A new algorithm on increasing the sensitivity of microwave radiometer based on nonlinear prediction

Currently, microwave radiometer, which has been one of the most important remote sensors in the land, ocean or atmosphere remote sensing, has played a vital role in space exploration such as the lunar exploration in China. As a passive remote sensor, microwave radiometer receives the noise resembling signals that are generated by microwave radiation while mixed with the systemic noise of the receiver. Therefore, it is the significant subject that how to improve the sensitivity of microwave radiometer that people devotes to study. And on the system noise reduction lies the key. So far, except through choosing low noise element to the receiver, there is no effective alternative to remove the influence of the systemic noise on output uncertainty of microwave radiometer. However, for the purpose of providing or inspiring solution to this problem, this paper inquires into the application of nonlinear predictive method in predication the systemic noise of microwave radiometer. As the substance of the method, neural network shows its function on reducing the systemic noise effectively by estimating and predicating it. Because neural network can improve the estimated precision when estimating the systemic noise, after the noise passes through filter, certain random characters are lost while determinacy are presented to some extent. In fact, the more narrow filter band is, the smaller predictive error will be. The results are of assistance in understanding the intrinsic quality of the systemic noise and offer a new way for improving property of microwave radiometer.     

中国星载微波辐射计地面定标技术的研究进展

综述了中国微波辐射计地面定标技术的发展历程和研究成果。详细介绍了中国风云三号气象卫星热真空定标总体技术方案,以及近期在微波波段宽带定标源优化设计和研制、发射率测量技术、实验室定标与热真空定标方法及亮温传递系统不确定度分析方面取得的研究成果。对未来需要开展研究的定标技术做了初步分析。     

外弹道测量中速度修正新方法──辐射计法

介绍了外弹道测量中精度较高的速度修正新方法──辐射计法。其速度（距离变化率）误差是利用与距离误差△Ｒ之间的关系得到,而△Ｒ由微波辐射计在电波传播路径上直接测量大气辐射亮度温度得到。由于用微波辐射计得到的距离误差△Ｒ的标准差一般比常用的折射率预报法和射线描迹法降低１／３到２／３,所以利用本方法得到的距离变化率误差精度也必会比常用方法高,而且辐射计法可在任何方位角和仰角上进行实时修正。     

内卫星辐射计效应建模与分析

辐射计效应是内卫星的主要干扰因素之一, 是决定内编队重力场测量水平的重要因素. 通过分析内卫星所受辐射计效应产生的原因, 建立了内卫星辐射计效应模型, 并分析了各个参数对辐射计效应的影响及减小辐射计效应的方法. 结果表明, 通过降低腔体中平均压力、内卫星表面和外卫星腔体内壁面温度梯度以及内卫星的面质比均可减小辐射计效应引起的加速度.      

微波和THz频段用于遥感标准的研发

美国国家标准和技术研究院(NIST)电磁部噪声规划提出了遥感应用例如卫星气象观测中的微波亮温度标准的研发。这个标准以现有波导系统电磁噪声基准为基础,与亮温度即辐射有关,借助一个特性很好的天线实现。热校准目标作为基准的补充,采用冗余测量的方式,用于检验或者减小不确定度。做过的26 GHz的初步测量表明所提出标准的可行性,同样太赫兹(THz)频率的研究也在进行中。对于THz噪声,用一个加热的目标作为噪声标准,虽然我们没有这么高频率的噪声基准。这个标准将与THz辐射计一起使用。辐射计基于一个接收机,该接收机采用了一个热电子测辐射热混频器,并被准光学适配器耦合到辐射中去。希望年底能够用这套系统进行THz噪声测量。     

Design and performances of laser retro-reflector arrays for Beidou navigation satellites and SLR observations

Beidou is the regional satellite navigation system in China, consisting of three kinds of orbiting satellites, MEO, GEO and IGSO, with the orbital altitudes of 21500–36000 km. For improving the accuracy of satellites orbit determination, calibrating microwave measuring techniques and providing better navigation service, all Beidou satellites are equipped with laser retro-reflector arrays (LRAs) to implement high precision laser ranging. The paper presents the design of LRAs for Beidou navigation satellites and the method of inclined installation of LRAs for GEO satellites to increase the effective reflective areas for the regional ground stations. By using the SLR system, the observations for Beidou satellites demonstrated a precision of centimeters. The performances of these LRAs on Beidou satellites are very excellent.     

