收放式受油装置对接过程的瞬态动力学分析

收放式受油装置与加油锥套在实施对接的过程中,碰撞及接触的力学行为会对受油装置造成剧烈的冲击。通过动力学仿真,得到对接过程的碰撞力时间历程曲线。采用运动弹性动力学理论,建立收放式受油装置的有限元模型,在ANSYS Workbench环境下,结合碰撞力时间历程曲线,对受油装置进行瞬态动力学分析,得到了受油装置的位移、速度及加速度响应曲线。最后,根据响应对受油装置进行冲击性能研究。结果表明,所研究的收放式受油装置具有较强的抗冲击能力。本文的分析方法为结构的振动分析与抗冲击设计提供了可行的分析思路和依据。     

空中加油对接过程软管-锥套动态特性

建立了加油软管-锥套系统的动态数学模型,并利用该模型进行空中加油对接过程模拟.在加油机尾流场中,根据牛顿运动定律,推导定长度软管-锥套系统的运动学方程和动力学方程;建立了变长度的软管-锥套模型来控制对接过程软管-锥套的稳定性,对软管-锥套动态特性进行了分析.在Matlab/Simulink仿真平台下搭建模型,在不同的飞行条件下对模型进行数字仿真验证.仿真结果与国内外公开试飞数据相吻合,验证了模型的正确性.所建模型可用于有人机空中加油训练模拟和无人机自主空中加油仿真等.     

软式空中加油对接约束力不确定性分析

软式空中加油过程中锥套和受油管连接处的最大约束力,可造成锥套和受油管的脱离以及受油管的断裂,甚至引发安全事故。为了研究输油过程中软管锥套组合体的动力学特性,利用ALE-ANCF输油管道模型和多体建模方法,建立了加油系统刚-柔-液耦合的多体动力学模型;为了获取参数不确定条件下对接约束力的期望范围,采用融合多项式混沌方法和动力学模型的不确定性快速分析方法,得到了不同高度下飞行速度、输油软管长度和两机相对运动速度存在不确定性时的对接约束力期望范围。数值仿真结果表明,当受油机和加油机存在相对运动时,受油管在特定截面处的最大压力、剪力和弯矩的期望值将会分别大幅提高50%、272%和772%。     

软管弯矩对空中加油软管-锥套建模影响分析

空中加油对接过程中,对软管-锥套的动力学行为的研究是空中加油过程建模的关键之一。为研究软管弯矩对软管-锥套系统动力学建模的影响,基于多刚体动力学,在质量-弹簧阻尼模型的基础上,建立了一种包含软管的弯曲和线弹性特性的动力学模型,分析了弯矩对软管影响的机理以及不同情况下弯矩对锥套扰动的影响。数值仿真结果验证了弯矩因素对软管-锥套系统动力学建模的必要性。     

软式空中加油受油机头波数值仿真分析

针对软式空中加油对接过程中受油机头波加剧软管锥套飘摆、降低对接成功率的问题,建立了受油机三维模型,利用Delaunay方法自下向上生成非结构网格.通过计算ONERA M6三维翼型表面压力分布和压力系数,验证了三维Navier-Stokes方程和SST k-ω湍流模型的有效性.在此基础上对不同飞行条件下受油机头波进行静态数值计算,分析了头波随马赫数和迎角的变化规律,并通过仿真解释了头波影响下软管锥套的飘摆原因,预测了对接时锥套的运动趋势.     

插头-锥管式空中加油系统加油过程载荷研究

插头-锥管式空中加油系统加油过程载荷是空中加油系统设计的重要战技指标,直接决定着空中加油系统、受油装置、机体结构设计的成败与否。通过对插头-锥管式空中加油系统加油过程载荷形式、研究现状的调研,提出了加油过程载荷研究的关键技术,给出了对应解决措施,为后续研究提供方法和依据,并给出了相关建议。     

视觉辅助的无人机自主空中加油建模与仿真

为准确获得插头锥套式空中加油过程中无人机与锥套的相对位姿信息,提出了机器视觉辅助的插头锥套式无人机自主空中加油仿真方案,开发了基于Open CV,Simulink及Vega Prime视景仿真技术的闭环仿真系统。研究了机器视觉识别跟踪锥套的图像处理算法,利用Kalman滤波算法估计无人机与锥套的相对位姿。仿真结果表明,机器视觉算法可以准确识别跟踪锥套,滤波器状态估计的收敛速度较快,无人机姿态角变化范围较小,保证了插头锥套式无人机自主空中加油的平稳安全对接。     

