Experimental investigation on a cavity-step-actuated supersonic oscillating jet

Wind tunnel testing is conducted at different back pressures in a vacuum-type wind tun-nel for a novel supersonic fluidic oscillator which consists of a two-dimensional Laval nozzle, a rect-angular cavity and a backward step, to obtain its characteristics and the conditions for jet oscillating. The experimental results show that periodic asymmetrical flipping of the supersonic jet appears over certain nozzle pressure ratio (NPR) range according to schlieren visualization and pressure fluctuations. The jet flipping appears only when the jet is over expanded. The normal-ized average amplitude of the lateral pressure difference acting on the roofs of the cavity and the step varies around 0.2 while the periodic flipping appears. The supersonic jet periodic flipping fre-quencies obtained from the experiments agree well with those from the modified Rossiter mode for cavity-step acoustic resonance, but further investigations are needed to discover the underlying mechanism for the jet flipping.     

Numerical investigation on flow mechanism in a supersonic fluidic oscillator

A type of supersonic fluidic oscillator is proposed and its ability to generate pulsating supersonic jet is proved in this paper. Unsteady two-dimensional numerical simulations reveal that the fluid transforms from subsonic to supersonic condition in the mixing chamber of oscillator after the supplied flow pressure increases from 1.1 × 10⁵ Pa to 5.0 × 10⁵ Pa. When the supersonic flow is formed inside the oscillator, the wall-attached flow represents expansion wave and compression wave alternately. The oscillating frequency will saturate to a certain value with the increase of supplied pressure. Examination of the internal fluid dynamics indicates that the flow direction inside the FeedBack Channel (FBC) is related to the change of the local pressure at the inlet and the outlet of the feedback channel. The vortices produced in the mixing chamber present different distribution characteristics with the change of the fluid’s direction in the FBC. The sweeping jet is divided into two jets with varying flow rate over time by the splitter. In the end of two channels, two jets are accelerated above sound speed by convergent-divergent nozzle. Therefore, pulsating supersonic jets are produced at two outlets for this type of fluidic oscillator.     

脉冲能量沉积对超声速射流/激波相互作用掺混的控制研究

为探究超声速射流掺混增强的有效控制方法,基于二维非稳态雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程,研究了脉冲能量沉积对超声速射流与斜激波相互作用后增强掺混的控制机理和规律。宽度为5 mm的低密度平面射流同向完全膨胀射入马赫数为2.5的主流中,并与20°压缩斜面所产生的斜激波相互作用。在流场中引入脉冲能量沉积对射流掺混进行控制,并考虑射流马赫数、射流长度、能量沉积位置及激励频率对掺混效果的影响。对比激励流场与基础流场,结果表明:脉冲能量沉积的加入诱导射流形成大尺度涡结构,显著提高射流的掺混效果;能量沉积位置对于不同马赫数射流的掺混增强具有不同的控制效果;激励前后射流宽度的对比表明,脉冲能量沉积的无量纲激励频率在0.22附近时,可使得射流的掺混效果最佳。     

超声速飞行器侧向喷流干扰流场传统数值模拟方法的误差分析

使用CFD方法,分别就真实喷管边界和简化喷口边界,计算超声速飞行器侧向喷流干扰流场,研究边界条件对干扰流场及气动力的影响.使用k-ε湍流模型封闭雷诺平均N-S方程,利用非结构网格对流场进行空间离散.通过对比,计算结果与实验值吻合良好,证明该方法具有一定可靠性.进一步研究表明喷流边界条件对喷流干扰流场具有一定影响:相对于简化喷口边界,真实喷管边界喷流出口的非均匀性导致喷口上游分离涡和激波位置较为靠前,从而引起附加气动力和力矩的变化;由于摩擦阻力的作用,真实喷管静推力存在损失;喷流压比为500时,总法向力和总俯仰力矩在两种边界条件之间的误差分别为8.21%和22.4%,误差较大.在进行侧向喷流干扰流场的精确计算时,需要考虑边界条件的影响.      

