Detection Performance of a Mean-Level Threshold

The problem of detecting signals in nonstationary clutter is met by presenting a mean-level or adaptive threshold which adjusts to the changing background level. Such a threshold performs better than a fixed threshold that must be set for the highest amplitude clutter. However, the mean-level threshold does not perform as well for stationary noise as a fixed threshold set at the proper value. One measure of effectiveness of an adaptive threshold is its performance in stationary noise (compared to the optimum fixed threshold) for a specified speed of response. For the mean-level threshold, a simple mathematical solution is found for the detection probability when the noise is stationary and the signal scintillates rapidly. The performance is evaluated for a wide range of mean-level-threshold time constants and for several false-alarm probabilities. The results are presented graphically. As an example, the mean-level threshold suffers 3 dB in detectability (equivalent signal-to-noise ratio) in the presence of stationary noise as compared to the optimum fixed threshold for 50-percent probability of detection, false-alarm probability of 10-8, and an adjustment time of 15 times the signal duration.     

基于统计置信度的湍流检测门限确定方法

机载气象雷达是检测飞行中湍流的重要设备,对于保障飞行的安全具有重大意义。它通过判断回波信号谱宽是否超过门限来检测湍流,关键在于检测门限的设定。将其看成一个统计问题进行解决,提出了利用统计学中置信度来设置门限的方法,根据湍流微粒的概率分布推导了置信度与检测门限的关系,并利用其进行检测门限设置。最后利用仿真的气象雷达回波信号进行了实验,实验结果表明提出的方法能够检测出实验中设置的湍流区域．验证了方法的有效性．     

QUADRI-THRESHOLD ALGORITHM OF CO-LOCATED RADAR-TO-ESM CORRELATION

A quadri-threshold radar-to-ESM correlation algorithm is presented and the corresponding four thresholds (high threshold, middle threshold, low threshold, and threshold margin) are given. The proposed algorithm is especially suited for the scenarios where each radar track is specified by different numbers of measurements. Using a simple and effective discriminant function based on the fuzzy synthesis function, the proposed quadri-threshold radar-to-ESM correlation algorithm first selects the two most likely radar tracks and then makes the soft decision based on the selected two tracks. The introduction of the threshold margin in the presented algorithm can further reduce misclassification errors. Simulation results show the feasibility of the algorithm.     

The Detection Performance of a Modified Moving Window Detector

The modified moving window detector for binary integration has a shorter window length compared with the ordinary moving window detector because of the addition of a third threshold. When the second threshold is reached, a counter begins to count until the third threshold is reached. A graphical method using a probability chain is developed here to analyze and to calculate the detection performance of this type detector. The detection performances for some practical cases are calculated by computer and are compared with the ordinary moving window detector.     

A mean level adaptive detector using nonconcurrent data

Convergence results for a mean level adaptive detector (MLAD) are presented. The MLAD consists of an adaptive matched filter (for spatially correlated inputs) followed by a mean level detector (MLD). The optimal weights of the adaptive matched filter are estimated from one batch of data and applied to a statistically independent batch of nonconcurrent data. The threshold of the MLD is determined from the resultant data. Thereafter a candidate cell is compared against this threshold. Probabilities of false alarm and detection are derived as a function of the threshold factor, the order of the matched filter, the number of independent samples per channel used to calculate the adaptive matched filter weights, the number of samples used to set the MLD threshold, and the output signal-to-noise power ratio of the optimal matched filter. A number of performance curves are shown and discussed     

小波消噪在测试信号处理中的应用

结合某测试信号,介绍了阈值消噪的三种方法：强制阈值、默认阈值和给定阈值。通过分析不同阈值消噪后信号波形,计算消噪信号的信噪比、均方根误差和相关系数,对几种方法的准确度进行了对比。结果表明,通过合理选择小波分解的尺度,对小波系数进行阈值重构,能有效地去除信号中含有的噪声,而选用不同规则下的阈值函数或者同一阈值函数对小波系数的处理方式不同,消噪的效果会有很大差异,而阈值函数的选取,更应充分考虑信号的实际特征。     

基于退化失效阈值可能性分布的可靠性建模

针对随机失效阈值下的退化可靠性分析问题,利用可能性分布表征失效阈值中的不确定性,提出了一种退化失效建模的可靠性分析方法,解决了预测模型中不确定性的传递问题。通过陀螺仪剩余寿命预测的案例研究,阐明了文中方法的有效性。     

Threshold Control for Automatic Detection in Radar Systems

In automatic detection in radar systems an estimate of background clutter power is used to set the detection threshold. Usually detection cells surrounding the cell under test for the presence of a target are used to estimate the clutter power. In the research reported herein, the target location is taken to be uncertain and thus returns from a target could corrupt this clutter power estimate. It is shown how the threshold should be varied to compensate for the resulting degradation in detection performance. The threshold control procedure is based on a priori information about target location that could be supplied by the radar's tracking system. In addition, a simple procedure for calculating detection and false alarm probabilities for Swerling II target models is presented.     