扫描辐射计内光路反射镜中SiO2／Ag薄膜系统的失效分析

SiO_2/Ag薄膜系统是扫描辐射计内光路反射镜的主要组成部分。采用高分辨扫描俄歇微探针(SAM)和扫描电镜分析对SiO_2/Ag 薄膜系统失效进行了较为全面的分析研究。通过扫描电镜观察发现,失效的反射镜表面SiO_2薄膜上存在大量析出物,借助于SAM分析,表明这些析出物主要是银和铜,析出物表面伴随有硫化和氧化。SAM的深度剖面结果说明,有析出物存在的区域,各薄膜层中存在原子间的扩散。文章就反射镜中Ag、Cu、和O的扩散和穿透行为进行了讨论,认为SiO_2薄膜致密度较差是导致反射镜失效的主要原因之一。     

基于里德堡原子相干效应的微波电场测量技术研究进展

近年来，采用里德堡原子的微波电场测量技术得到了迅速发展，获得了广泛应用。该电场探测技术是一项全新技术，可以将微波电场通过基本物理常数与频率测量直接关联，具有测量动态范围大、测量灵敏度高和测量不确定度小的特点，有望替代传统溯源路径，直接关联国际单位制（SI）。本文基于里德堡原子相干效应的微波电场测量技术原理，针对国内外微波电场的高准确度、高灵敏度和极化方向测量技术发展现状，和对微波电场测量的工程化光源系统，蒸气室探头的仿真验证实验和集成式蒸气室探头的设计研究等方面的相关进展做了详细介绍。     

"神舟四号"飞船微波辐射计天线的主波束效率

参照反射面天线主波束效率估计的简易计算公式,对“神舟四号”(SZ-4)飞船辐射计天线的主波束效率进行了具体估算,给出了计算流程和计算结果．计算表明,该辐射计天线在6．6GHz,19．35GHz,23．8GHz和37GHz 4个频段上的波束效率分别为89％,91．24％,92．91％和94．87％,并经过了在轨飞行验证．     

星载毫米波反射面天线结构

“神舟4号”飞船的多模态微波辐射计天线的工作频率跨到毫米波段．这在我国过去的航天器天线中尚未遇到．采用了计算机机电热一体化设计手段，从材料的选择入手，把最佳的电性及结构设计、先进有效的制造、检测与装配技术有机地融为一体之后，保证了天线最终的高精度指标．本文从高精度反射面天线的要求出发，从设计、分析、实现以及验证多方面说明星载反射面天线形面高精度的控制与实现．     

8mm Dicke辐射计波形仿真研究

采用System view软件对从输入到天线的噪声信号到A/D采样之前的各个模块和辐射计线性度进行了波形的仿真研究,仿真结果和实际相符合,对辐射计的硬件实现提供了很好的指导作用。     

一种综合孔径微波辐射计成像处理算法

综合孔径成像是基于干涉仪成像原理实现的一种成像方式，其通过对干涉测量结果进行逆傅里叶变换得到场景的亮温分布，利用小波增强去噪算法在时域和频域同时对图像进行处理，增强需求信息抑制非必要信息，并附加特定的窗函数滤除杂波，提高重建的微波辐射计图像的清晰度和平滑感。采用盲解卷的Lorentzian超分辨率算法提高成像的分辨力，较好的解决了天线口面尺寸与分辨力矛盾的问题。     

多波段微波辐射计现场定标方法研究

海洋多频段微波辐射计（Oceanic Multiband Microwave Radiometer,OMMR）是一台五频段十通道微波辐射计. 作为中国HY-2卫星扫描微波辐射计定标和检验的现场测试设备,其不但要连续稳定运行一年,而且要在数据质量和精度等方面满足更高定标要求. 根据OMMR定标原理,对其在实验室和现场的测试结果进行研究,分析了OMMR在平台的工作情况并对数据质量进行评价.      

一种综合孔径微波辐射计成像处理算法

综合孔径成像是基于干涉仪成像原理实现的一种成像方式,其通过对干涉测量结果进行逆傅里叶变换得到场景的亮温分布,利用小波增强去噪算法在时域和频域同时对图像进行处理,增强需求信息抑制非必要信息,并附加特定的窗函数滤除杂波,提高重建的微波辐射计图像的清晰度和平滑感。采用盲解卷的Lorentzian超分辨率算法提高成像的分辨力,较好的解决了天线口面尺寸与分辨力矛盾的问题。     

Selection of sensors and spectral bands of marine observation satellite (MOS) — 1

After trading off the proposed requirements by the Committee on Earth Observation Satellite Development, cost and time for development of sensors, spacecraft and launch vehicle, the following sensors were selected for Marine Observation Satellite (MOS) - 1.(1) Four channel visible and near IR sensor (MESSR) with 50 meter resolution. (2) Four channel visible and thermal IR sensor (VTIR) with 0.9 km (visible) and 2.7 km (IR) resolution respectively. Out of three IR channels, two channels are atmospheric window channels while the third channel is water vapor absorption band. (3) Two channel microwave scanning radiometer (MSR) with responsivity in 23.8 and 31.4 GHz respectively. (4) Data collection system.     