准二维水下超声速垂直过膨胀射流研究

阐述了水下超声速气体垂直过膨胀射流的准二维实验研究和射流的数值计算结果。利用高速摄影仪在1000帧/s的拍摄速度下实时记录了过膨胀工况下水下垂直射流的喷射状态,清晰显示了水下气体垂直射流的演化过程;并利用专业软件FLUENT,对实验Laval喷嘴内外纯气相流场进行了数值计算,发现喷口附近存在复杂激波区,辅助分析了水下高速气体垂直射流的动态不稳定性形貌。实验与计算表明：在保持较小射流流量和保障较大马赫数的条件下,水下超声速垂直射流在水环境中引发的回击频率会得到减弱;准回击现象的发现证实了这一结论。这对于工程应用中的风口材料的＂空蚀效应＂的减弱提供了理论依据。     

喷管加装小突片强化射流混合的PIV测量

在常温、超声速流动状态下,采用PIV技术定量测量了收敛喷管和收扩喷管加装小突片时射流纵截面的速度场和涡量场,并对其速度场和涡量场进行了比较。结果表明,对于收扩喷管,虽然其速度边界层厚度明显大于收敛喷管,但加装小突片结构也能够明显的强化射流的混合。并且发现,小突片结构不仅能产生流向涡,而且对周向涡有明显的强化作用。     

Design and implementation of rigid-flexible coupling for a half-flexible single jack nozzle

The aerodynamic design of a rigid-flexible coupling profile is the decisive factor for the flow-field quality of a supersonic free jet wind tunnel nozzle, and its mechanic dynamic features are the key for engineering implementation of continuous Mach number regulations. To fulfill the requirements of a free jet inlet/engine compatibility test within a wide simulation envelop, both uni-form flow-fields of continuous acceleration and deceleration are necessary. In this paper, the aero-dynamic design methods of an expansion wall and machinery implementation plan for the half-flexible single jack nozzle were researched. The profile control in nozzle flexible plate design was studied with a rigid-flexible coupling method. Design and calculations were performed with the help of numerical simulation. The technique of axial free stretching of the flexible plate was used to improve the matching performance between the designed elasticity profile and the theoretical one, and the rigid-flexible coupling structure was calibrated by wind tunnel tests. Results indicate that the flexible plate aerodynamic design method used here is effective and feasible. Via rigid-flexible coupling design, the flexible plate agrees with the rigid body very well, and continuous Mach number changes can be achieved during the tests. The nozzle’s exit flow-field uniformity meets the requirements of China Military Standard (GJB).     

轴向旋涡强化矩形喷流掺混的机理研究

本文介绍了在低速射流风洞上开展的二维喷管来流带旋涡的模拟实验。通过流场观察，壁面静压和矩形喷流三维流场的测试。     

二维超音速激波风洞及其应用

简述了二维超音速激波风洞的设计要点和性能,并给出在该风洞中低凸台诱导激波和湍流边界层相互作用的实验结果。实践表明：在被驱动段和喷管之间安装一个前缘光滑的矩形剖面短管道;并将二维喷管精加工成型,就能获得实验所需的均匀超音速气流。     

超声速喷流混合流场大涡模拟

以光学窗口外冷喷流为研究背景，采用大涡模拟方法对后台阶外形切向喷流混合流场进行了研究。数值方法基于隐式亚格子模型，采用高精度WENO格式进行空间离散，并通过超声速平面混合层流动对数值方法进行了考核验证。喷流混合流场计算模型与试验一致，来流和喷流马赫数分别为3.4和2.5。数值模拟清晰地捕捉到了流场波系以及混合剪切层、壁面边界层等典型流场结构，并精细预测了混合层发生失稳、转捩及发展为充分发展湍流的时空发展过程。数值模拟得到的湍流大尺度结构的位置和形态与实验图像一致。通过对瞬时流场、统计平均流场和脉动参数的分析，揭示了流场结构特征及其时空演化规律，并获得了流场密度脉动特性。      