Radar Target Detection and Map-Matching Algorithm Studies

Results of a study of adaptive threshold target detection and map-matching algorithms are presented. Log threshold processing is shown to be preferred over linear threshold processing when the clutter data surrounding the target cell is contaminated by other targets, decoy corner reflectors, or bright clutter cells. Whereas previous studies have resorted to extensive Monte-Carlo simulations of log threshold algorithms, the results were obtained using a novel analytical approach based upon Parseval's theorem.     

Low threshold particle arrays

While atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes have a small field of view and a small duty fraction, arrays of particle detectors on ground have a 1 sr field of view and a 100% duty fraction. On the other hand, particle detector arrays have a much higher energy threshold and an inferior hadron rejection as compared to Cherenkov telescopes. Low threshold particle detector arrays would have potential advantages over Cherenkov telescopes in the search for episodic or unexpected sources of gamma rays in the multi-TeV energy range. Ways to improve the threshold and hadron rejection of arrays are shown, based on existing technology for the timing method (with scintillator or water Cherenkov counters) and the tracking method (with tracking detectors). The performance that could be achieved is shown by examples for both methods. At mountain altitude (about 4000 m or above) an energy threshold close to 1 TeV could be achieved. For any significant reduction of the hadronic background by selecting muon-poor showers a muon detection area of at least 1000 m² is required, even for a compact array.     

滑动轴承—转子系统Hopf分岔分析计算方法

基于Hopf分岔定性理论、周期系统Floquet理论,针对流固耦合系统力函数计算特点,并考虑系统规模大小对算法的不同要求,提出了一套新的转子-轴承系统Hopf分岔分析计算方法。这套方法主要包括自激周期解计算的边值方法、周期解稳定性判别算法、周期解预测-校正延续算法、自激振动的稳定裕度准则等,可以有效地确定转子-轴承系统Hopf分岔临界点及分岔方向,可以研究分岔解的发展、变化,包括研究实践中关注的“跳跃”、“迟滞”等典型非线性现象。      

Weak Signal Detection in Non-Gaussian Noise of Unknown Level

An adaptive threshold detector to test for the presence of a weak signal in additive non-Gaussian noise of unknown level is discussed. The detector consists of a locally optimum detector, a noise level estimator, and a decision device. The detection threshold is made adaptive according to the information provided by the noise level estimator in order to keep a fixed false-alarm probability. Asymptotic performance characteristics are obtained indicating relationships among the basic system parameters such as the reference noise sample size and the underlying noise statistics. It is shown that, as the reference noise sample size is made sufficiently large, the adaptive threshold detector attains the performance of a corresponding locally optimum detector for detecting the weak signal were the noise level known.     

高精度加速度计阈值的重力二次细分测试方法

高精度导航系统和微重力测量系统对于加速度计有高精度的阈值指标需 求,传统测试方法难以完成高精度加速度计的阈值测试。对此,提出了一种新的加速度 计阈值测试方法。采用对重力加速度二次细分的方法,激励出微小的加速度输入,通过 将加速度计实际输出的微小加速度测量结果和理论值进行对比,得出加速度计的阈值指 标,并结合理论分析给出了此阈值测试方法的测试精度。最后,对此加速度计阈值测试 方法进行了仿真与实验验证,仿真结果表明此方法采用姿态精度2″的转台可以实现指标 为5.7685×10-8g 的加速度计阈值测试;实验结果证明此测试方法有效。     

机载电子设备抗干扰阈值仿真计算

以机载电子设备干扰阈值为研究对象,从干扰信号的仿真计算原理出发,开发设计出一种基于矩量法的干扰阈值计算软件,并通过与试验结果进行对比分析,验证了其精度满足工程应用的要求。最后给出了干扰阈值在机场电磁环境监测和报警系统中的应用。     

A Method for Setting a Test Signal Level Relative to Noise

A method is described for adjusting the leval of an RF test signal generator relative to the noise level at the receiver output. The method compares a detected output to a threshold and counts the number of times noise and signal plus noise cross the threshold in a given number of tries. By setting the threshold at a given false alarm probability for noise alone and then adding the test signal and adjusting its level to give a specified detection probability, the signal-to-noise ratio can be calibrated to an accuracy that depends on the number of samples used to measure the probabilities. The false alarm and detection probabilities are given for best accuracy as well as the rms error in signal-to-noise ratio as a function of the number of samples used.     

