增益对星载微波辐射计系统线性度的影响分析

针对星载微波辐射计中检波器的工作特性进行分析. 观测固定目标时, 通过调节AGC (Automatic Gain Control)的大小, 定量分析系统伏安特性曲线, 对星载微波辐射计系统线性度进行定性分析. 结果表明, 通过调节AGC大小, 系统增益发生变化, 导致检波器工作区间发生微弱变化, 通过两点定标不能完全消除由于增益引起的非线性误差. 对一定亮温范围的观测目标进行分析, 结果证明, AGC变化时反算亮温与实际目标亮温差值随观测亮温的变化而成非线性变化. 从而证明, 系统增益变化导致的亮温变化通过两点线性定标并不能完全消除. 在系统正常工作或实时定标过程中, 要尽量避免调节AGC值, 保证微波辐射计系统工作在线性区间.      

基于相关功率修正的地基GNSS-R土壤湿度反演

利用全球导航卫星系统反射信号测量技术(GNSS-R)进行土壤湿度反演过程中，实际接收天线方向性会造成GNSS直反信号相关功率测量偏差。针对地基观测场景下天线方向性造成的相关功率的类余弦振荡问题，提出了基于多项式拟合的信号相关功率修正方法。为了验证所提方法的有效性，开展了地基GNSS-R土壤湿度观测实验，结果表明:基于多项式拟合的相关功率修正可以消除信号相关功率的类余弦振荡，提升GNSS-R土壤湿度反演中的观测数据有效性和反演结果准确性。      

基于TechDemoSat-1卫星的GPS反射信号海面高度反演

针对星载GPS反射信号（GPS-R）海面测高的误差问题，基于星载GPS-R实测数据进行星载海面测高模型和误差修正模型的研究，并验证其有效性。利用TechDemoSat-1（TDS-1）数据，使用时延多普勒图（DDM）海面高度反演技术，着重分析了星载GPS-R海面高度反演中的各类误差，并建立了相应的误差模型。对星载GPS-R海面高度反演模型进行优化，采用DTU15全球平均海面模型、DTU全球海潮模型验证反演精度。结果证明:优化后反演模型得到的全球海面高度反演结果的平均绝对误差（MAD）为6.05 m，精度提高了约29%，有效提高了海面高度反演的精度。研究成果对于推广星载GNSS反射信号（GNSS-R）的海面测高应用具有一定的意义。      

美国“气旋全球导航卫星系统”与应用

正2019年6月5日,我国在黄海海域利用长征11号运载火箭发射了基于全球卫星导航系统反射信号技术(GNSS-R)的捕风一号A/B试验卫星,实现了我国全天候探测海面风场零的突破,为台风海洋监测预报业务提供重要数据支撑。早在1993年,欧洲航天局(ESA)就提出了GNSS-R概念,2003年,英国灾难监测星座(UK-DMC)卫星利用其搭载的GNSS-R仪器成功获得了海面粗糙度等数据,2014年,英国发射搭载了"海状态载荷"的技术试验验证卫星-1(TDS-1),首次提供延迟多普勒映射(DDM)数据产品,开启了星载反射测量的应用。2016年12月15日,美国国家航空航天局(NASA)利用飞马座-XL(Pegasus-XL)运载火箭从佛罗里达州卡纳维拉尔角空军基地成功发射了采用GPS技术改进天基飓风观测能力的"气旋全球导航卫星系统"(CYGNSS)。本文拟对CYGNSS卫星星座的技术指标及其应用情况进行介绍,供读者进一步理解全球导航卫星系统与遥感技术的融合应用。     

8mm波段二维综合孔径微波辐射计(BHU-2D)

介绍了二维综合孔径微波辐射计BHU-2D成像原理、系统构成及性能指标、校正方法、部分成像实验及其成像结果.BHU-2D工作在8mm波段,共有10个接收单元,天线阵列为T形结构,接收机为二次变频超外差结构,I/Q解调及相关运算采用了数字方式并通过软件实现,采用点辐射源校正方法及背景对消反演算法校正系统通道间不一致、相关偏置及混叠误差.目前,BHU-2D已经研制完成,并进行了系统测试及成像实验,得到了室内人工场景及人物场景的辐射亮温分布图像.     

全极化综合孔径辐射计的极化模式

全极化综合孔径辐射计（Full Polarization Interferometric Radiometer,FPIR）是一套高分辨率、轻量化、低功耗的X波段一维综合孔径微波辐射计.分析了FPIR的极化理论,推导出FPIR的极化可视度函数.为了获取全极化信息,FPIR系统采用两种不同的天线阵列设计方案.对于每种稀疏天线阵列,设计了最优极化切换序列.设计的最优极化序列不仅使灵敏度的损失达到最小,还使得水平极化、垂直极化和交叉极化亮温的灵敏度达到相同水平.      

General aspect of GPS data use for atmospheric science

The radio link between a GPS satellite and a GPS receiver is appropriate for bistatic radar sounding of the Earth's atmosphere, ionosphere, and ocean surface (latter in case of GPS reflection). Measurements of GPS phases and amplitudes are currently performed by spaceborne, airborne, mountain- and ground-based GPS receivers. In the present paper, an uniform approach based on geometrical optics and spherical symmetry of the atmosphere is applied to various GPS observation configurations. Atmospheric mapping function, influence and retrieval of ionospheric layers/disturbances, tropospheric water vapor, and possible measurement of vertical winds and wave velocities are investigated by use of simulation data of GPS phase path excess and bending angle.     