Estimation of sea surface temperature, wind speed and water vapor with microwave radiometer data based on simulated annealing

A method for estimation of sea surface temperature, ocean wind speed and water vapor with microwave radiometer data based on simulated annealing is proposed. The proposed method shows about 60% improvement of sea surface temperature estimation accuracy in comparison to the existing method using Newton’s iterative algorithm.     

Total column water vapor estimation over land using radiometer data from SAC-D/Aquarius

The aim of this study is retrieving atmospheric total column water vapor (CWV) over land surfaces using a microwave radiometer (MWR) onboard the Scientific Argentine Satellite (SAC-D/Aquarius). To research this goal, a statistical algorithm is used for the purpose of filtering the study region according to the climate type.A log-linear relationship between the brightness temperatures of the MWR and CWV obtained from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements was used. In this statistical algorithm, the retrieved CWV is derived from the Argentinian radiometer’s brightness temperature which works at 23.8?GHz and 36.5?GHz, and taking into account CWVs observed from GNSS stations belonging to a region sharing the same climate type. We support this idea, having found a systematic effect when applying the algorithm; it was generated for one region using the previously mentioned criteria, however, it should be applied to additional regions, especially those with other climate types.The region we analyzed is in the Southeastern United States of America, where the climate type is Cfa (Köppen - Geiger classification); this climate type includes moist subtropical mid-latitude climates, with hot, muggy summers and frequent thunderstorms. However, MWR only contains measurements taken from over ocean surfaces; therefore the determination of water vapor over land is an important contribution to extend the use of the SAC-D/Aquarius radiometer measurements beyond the ocean surface. The CWVs computed by our algorithm are compared against radiosonde CWV observations and show a bias of about ?0.6?mm, a root mean square (rms) of about 6?mm and a correlation of 0.89.     

Time synchronization of new-generation BDS satellites using inter-satellite link measurements

Autonomous satellite navigation is based on the ability of a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), such as Beidou, to estimate orbits and clock parameters onboard satellites using Inter-Satellite Link (ISL) measurements instead of tracking data from a ground monitoring network. This paper focuses on the time synchronization of new-generation Beidou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) satellites equipped with an ISL payload. Two modes of Ka-band ISL measurements, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) mode and the continuous link mode, were used onboard these BDS satellites. Using a mathematical formulation for each measurement mode along with a derivation of the satellite clock offsets, geometric ranges from the dual one-way measurements were introduced. Then, pseudoranges and clock offsets were evaluated for the new-generation BDS satellites. The evaluation shows that the ranging accuracies of TDMA ISL and the continuous link are approximately 4?cm and 1?cm (root mean square, RMS), respectively. Both lead to ISL clock offset residuals of less than 0.3?ns (RMS). For further validation, time synchronization between these satellites to a ground control station keeping the systematic time in BDT was conducted using L-band Two-way Satellite Time Frequency Transfer (TWSTFT). System errors in the ISL measurements were calibrated by comparing the derived clock offsets with the TWSTFT. The standard deviations of the estimated ISL system errors are less than 0.3?ns, and the calibrated ISL clock parameters are consistent with that of the L-band TWSTFT. For the regional BDS network, the addition of ISL measurements for medium orbit (MEO) BDS satellites increased the clock tracking coverage by more than 40% for each orbital revolution. As a result, the clock predicting error for the satellite M1S was improved from 3.59 to 0.86?ns (RMS), and the predicting error of the satellite M2S was improved from 1.94 to 0.57?ns (RMS), which is a significant improvement by a factor of 3–4.     

基于CLEAN算法对一维综合孔径辐射计成像误差的校正

对于天线单元数较少的一维综合孔径微波辐射计，系统的采样基线数有限，导致辐射计对目标在空间频率域的采样产生截断，在成像结果中引起明显的吉布斯误差.实际应用中通常选择加窗函数来抑制吉布斯误差，但是加窗函数会降低辐射计系统的空间分辨率.为抑制一维综合孔径辐射计成像的吉布斯误差，提出了基于CLEAN算法的校正算法.针对目前已完成的8单元辐射计地面样机系统，通过仿真实验，验证了CLEAN算法对于抑制辐射计成像结果中吉布斯误差的有效性.      

气象卫星扫描辐射计的辐射定标

阐述了气象卫星扫描辐射计的辐射定标。包括卫星发射前的地面定标,飞行中的星上定标及星地对比定标。指出飞行中的可见光波段的定标至今还未能投入业务使用,仍处于研究阶段,而静止气象卫星的飞行中定标,无论红外或是可见光波段只能做到相对定标。为解决绝对定标问题,必须寻求星体外的客观目标作为定标源。采用这一途径,即使星上定标设备失效,也不致影响卫星数据的使用。