视觉辅助的无人机自主空中加油建模与仿真

为准确获得插头锥套式空中加油过程中无人机与锥套的相对位姿信息,提出了机器视觉辅助的插头锥套式无人机自主空中加油仿真方案,开发了基于Open CV,Simulink及Vega Prime视景仿真技术的闭环仿真系统.研究了机器视觉识别跟踪锥套的图像处理算法,利用Kalman滤波算法估计无人机与锥套的相对位姿.仿真结果表明,机器视觉算法可以准确识别跟踪锥套,滤波器状态估计的收敛速度较快,无人机姿态角变化范围较小,保证了插头锥套式无人机自主空中加油的平稳安全对接.     

空中加油探头载荷的数值计算方法

文中用中心差分法和MATLAB对空中加油的动力学过程进行了数值计算,计算出了极限情况下的受油探头载荷。在软管和锥套的对接过程中,如果绞盘系统出现故障,将不能及时收回多余的软管,软管在自重作用下,会出现松弛,进而导致一种软管"抽打"现象,这时会形成很严重的探头载荷。文中的计算对加油吊舱和受油探头的设计具有重要的指导意义。     

外国的空中加油程序

本文叙述了外国的空中加不同油程序，即相对插头－锥管式空中加油系统和伸缩套管式空中加油系统，当受油机与加油机会合之后直到合油完毕各阶段的操纵要求，飞行方法和注意事项。在空中加油期间，加油机必须像空中平台一样保持稳定平飞，受油机微量整油门，柔和操纵飞机，按照加油员的指令完成中对接，加油飞行，在加油机受油机允许的飞行范围内，双机飞油员密切配合，协调一致克服大气紊流，双机相距过近，空中加油系统和机载设备使     

Modeling and simulation of bow wave effect in probe and drogue aerial refueling

In a probe and drogue aerial refueling system, the bow wave of the receiver aircraft will produce a strong aerodynamic effect on the drogue once the receiver follows the drogue at a close distance. It is a major difficulty of docking control in the probe and drogue refueling. This paper analyses the bow wave effect and presents a simple method to model it. Firstly, the inviscid flow around the receiver is modeled based on the stream function defined by basic stream singularities.Secondly, a correction function is developed to eliminate the error caused by the absence of air viscosity. Then, the aerodynamic coefficients are used to calculate the induced aerodynamic force on the drogue. The obtained model is in an analytical form that can be easily applied to the controller design and the real-time simulations. In the verification part, computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulation tests are conducted to validate the obtained flow fields and aerodynamic forces. Finally,the modeling method is applied to an F-16 receiver aircraft in a previously developed autonomous aerial refueling simulation system. The simulations results are analyzed and compared with the NASA flight-test data, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

先进布局飞机空中加油流场特性分析

针对先进布局飞机空中加油出现的问题,综合考虑加油机的加油区、加油机与受油机之间、吊舱锥套与受油机之间的流场特性,对先进布局飞机空中加油中遇到的流场进行了分析.通过理论分析和试飞验证,总结出一套切实可行的先进布局飞机空中对接加油试飞方法.     

空中加受油安全对接控制验证要素分析

空中加受油是一个复杂的系统工程,影响因素与加油机、受油机都密切相关,由于大型加油机(软式) 上单翼、大翼展、高垂尾和大型起落架整流包的特殊布局使得空中编队加受油对接过程中,加油机、软管锥套与 受油机之间相互的气动干扰变得十分复杂。通过分析国内外大型加油机、先进受油机的主要特点,总结空中加 受油对接过程中加油机、受油机之间会产生的气动干扰,研究空中加受油编队典型体系及空中加受油编队程 序,提出可能对空中加受油安全对接控制产生影响的验证要素,并对这些影响要素展开分析。安全对接控制验 证要素的分析可以为后续确定软式空中加受油安全对接流程提供理论指导,为空中加受油对接速度的选取提 供依据。     

无人机软管式自主空中加油视觉导航技术

近年来,机器视觉技术的迅速发展给无人机自主空中加油提供了一种新思路,克服了传统GPS动态适应能力差的不足。基于双目视觉,提出了一种实用的无人机自主空中加油导航方案,并提出了一种利用深度学习进行检测跟踪配合几何约束进行位姿计算的技术。根据加油机和受油机距离的不同,将导航分为远端导航和近端导航。全程对加油锥套进行检测和跟踪,并在近端进行锥套位姿计算。实验结果表明,该算法满足加油的鲁棒性要求,稳定跟踪锁定目标距离范围大于40m。当与目标距离小于10m时,距离误差优于±10cm。说明本文提出的方法具有较强的应用前景。     

