标分级优化方法并基于求解全速势方程的跨声速粘流翼型计算方法，研究发展了一种多参数、多约束和多目标的跨声速翼型数值优化设计方法，应用该方法可以从普通低速翼型和超临界民办型出发通过多目标优化后得到在跨声速区的多个马赫数下阻力系数最小化的翼型几何外形，设计实践表明，该方法具有收敛快，调用目标函数次数少等优点。     

Dynamic stall suppression on an oscillating airfoil by steady and unsteady tangential blowing

The use of steady and unsteady tangential blowing to suppress the dynamic stall on an oscillating airfoil was studied by numerically solving the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations. Pitching oscillations with amplitude of 10° about a mean angle of attack of 15° and with reduced frequencies of 0.15 and 0.25 were examined. The blowing location is near the airfoil leading edge, and for unsteady blowing, the jet strength was varied periodically at the same frequency as that of airfoil oscillation with some phase difference. In case of steady blowing, with a C_μ of 0.07, the large pitching moment, massive drop in C_L and increase in C_D due to dynamic stall were eliminated. The unsteady blowing was found more effective than the steady blowing.     

Optimization of aerodynamic efficiency for twist morphing MAV wing

Twist morphing(TM) is a practical control technique in micro air vehicle(MAV) flight.However, TM wing has a lower aerodynamic efficiency(CL/CD) compared to membrane and rigid wing. This is due to massive drag penalty created on TM wing, which had overwhelmed the successive increase in its lift generation. Therefore, further CL/CDmaxoptimization on TM wing is needed to obtain the optimal condition for the morphing wing configuration. In this paper, two-way fluid–structure interaction(FSI) simulation and wind tunnel testing method are used to solve and study the basic wing aerodynamic performance over(non-optimal) TM, membrane and rigid wings. Then,a multifidelity data metamodel based design optimization(MBDO) process is adopted based on the Ansys-DesignXplorer frameworks. In the adaptive MBDO process, Kriging metamodel is used to construct the final multifidelity CL/CDresponses by utilizing 23 multi-fidelity sample points from the FSI simulation and experimental data. The optimization results show that the optimal TM wing configuration is able to produce better CL/CDmaxmagnitude by at least 2% than the non-optimal TM wings. The flow structure formation reveals that low TV strength on the optimal TM wing induces low CDgeneration which in turn improves its overall CL/CDmaxperformance.     

Aerodynamic performance enhancement for flapping airfoils by co-flow jet

Introducing active flow control into the design of flapping wing is an effective way to enhance its aerodynamic performance. In this paper, a novel active flow control technology called Co-Flow Jet (CFJ) is applied to flapping airfoils. The effect of CFJ on aerodynamic performance of flapping airfoils at low Reynolds number is numerically investigated using Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulation with Spalart-Allmaras (SA) turbulence model. Numerical methods are validated by a NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil case and a S809 pitching airfoil case. Then NACA6415 baseline airfoil and NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil with jet-off and jet-on are simulated in flapping motion, with Reynolds number 70,000 and reduced frequency 0.2. As a result, CFJ airfoils with jet-on generally have better lift and thrust characteristics than baseline airfoils and jet-off airfoil when C_μ is greater than 0.04, which results from the CFJ effect of reducing flow separation by injecting high-energy fluid into boundary layer. Besides, typical kinematic and geometric parameters, including the reduced frequency and the positions of the suction and injection slot, are systematically studied to figure out their influence on aerodynamic performance of the CFJ airfoil. And a variable C_μ jet control strategy is proposed to further improve effective propulsive efficiency. Compared with using constant C_μ, an increase of effective propulsive efficiency by 22.6% has been achieved by using prescribed variable C_μ for NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil at frequency 0.2. This study may provide some guidance to performance enhancement for Flapping wing Micro Air Vehicles (FMAV).     

基于改进CST参数化方法和转捩模型的翼型优化设计

为提高翼型优化设计效率,增大设计空间,采用B样条基函数替代传统的形状类别函数(CST)方法中的Bezier多项式,增强了对翼型参数化表达的局部控制能力并提高了翼型局部表达精度。为了确保翼型在优化设计过程中的几何光顺特性和代理模型的准确性,采用小波分解技术提出了多分辨率翼型的局部光顺方法。采用基于本征正交分解(POD)的流场数值代理模型,并结合γ-Reθt转捩模型实现了快速准确的气动力与流动转捩预测。采用小波技术光顺的CST翼型参数化建模、POD流场数值计算代理模型以及γ-Reθt转捩模型,结合遗传算法建立了完整的翼型气动优化设计系统。针对低速层流翼型与超临界翼型进行优化设计,优化设计后的翼型升阻比分别提高了47.42%和45.85%,且对改进前后参数化建模方法的优化性能进行了对比,结果表明本文构建的翼型气动优化设计系统具备很高的优化效率。     

Efficient aerodynamic shape optimization using variable-fidelity surrogate models and multilevel computational grids

