隔板喷嘴对燃烧室切向声学模态作用研究

隔板喷嘴通过改变燃烧室声学特性,在抑制火箭发动机高频燃烧不稳定性方面具有重要作用。然而,目前并没有合适的理论模型,来预测隔板喷嘴对燃烧室声学特性的作用规律。为了获得隔板喷嘴对燃烧室内切向声学振荡模态作用的理论模型,通过理论推导隔板喷嘴声导纳,利用分离变量法结合实验验证,研究了径向隔板喷嘴间隙、数量及长度对燃烧室一阶切向声学振荡模态的影响。结果表明,存在最佳隔板喷嘴间隙,对燃烧室内一阶切向声学振荡模态抑制效果最佳;随着隔板喷嘴数量或长度的增加,燃烧室内一阶切向声学振荡模态频率和幅值均呈现下降趋势,且弱化了隔板喷嘴间隙的作用效果。该模型为隔板喷嘴研究奠定了一定的理论基础,研究结果为火箭发动机隔板喷嘴设计提供指导。     

隔板喷嘴对燃烧室切向声学模态作用研究

隔板喷嘴通过改变燃烧室声学特性,在抑制火箭发动机高频燃烧不稳定性方面具有重要作用。然而,目前并没有合适的理论模型,来预测隔板喷嘴对燃烧室声学特性的作用规律。为了获得隔板喷嘴对燃烧室内切向声学振荡模态作用的理论模型,通过理论推导隔板喷嘴声导纳,利用分离变量法结合实验验证,研究了径向隔板喷嘴间隙、数量及长度对燃烧室一阶切向声学振荡模态的影响。结果表明,存在最佳隔板喷嘴间隙,对燃烧室内一阶切向声学振荡模态抑制效果最佳;随着隔板喷嘴数量或长度的增加,燃烧室内一阶切向声学振荡模态频率和幅值均呈现下降趋势,且弱化了隔板喷嘴间隙的作用效果。该模型为隔板喷嘴研究奠定了一定的理论基础,研究结果为火箭发动机隔板喷嘴设计提供指导。     

隔板对液体火箭发动机燃烧室声学模态特性的影响

通过采用声学有限元法,求解带有平均流源项的亥姆霍兹方程,进而在考虑燃烧室高温、平均流场因素基础上分析了隔板结构参数对液体火箭发动机燃烧室声学模态特性影响规律。结果表明：增加隔板数目或长度,均会降低燃烧室1阶切向模态的特征频率;存在最佳隔板数目4,使燃烧室1阶切向模态阻尼率最大;而隔板长度越长,1阶切向模态声压波腹的分布面积越小,阻尼率越大;隔板型式对燃烧室1阶切向模态特性影响较小。     

气喷嘴和声腔对燃烧室声学特性的影响

为了掌握气喷嘴和声腔对燃烧室声学特性的影响规律以及解释声学实验中出现的切向频率分化现象的内在机理,采用声学有限元方法(FEM)并在单喷嘴声学模拟实验验证的基础上,从固有频率和声压分布角度分析了气喷嘴长度、声腔长度和节流嘴直径对燃烧室声学特性的影响规律,利用声压分布成功地解释了实验中出现的频率分化现象。结果表明:当燃烧室某阶切向振型频率与喷嘴1阶纵向振型频率相等时,喷嘴由于共振将切向振型声压幅值极值点附近的能量转移到喷嘴中,改变了燃烧室原切向振型的声压分布,因此在声学实验中产生切向频率分化现象;气喷嘴长度与节流嘴直径之间存在着耦合关系,在液氧煤油补燃发动机喷嘴设计阶段可进行组合参数匹配优化。      

大直径液氧煤油发动机燃烧室抗脉动隔板技术

随着发动机推力的增大,燃烧室直径也随之增大,表征燃烧室热声学特性的振型、频率及其组合振型更为复杂,燃烧室带与不带抗脉动隔板以及隔板的结构参数等对声学特性影响明显,直接影响燃烧不稳定性的裕度。为了研究抗脉动隔板结构参数对燃烧室声学特性的影响,本文基于三维柱坐标系声波动理论和COMSOL仿真平台,研究了抗脉动隔板结构对火箭发动机燃烧室声学特性的影响。通过单喷嘴声学模拟实验,验证了该仿真方法的有效性。分析了隔板高度、厚度和冷区长度对燃烧室声学特性的影响规律。研究结果表明:隔板高度由40mm增加至120mm时,燃烧室一阶切向和二阶切向振型的频率分别下降了22%和31%;隔板厚度和冷区长度对燃烧室声学频率的影响不超过5%;大推力补燃发动机燃烧室直径大,需采用结构形式更为复杂的抗脉动隔板来针对性地抑制横向振型。     