缩比发动机喷嘴热喷流噪声试验

为深入了解涡扇发动机喷流噪声特性,验证喷流噪声降噪方法,建立发动机喷流噪声数据库,在法国国家航天航空研究中心的CEPRA19声学风洞开展了缩比发动机喷嘴热喷流噪声试验测试工作。针对发动机热喷流模拟系统,设计加工了面积比（外涵喷嘴面积与内涵喷嘴面积之比）为5和7的两种喷嘴构型试验模型。通过减小高温区域单个零件长度尺寸和零件壁厚的方法,降低热膨胀对模型尺寸的影响。在声学风洞中完成了不同工况条件下两种面积比圆形喷嘴和锯齿形喷嘴的远场噪声特性测试。通过对远场测量噪声频谱进行分析,发现随着来流速度的增大喷流噪声会减小,采用锯齿形喷嘴设计在中低频喷流噪声水平降低,在高频噪声水平有所增加。     

二元喷管热喷流噪声特性试验研究

本文用露天热喷管试验台产生喷射噪声,在收敛喷管处临界状态,测量了圆锥喷管、不同宽高比的二元喷管进口加旋与不加旋等条件下的喷射噪声,对二元喷管热喷流噪声的空间分布和频谱进行了分析。结果表明,二元喷管与圆锥喷管热喷热流噪声的声谱分布不同,它减小了喷射噪声低频范围的声压级,并且将噪声能量转移到高频范围,为加快噪声传输过程中的衰减建立了良好条件;二元喷管宽高比参数增大和喷管进口加轴向旋流具有抑制噪声辐射的     

波瓣混合器喷流降噪技术实验

在消声室内的喷流噪声实验台上,对大涵道比涡扇发动机混合式排气系统缩比模型进行了冷喷流噪声实验,以环形混合器为基准,研究了采用波瓣混合器的喷管喷流远声场频谱特性和降噪效果.研究结果表明:与采用环形混合器的基准型喷管相比,波瓣混合器喷管在低频段有很好的降噪效果但高频段的声压级有所升高,波瓣混合器喷管下游方向(θ=150°)的总声压级明显降低而中游方向和上游方向的总声压级升高.随着波瓣混合器出口处内外涵气流速度差的增大,波瓣混合器喷管低频段的降噪效果越来越明显但高频段声压级的升高也会不同程度地增大,在波瓣混合器喷管下游方向(θ=150°)的总声压级降低更加明显的同时中游方向和上游方向的总声压级也有所升高.      

活塞式合成射流技术及其应用研究

设计了活塞式合成射流激励器,研究了合成射流特性及其影响因素,并在高速风洞中开展了合成射流应用于空腔流场气动噪声抑制的试验研究。研究结果表明：合成射流激励器设计合理,能够得到较高速度的射流,正向射流速度极值约160m/s;合成射流频率与激励器激励频率一致;激励器频率、活塞行程以及射流出口形状等参数会对合成射流速度极值产生明显影响;合成射流速度对射流出口厚度变化不敏感;该方法对空腔流场气动噪声的抑制效果与马赫数关系密切,跨声速条件下,采用该方法进行流动控制能够改善空腔流场的气动声学环境,而超声速时该流动控制方法基本失效。     

导弹模型后体横向喷流干扰特性

通过在2m×2m超声速风洞开展横向喷流静态测力和油流显示试验，获取了来流马赫数为1.5~4.0、迎角为-8°~27°、喷流静压比为5~17.6及不同喷口位置等参数对横向喷流干扰的影响规律，结合数值模拟获取了模型表面极限流线和喷口附近干扰流场结构，进而研究了导弹模型强迫运动下的横向喷流干扰特性。结果表明:在模拟参数范围内，位于导弹模型后体的横向喷流均产生有利干扰；来流马赫数越大，干扰放大因子随迎角变化越剧烈，静压比升高导致干扰放大因子减小，“单独向上喷流”干扰程度大于“单独向下喷流”；强迫运动条件下基本气动特性和干扰均出现动态迟滞，干扰放大因子尤其在大迎角和下俯过程中明显偏离固定迎角值，表明模型运动对横向喷流干扰特性影响较大。      