A variable-fidelity method can remarkably improve the efficiency of a design optimization based on a high-fidelity and expensive numerical simulation, with assistance of lower-fidelity and cheaper simulation(s). However, most existing works only incorporate “two” levels of fidelity, and thus efficiency improvement is very limited. In order to reduce the number of high-fidelity simulations as many as possible, there is a strong need to extend it to three or more fidelities. This article proposes a novel variable-fidelity optimization approach with application to aerodynamic design. Its key ingredient is the theory and algorithm of a Multi-level Hierarchical Kriging (MHK), which is referred to as a surrogate model that can incorporate simulation data with arbitrary levels of fidelity. The high-fidelity model is defined as a CFD simulation using a fine grid and the lower-fidelity models are defined as the same CFD model but with coarser grids, which are determined through a grid convergence study. First, sampling shapes are selected for each level of fidelity via technique of Design of Experiments (DoE). Then, CFD simulations are conducted and the output data of varying fidelity is used to build initial MHK models for objective (e.g. C_D) and constraint (e.g. C_L, C_m) functions. Next, new samples are selected through infill-sampling criteria and the surrogate models are repetitively updated until a global optimum is found. The proposed method is validated by analytical test cases and applied to aerodynamic shape optimization of a NACA0012 airfoil and an ONERA M6 wing in transonic flows. The results confirm that the proposed method can significantly improve the optimization efficiency and apparently outperforms the existing single-fidelity or two-level-fidelity method.     

Lift coefficient prediction at high angle of attack using recurrent neural network

In this paper, identification of dynamic stall effect of rotor blade is considered. Recurrent Neural Networks have the ability to identify the nonlinear dynamical systems from training data. This paper describes the use of recurrent neural networks for predicting the coefficient of lift (C_Z) at high angle of attack. In our approach, the coefficient of lift (C_Z) obtained from the experimental results (wind tunnel data) at different mean angle of attack θ_mean is used to train the recurrent neural network. Then the recurrent neural network prediction is compared with experimental ONERA OA212 airfoil data. The time and space complexity required to predict C_Z in the proposed method is less and it is easy to incorporate in any commercially available rotor code.     

Initiation characteristics of oblique detonation waves from a finite wedge under argon dilution

In this paper, the flow field characteristics of Oblique Detonation Waves (ODWs) induced by a finite wedge under argon dilution are studied by solving the Euler equations with a detailed chemical model of hydrogen and air. First, the effects of the expansion waves, argon concentration, geometric parameters, and Mach number on the ODW are discussed. The results show that the changes of these parameters may make the oblique detonation not be initiated. Then, the ODW initiation criterion of the finite wedge is summarized, as the characteristic length of the induction zone L_C and the characteristic length of the oblique wedge L_W meet the condition L_C/L_W < 1, the initiation of the ODW occurs; otherwise, it does not occur. What’s more, the Constant Volume Combustion (CVC) theory is applied to study the characteristic length of induction zone. It is found that CVC theory is more suitable for the “smooth transition” type of ODW flow field, the theoretical and numerical characteristic length in induction regions are in good agreement. This work is of great significance for the design of oblique detonation engines for hypersonic vehicles.     

Robust design of NLF airfoils

 A robust optimization design approach of natural laminar airfoils is developed in this paper. First, the non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS) free form deformation method based on NURBS basis function is introduced to the airfoil parameterization. Second, aerodynamic characteristics are evaluated by solving Navier-Stokes equations, and the γ-Re_θt transition model coupling with shear-stress transport (SST) turbulent model is introduced to simulate boundary layer transition. A numerical simulation of transition flow around NLF0416 airfoil is conducted to test the code. The comparison between numerical simulation results and wind tunnel test data approves the validity and applicability of the present transition model. Third, the optimization system is set up, which uses the separated particle swarm optimization (SPSO) as search algorithm and combines the Kriging models as surrogate model during optimization. The system is applied to carry out robust design about the uncertainty of lift coefficient and Mach number for NASA NLF-0115 airfoil. The data of optimized airfoil aerodynamic characteristics indicates that the optimized airfoil can maintain laminar flow stably in an uncertain range and has a wider range of low drag.     

高空低雷诺数吸附式压气机叶型耦合优化设计

为了探究高空低雷诺数条件下吸附式叶型的气动设计特性,利用人工蜂群算法对低雷诺数吸附式叶型进行优化设计,该设计方法可以将叶型和抽吸方案进行耦合优化.并且对高空低雷诺数吸附式叶型耦合优化设计的必要性进行了论证.研究结果表明:在地面条件下设计的具有较好性能的吸附式叶型,在高空低雷诺数条件下,性能有可能会显著下降,针对高空低雷诺数条件的吸附式叶型设计有很大必要性;针对研究对象,在高空低雷诺数条件下优化设计后总压损失降低了32%,静压升提高了0.01,并且优化设计后在地面条件下的性能也略有提升;在高空低雷诺数条件下,适当地增加吸附式叶型前段的负荷,通过抽吸来控制层流分离泡的设计效果最为理想;优化后得到的最佳抽吸位置位于层流分离泡中心区域.      

超临界翼型低雷诺数流动分析及优化设计

以高空长航时无人机(UAV)翼型研究为背景,对超临界RAE2822翼型在高空高亚声速下的低雷诺数气动特性进行了数值模拟及优化设计研究。采用求解雷诺平均N-S方程的有限体积法,对典型低雷诺数下RAE2822翼型绕流进行数值模拟,验证了SST k-ω湍流模型的可靠性和准确性;基于不同高度不同雷诺数下RAE2822翼型的计算气动力对比分析,研究了高度增大所带来的低雷诺数效应;通过对低雷诺数下超临界翼型表面流场结构及流动机理的详细分析,提出了一种弱化激波的翼型设计思想,并通过优化算例验证了该思想的可行性。