隔板喷嘴吸声机理研究

针对隔板喷嘴抑制高频不稳定燃烧问题,通过COMSOL数值仿真方法,从声能耗散角度研究了热粘性效应下不同隔板喷嘴间隙、直径、频率对声能耗散的影响规律。结果表明:热粘性在隔板喷嘴吸声中起到关键性作用;存在最佳隔板喷嘴间隙,使得隔板喷嘴的吸声效果最好;随着隔板喷嘴直径的增加,最佳声能耗散呈现递减趋势,最佳隔板喷嘴间隙呈现递增趋势;随着声波频率的增加,最佳声能耗散和最佳隔板喷嘴间隙均呈现递减趋势。研究结果为抑制火箭发动机不稳定燃烧的隔板喷嘴设计提供依据。     

有声腔燃烧室的声学特性实验

为了掌握声腔对燃烧室声学特性的影响规律,采用冷态实验方法,研究了带有轴向直圆孔声腔的模拟燃烧室的声学特性,其中声腔长度、开口面积比（声腔横截面积除以燃烧室横截面积）和个数均可调节.研究结果表明:燃烧室固有频率随声腔长度的增加而逐渐减小;声腔存在最佳深度,能够抑制一阶切向振型,该最佳深度不受声腔开口面积比影响,略小于1/4一阶切向波长;对抑制一阶切向振型而言,声腔存在最佳开口面积比,在本研究中约为0.17;声腔的分布对燃烧室的声学特性影响较大,相同开口面积比下,声腔个数越多,声波衰减越快.      

基于数值定容弹方法的推力室阻尼特性研究

为确定推力室的声学振型频率及其阻尼特性,给出推力室最容易激发声学振型和最难衰减声学振型,建立了基于数值定容弹和半带宽法的推力室声学振型及其阻尼特性的数值模拟方法。对小推力姿轨控发动机推力室进行近圆周壁面的定容弹激励仿真,激发出了多模态的声学振型,其中,一阶切向振型为最容易激发振型,而一阶纵向振型为最难衰减振型。进一步讨论了推力室构型参数对其阻尼特性的影响,结果表明：随推力室内径增大,纵向振型得到抑制,而切向振型变得不易衰减;随推力室收缩比增加,一阶切向振型半带宽先增大后保持不变;随推力室圆柱段长度增加,各振型半带宽没有明显的变化趋势。     

基于数值定容弹方法的推力室阻尼特性研究

为确定推力室的声学振型频率及其阻尼特性,给出推力室最容易激发声学振型和最难衰减声学振型,建立了基于数值定容弹和半带宽法的推力室声学振型及其阻尼特性的数值模拟方法。对小推力姿轨控发动机推力室进行近圆周壁面的定容弹激励仿真,激发出了多模态的声学振型,其中,一阶切向振型为最容易激发振型,而一阶纵向振型为最难衰减振型。进一步讨论了推力室构型参数对其阻尼特性的影响,结果表明:随推力室内径增大,纵向振型得到抑制,而切向振型变得不易衰减;随推力室收缩比增加,一阶切向振型半带宽先增大后保持不变;随推力室圆柱段长度增加,各振型半带宽没有明显的变化趋势。     

基于数值定容弹方法的燃烧室声学特性研究

为确定给定构型燃烧室最容易激发的声学振型,提出了能够实现大幅值非特定频率的"数值定容弹"模型。圆柱体内声学振型频率的预测值与理论结果偏差在7%以内。对姿轨控发动机推力室进行了数值定容弹激励,给出了推力室压力分布的时空演化,获得了多声学模态压力振荡及其最容易激发的声学振型。进一步研究了收缩比对推力室声学特性的影响。结果表明:随着收缩比增大,一阶和二阶切向声学振型的幅值增加,但对应的频率基本保持不变;而一阶纵向和一切-一纵声学振型的幅值减小,但对应的频率增大,当收缩比较大时,一阶纵向和一切-一纵声学振型消失。可见,与短粗构型相比,细长推力室构型有利于抑制切向声学振型。     