近地告警系统报警阈值算法研究

近地告警系统的报警阈值的设定是研究告警系统技术过程中的一个重要问题。本文给出一种状态空间下的基于报警系统复杂性能指标的报警阈值的设计方法,该方法利用预先定义的包含不确定因素的轨迹模型,权衡报警和无报警之间的关系,以此来设定合适的报警阈值;最后,以近地告警系统模式1的阈值设置为例,在MATLAB环境中用Monte Carlo方法进行计算机仿真,验证了该报警系统阈值的设计方法。     

新生目标强度未知的双门限粒子PHD滤波器

传统粒子概率假设密度(PHD)滤波器假定新生目标强度已知,当新生目标在整个观测区域随机出现时不再适用。为解决新生目标强度未知时的多目标跟踪问题,提出了一种基于量测信息的双门限粒子PHD(PHD-DT)滤波器。首先基于似然函数设定门限对存活目标量测进行粗提取,利用上一时刻的目标估计值构建圆形波门进行精细提取,并对门限设定方法进行分析,然后根据提取结果对目标PHD进行分解,得到存活目标和新生目标的PHD预测及更新表达式,最后给出了滤波器的实现方法并同基于量测驱动的PHD(PHD-M)滤波器和Logic+联合概率数据互联(JPDA)方法进行了仿真对比。仿真结果表明,在新生目标强度未知时,PHD-DT可有效避免Logic+JPDA在杂波背景下因航迹起始错误带来的估计误差,并较好地解决了PHD-M的目标数目过估问题,多目标估计性能更优,且杂波越强性能优势越明显。     

小积液情况下卧式转子的稳定性实验研究

盘腔积液现象在舰用燃气轮机工作过程中时有发生，汽化的滑油和水蒸气凝结形成积液。转子带动腔内的积液旋转，引发振动失稳，严重时会对发动机结构造成致命性破坏。为此，本文开展燃气轮机压气机盘腔积液的模拟实验研究，以双盘双支承的卧式柔性转子系统作为研究对象，重点关注小积液量的特点，对积液转子的动力学稳定性进行了研究。观测到转子的失稳现象，开展了不同积液体积、不同积液类型（水、植物油和滑油）等因素的影响规律研究，揭示了小积液的卧式转子动力学特征。研究结果表明：①对于积液失稳振动，存在失稳边界积液量，当积液量大于该边界值时，失稳将会发生。②失稳边界转速及恢复转速均高于临界转速。当转速高于失稳边界转速时，失稳将会发生。转速进一步增加，高于恢复转速时，失稳现象可能消失。③失稳时的振动特征为：出现幅值突增，次谐波成分也随之增加；基频和次谐波发生调制，表现出拍振特征。④随着积液体积的增加，失稳边界转速先减小后增加。⑤随着积液粘度系数增大，失稳边界转速和边界积液量均增大。     

Suppression of Weibull-Distributed Clutters Using a Cell-Averaging LOG/CFAR Receiver

The parameters of the Weibull distribution and the threshold level for an adaptive CFAR detector are determined by calculating the mean value and the mean-squared value of the input signal voltage before it passes through a logarithmic amplifier. By using this threshold level an adaptive method for suppressing various VVeibull-distributed clutters is proposed.     

Calculating Detection Probabilities for Adaptive Thresholds

In calculating detection probabiities for radar and sonar systems it is usually assumed that the threshold required to yield a certain probability of false alarm is known. This is often not the case for real systems and therefore the threshold must be estimated using some measure related to the test statistic. This paper presents a calculation technique that handles estimated (adaptive) thresholds in a general framework that can be applied easily to many detection problems. False alarm and detection probabilities are calculated from the characteristic function of the noise or signal plus noise variate and the characteristic function of the threshold estimate. To illustrate the method the detection performance of overlapped discrete Fourier transforms (DFTs) is calculated for a narrowband Gaussian target signal.