GNSS-Reflectometry: Forest canopies polarization scattering properties and modeling

Nowadays, GNSS-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) can be a new promising remote sensing tool in the ocean, snow/ice and land surfaces, e.g., vegetation biomass monitoring. Although GNSS-R provides a potentially special L-band multi-angular and multi-polarization measurement, the theoretical vegetation scattering properties and mechanisms for GNSS-R are not understood clearly. In this paper, the GNSS-R vegetation polarization scattering properties are studied and modeled at different incidence angles (specular direction). The bistatic scattering model Bi-mimics is employed, which is the first-order radiative transfer equation. As a kind of forest stand, the Aspen’s crown layer is composed of entire leaves, and its parameters in Mimics handbook are used as model input. The specular circular polarizations (co-polarization RR and cross-polarization LR) are simulated. For cross-polarization, the received polarization is assumed as a linear (horizontal and vertical) polarizations and ±45° linear polarizations. Therefore, the HR VR, +45R and −45R polarizations are simulated here. Contributions from different scattering components at RR, LR and VR polarization are also presented. For co-polarization, it is large in the whole specular angles (10–80°). The scattering trends of the other cross polarization (HR, LR, +45R and −45R) are a little similar when compared to the RR and RV. Therefore, the RHCP and V polarizations are more favorable to collect the reflected signals. The trunk heights and crown depths do not affect the scattering trends of RR, RV and RL, while the trunk height has some effect on the scattering amplitude of different polarizations. The azimuth angle has more effects on RR, RL and RV scattering, especially in lower than 50°. The observation angles and polarization combinations are extremely important for GNSS-R remote sensing.     

一种基于北斗三号系统的GNSS-R海面干涉测高技术

GNSS-R干涉测高技术可用于中尺度海面高度观测，具有空间分辨率高、测量精度高等优势。与传统的GNSS-R本地码测高技术相比，GNSS-R干涉测高技术可以有效提升高度测量精度。虽然GNSS-R干涉测高技术已有一些研究，但是基于北斗三号的干涉测高应用还很少。本文根据GNSS-R干涉测高技术优势，针对北斗三号系统在干涉测高技术上的应用，研发了支持北斗三号的GNSS-R干涉测高接收机并描述了整体架构及实现。利用所研发的接收机进行水面干涉测高试验，首次获取了北斗三号B1和B2干涉测高波形，与传统GPS L1和北斗B1本地码测高波形进行对比。对两种方法计算出的水面高度进行对比，结果显示北斗三号干涉测高精度明显优于GPS L1和北斗B1传统本地码测高精度。      

Waveform-based spaceborne GNSS-R wind speed observation: Demonstration and analysis using UK TechDemoSat-1 data

This paper explores two types of mathematical functions to fit single- and full-frequency waveform of spaceborne Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry (GNSS-R), respectively. The metrics of the waveforms, such as the noise floor, peak magnitude, mid-point position of the leading edge, leading edge slope and trailing edge slope, can be derived from the parameters of the proposed models. Because the quality of the UK TDS-1 data is not at the level required by remote sensing mission, the waveforms buried in noise or from ice/land are removed by defining peak-to-mean ratio, cosine similarity of the waveform before wind speed are retrieved. The single-parameter retrieval models are developed by comparing the peak magnitude, leading edge slope and trailing edge slope derived from the parameters of the proposed models with in situ wind speed from the ASCAT scatterometer. To improve the retrieval accuracy, three types of multi-parameter observations based on the principle component analysis (PCA), minimum variance (MV) estimator and Back Propagation (BP) network are implemented. The results indicate that compared to the best results of the single-parameter observation, the approaches based on the principle component analysis and minimum variance could not significantly improve retrieval accuracy, however, the BP networks obtain improvement with the RMSE of 2.55 m/s and 2.53 m/s for single- and full-frequency waveform, respectively.     

MICROWAVE SENSOR DEVELOPMENT IN RECENT TWO YEARS IN CHINA

The development of microwave sensors in recent two years in China are in troduced with an emphasis on spaceborne sensors without the applications in cluded. The microwave sensors as the main payloads to be boarded on the future operational satellites, such as FY-3 meteorological satellites and HY-2 marine satellite are introduced with much in detail. Besides these, four new sensors are outlined, i.e. the imaging radar altimeter,synthetic aperture radiometer, and polarimetric radiometer. Two recently conducted flight experiment campaigns are also introduced with results shown.     

外弹道测量中速度修正新方法──辐射计法

介绍了外弹道测量中精度较高的速度修正新方法──辐射计法。其速度（距离变化率）误差是利用与距离误差△Ｒ之间的关系得到,而△Ｒ由微波辐射计在电波传播路径上直接测量大气辐射亮度温度得到。由于用微波辐射计得到的距离误差△Ｒ的标准差一般比常用的折射率预报法和射线描迹法降低１／３到２／３,所以利用本方法得到的距离变化率误差精度也必会比常用方法高,而且辐射计法可在任何方位角和仰角上进行实时修正。