Effect of baffle injectors on the first-order tangential acoustic mode in a cylindrical combustor

Combustion instability is a very important issue in the development of the propulsion systems used in aerospace. It is very important to associate the high frequency combustion instabilities with the acoustic characteristics of the combustion chamber. In this paper, the effects of various baffle injectors which were installed on the injector faceplate on the first-order tangential acoustic mode were investigated theoretically and experimentally. The effects of the gap between adjacent injectors on the first-order tangential acoustic mode in a cylindrical chamber were considered. The acoustic admittance of the injectors was derived. The results showed that the amplitude and frequency of the first-order tangential acoustic mode increase with the increase in the gap between adjacent injectors, but decrease with the increase in the number and height of the baffles. The baffle injectors have a greater influence on the amplitude and frequency of the first-order tangential acoustic mode than the baffle blades.     

推力室状态对其声学振型及其阻尼特性的影响

为确定工程中冷态条件下获得的推力室声学特性能否表征真实条件下的声学特性,研究了冷态无流动、热态气相流动和湍流两相燃烧三种状态下推力室声学振型及其阻尼特性。在推力室稳态流场中的有限区域施加数值定容弹,激发其具有多模态声学振型的大幅值压力振荡,采用衰减时间和半带宽来定量评价所激发的不同声学振型压力振荡衰减快慢,进而获得其阻尼特性。在相同过载比的数值定容弹激励下,在冷态条件下能激发包含更多声学振型压力振荡,且该振荡衰减时间更长,相同振型压力振荡衰减比热态条件下慢。在冷态条件下,一阶切向振型振幅最大,为最容易被激发声学振型;一阶纵向振型半带宽最小,为最难衰减的振型。在热态条件下,一阶纵向振型为最容易激发声学振型,也为最难衰减声学振型。从所激发的主要振型及其相对衰减的快慢来看,冷态条件下获得的声学特性能够表征真实条件下的推力室的声学特征。     

Damping of Ni-Mn-Ga epoxy resin composites

By combining the advantages of effcient damping and high mechanical properties,Ni-Mn-Ga particle composites have a very good prospect for applications in damping structure design.In this paper,a ferromagnetic shape memory alloy Ni-Mn-Ga composite is prepared.Ni-Mn-Ga particle/bisphenol-A epoxy composite cantilever beam vibration tests under a magnetic feld and without the magnetic feld are conducted to analyze the structural damping ratios n.Meanwhile,the damping characteristics of the Ni-Mn-Ga composite are studied through the axial loading-unloading method and the acoustic emission signals method.The damping coeffcient of the composite for different Ni-Mn-Ga volume fractions is obtained.The interface properties of the composite are discussed by micro examination and axial loading.The relationships between the damping of the composite and that of the component materials are discussed.The specifc damping capacity（SDC）and acoustic emission counts diagram of different specimens with different Ni-Mn-Ga volume fractions are analyzed.     

A comparative study on acoustic damping induced by half-wave, quarter-wave, and Helmholtz resonators

The damping characteristics of three-type resonators, a half-wave, a quarter-wave, and a Helmholtz resonator are studied experimentally by adopting linear acoustic test. A quantitative acoustic property of sound absorption coefficient in a model enclosure with the resonators is measured and thereby, the acoustic-damping capacity of a resonator is characterized. For a comparative study on acoustic damping, the damping capacity of a half-wave resonator is compared with that of the other resonators. A half-wave and a quarter-wave resonators have the same damping mechanism, but a quarter-wave resonator has much larger damping capacity than a half-wave resonator with the same diameter of a single resonator. It is found that shorter length of a resonator has the advantage of longer one with respect to the damping capacity. The damping capacity of a Helmholtz resonator increases with cavity volume and does as the orifice length decreases. A Helmholtz resonator has the highest damping capacity of three-type resonators and a half-wave resonator has the lowest. Besides, a Helmholtz resonator requires the smallest number of resonators for optimal damping. The design criterion of each resonator on the optimal damping is provided by the normalized parameter of open-area ratio and the similarity behavior for the optimal damping is observed for various enclosure diameters.     