Integrated supersonic wind tunnel nozzle

In supersonic wind tunnels, the airflow at the exit of a convergent-divergent nozzle is affected by the connection between the nozzle and test section, because the connection is a source of disturbance for supersonic flow and the source of disturbance generated by this disturbance propagates downstream. In order to avoid the disturbance, the test can only be carried out in the rhombus area. However, for the supersonic nozzle, the rhombus region is small, limiting the size and attitude angle of the test model. An integrated supersonic nozzle is a nozzle and a test section as a whole, which is designed to weaken or eliminate the disturbance. The inviscid contour of the supersonic nozzle is based on the method of characteristics. A new curve is formed by the smooth connection between the inviscid contour and test section, and the boundary layer is corrected for the overall curve. Integrated supersonic nozzles with Mach number 1.5 and 2 are designed, which are based on this method. The flow field is validated by numerical and experimental results. The results of the study highlight the importance of the connection about the nozzle outlet and test section. They clearly show that the wave system does not exist at the exit of the supersonic nozzle, and the flow field is uniform throughout the test section.     

新型斜波瓣超声速混合器设计研究及其数值计算

根据超声速两股流掺混的特点, 在波瓣喷管的基础上提出了一种新的斜波瓣型超声速混合器设计方法, 设计的原则是在较小流动损失的前提下尽可能增加混合程度.利用有限体积法对三维可压粘流N-S方程进行离散, 紊流模型为k-ε模型, 分别对欠膨胀、接近完全膨胀和过膨胀3种工况进行了计算研究.计算结果表明, 当内通道瓣腔顶端与外通道相交处成一定夹角, 射流产生鞍形激波和旋涡可以增加掺混效率, 混合器内两股超声速流的流态基本符合设计要求.在欠膨胀、接近完全膨胀的工况, 效果是令人满意的, 但对严重过膨胀的工况, 到出口截面的混合效果不理想.      

(高)超声速流动试验技术及研究进展

近年来,与高速飞行器相关的(高)超声速流动受到了极大的关注。这类流动所具有的非定常性、强梯度和可压缩性对试验方法和风洞设计技术提出了挑战。超声速纳米示踪平面激光散射(NPLS)技术是由作者所在团队研发的非接触光学测试技术。它能够以较高的空间分辨率来揭示超声速三维流场的一个瞬态剖面的时间解析的流动结构。介绍了NPLS技术以及基于NPLS开发的密度场测量、雷诺应力测量和气动光学波前测量等方法,并回顾了这些技术在超声速边界层、超声速混合层、超声速压缩拐角、激波/边界层相互作用和光学头罩绕流等流动中的应用,清晰地再现了边界层、混合层、激波等典型流场结构及其时空演化特性。另外,为了模拟和研究高空大气条件下边界层自然转捩和超声速混合层的转捩特性,介绍了高超声速静风洞、超-超混合层风洞的设计技术以及层流化喷管的设计方法。     

超声速/高超声速双拐点喷管设计

为实现直连式试验台、高温风洞等试验设备的多马赫数运行,提出了双拐点喷管设计方法.喷管分2段设计,第1段共用,采用3次B-Spline函数描述喷管轴线马赫数分布.首先采用特征线方法求解Euler方程,得到无黏的理想喷管型面.其次采用参考温度方法求解边界层位移厚度,对无黏壁面进行修正得到实际壁面.共用段喷管出口的平行均匀流作为第2段喷管设计的初值.为验证设计方法的可行性,设计了中间马赫数为3.0,出口马赫数分别为4.0,4.5和5.0的双拐点喷管,并采用雷诺平均的Navier-Stokes方程对设计的喷管流场进行数值模拟.计算结果表明:喷管出口流场均匀,试验菱形区的马赫数误差小于1.2%.该方法提高了喷管设计精度,保证消波干净,为直连式试验台、高温风洞等设备的多个喷管共用一套动力系统提供了基础.      

液体射流在强化超音速燃烧中的应用

研究了在燃烧室入口马赫数为2的超音速燃烧中,液体射流所产生的振荡激波对强化超音速燃烧的作用。经过一维分析,证明了在离燃料喷嘴适当位置上喷射液体,所产生的振荡激波能强化超音速燃烧,提高燃烧效率。