Simulation Environment for Machine Vision Based Aerial Refueling for UAVs

The design of a simulation environment is described for a machine vision (MV)-based approach for the problem of aerial refueling (AR) for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) using the USAF refueling method. MV-based algorithms are implemented within the proposed scheme to detect the relative position and orientation between the UAV and the tanker. Within this effort, techniques and algorithms for the visualization the tanker aircraft in a virtual reality (VR) setting, for the acquisition of the tanker image, for the feature extraction (FE) from the acquired image, for the feature matching (FM) of the features, for the tanker-UAV pose estimation (PE) have been developed and extensively tested in closed-loop simulations. Detailed mathematical models of the tanker and UAV dynamics, refueling boom, turbulence, wind gusts, and tanker's wake effects, along with the UAV docking control laws have been implemented within the simulation environment. This paper also presents the results of a study relative to the use of passive markers versus feature extraction for the problem of estimating in real time the UAV-tanker relative position and orientation vectors.     

拦阻钩初次碰撞道面反弹动力学

分析了飞机着舰拦阻时,拦阻钩初次接触道面碰撞后被反弹的动力学成因,建立了飞机拦阻钩碰撞道面的弹跳模型。研究了下滑轨迹角和甲板角对拦阻钩碰撞反弹角速度和拦阻钩所受冲量的影响,并分别考虑了航母俯仰运动和甲板凸起物对拦阻钩碰撞反弹性能的影响。结果表明：轨迹角约4°时,拦阻钩反弹角速度和其所受冲量随下滑轨迹角呈线性变化;反弹角速度与甲板角的余弦成反比,道面冲量与甲板角余弦的平方成反比;航母向上的俯仰运动和甲板凸起物增大了拦阻钩反弹角速度,凸起物达到一定角度时,机身推拦阻钩的冲量变为拉拦阻钩的冲量。该模型的结果为机身和拦阻钩装置的设计提供了重要依据。     

Drogue detection for autonomous aerial refueling based on convolutional neural networks

Drogue detection is a fundamental issue during the close docking phase of autonomous aerial refueling(AAR). To cope with this issue, a novel and effective method based on deep learning with convolutional neural networks(CNNs) is proposed. In order to ensure its robustness and wide application, a deep learning dataset of images was prepared by utilizing real data of ‘‘Probe and Drogue" aerial refueling, which contains diverse drogues in various environmental conditions without artificial features placed on the drogues. By employing deep learning ideas and graphics processing units(GPUs), a model for drogue detection using a Caffe deep learning framework with CNNs was designed to ensure the method's accuracy and real-time performance. Experiments were conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, and results based on real AAR data compare its performance to other methods, validating the accuracy, speed, and robustness of its drogue detection ability.     

基于CFD的软式空中加油锥套气动特性研究

无人机空中加油缺少人为的观测与控制,若要进行自主控制下的空中加油,获取精准的气动数据则十分关键。基于CFD研究了国外某型锥套的气动特性,通过改变锥套支撑臂数量、空速以及稳定伞面积3个因素,构建了不同的三维子模型。利用数值计算分析了其对锥套气动参数的影响,并探究了影响规律。仿真结果表明,支撑臂数量和稳定伞面积均会影响阻力系数,而空速对阻力系数几乎没有影响。该方法可以用来预测影响因素发生变化时锥套阻力系数的变化趋势,为分析锥套气动特性提供了理论依据。     

Real-time drogue recognition and 3D locating for UAV autonomous aerial refueling based on monocular machine vision

Drogue recognition and 3D locating is a key problem during the docking phase of the autonomous aerial refueling(AAR). To solve this problem, a novel and effective method based on monocular vision is presented in this paper. Firstly, by employing computer vision with red-ring-shape feature, a drogue detection and recognition algorithm is proposed to guarantee safety and ensure the robustness to the drogue diversity and the changes in environmental conditions, without using a set of infrared light emitting diodes(LEDs) on the parachute part of the drogue. Secondly, considering camera lens distortion, a monocular vision measurement algorithm for drogue 3D locating is designed to ensure the accuracy and real-time performance of the system,with the drogue attitude provided. Finally, experiments are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Experimental results show the performances of the entire system in contrast with other methods, which validates that the proposed method can recognize and locate the drogue three dimensionally, rapidly and precisely.