液体火箭发动机燃烧室波动过程数值分析

采用计算流体力学的方法,对液体火箭发动机燃烧室内波动过程进行了初步的探讨。采用两步ＰＩＳＯ算法,对流项采用二阶迎风格式,时空精度都为二阶。考察了方法的适用性,以及声学谐振器、声腔、隔板等燃烧不稳定抑制装置对燃烧室内波动过程的影响。结果表明,采用ＣＦＤ方法用于分析波动过程是可行的,谐振器、声腔与隔板对拢动波有明显的阻尼作用。     

Numerical evaluation of acoustic characteristics and their damping of a thrust chamber using a constant-volume bomb model

In order to numerically evaluate the acoustic characteristics of liquid rocket engine thrust chambers by means of a computational fluid dynamics method, a mathematical model of an artificial constant-volume bomb is proposed in this paper. A localized pressure pulse with a very high amplitude can be imposed on specified regions in a combustion chamber, the numerical procedure of which is described. Pressure oscillations actuated by the released constant-volume bomb can then be analyzed via Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT), and their modes can be identified according to the theoretical acoustic eigenfrequencies of the thrust chamber. The damping performances of the corresponding acoustic modes are evaluated by the half-power bandwidth method. The predicted acoustic characteristics and their damping for a special engine combustor agree well with the experimental data, validating the mathematical model and its numerical procedures. A small-thrust liquid rocket engine chamber is then analyzed by the present model. The First Longitudinal (1L) acoustic mode can be excited easily and is hard to be damped. The axial position of the central constant-volume bomb has little influence on the amplitude and damping capacity of the First Radial (1R) and 1L acoustic modes. Tangential acoustic modes can only be triggered by an off-centered constant-volume bomb, among which the First Tangential (1T) mode is the strongest and regarded as the most harmful one. The amplitude of the 1L acoustic mode is smaller, but its damping factor is larger, as a constant-volume bomb is imposed approaching the injector face. These results are contributed to evaluate the acoustic characteristics and their damping of the combustion chamber.     

固体火箭发动机中声场对凝聚相粒子的影响

固体火箭发动机中凝相粒子的空间非均匀分布不但会改变粒子的阻尼效果,还可能对金属粒子的分布式燃烧产生影响,从而显著改变发动机内的增益和阻尼。粒子的空间分布受发动机内部固有的声场压强振荡的影响,进而影响粒子对声振荡的阻尼效果。本文将连续相-离散元（CFD-DEM）耦合模型应用于固体火箭发动机中多物理场作用下的粒子行为研究,实现了声场对粒子行为的影响研究,获得了发动机两相流流动与声场的耦合作用规律。结果表明：CFD-DEM模型可以获得其他模型无法得到的颗粒微观信息包括颗粒与颗粒间的碰撞、颗粒与壁面的碰撞以及颗粒与气相间的相互作用等。另一方面径向声场力会使得凝聚相粒子往发动机燃烧室的中心区域汇聚,并且形成稳定宽度的粒子质量分数高达90%以上的聚焦带,而在壁面区域基本为粒子真空区域,粒子的空间不均匀分布极其显著。轴向声场力（发动机一阶基频声波）作用下颗粒分布在声场波节节点后可以观察到较高浓度粒子区减少,颗粒分布不似无声场作用那样密集,且颗粒相沿轴向的速度分布呈现先增大后减小的变化规律,在节点附近达到峰值。     

某固体火箭发动机工作末期不稳定燃烧

针对某固体火箭发动机工作末期出现的压力振荡现象开展了数值研究与线性预估.通过有限元方法得到了燃烧室空腔的声模态及固有声振频率,轴向1阶与2阶声振频率随燃面退移先减小后增大;利用大涡模拟方法分析了燃烧室内的流场特性及压力振荡特性,振荡频率与试验结果一致,判定该发动机出现了以轴向1阶声振频率为主导的不稳定燃烧;其次分析了发动机内阻尼特性,其阻尼随燃面退移不断减小;最后通过不稳定燃烧线性理论解释了该发动机工作末期出现压力振荡的机理,表明燃面退移过程中喉通比下降是导致发动机由线性稳定转向线性不稳定状态的关键因素.