基于幅频响应特性的半球谐振子频率裂解与固有刚度轴方位角测定方法

半球谐振子频率裂解与固有刚度轴方位角是影响陀螺性能指标的核心因素。提出了一种基于幅频响应特性的半球谐振子频率裂解与固有刚度轴方位角测定方法，采用压电激振台扫频激振，多普勒激光测振仪检测谐振子的幅频响应特性，通过幅频响应特性曲线分析实现频率裂解与固有刚度轴方位角的测定。对该方法进行了理论分析，搭建了实验装置，并对半球谐振子进行了测试，结果表明：该方法频率裂解测量精度优于0.01Hz，固有频率主轴方位角确定精度优于±1.17°，具有良好的可行性，在半球谐振陀螺研制方面具有良好的参考意义。     

MEMS多环陀螺调频控制系统

MEMS多环陀螺是一种轴对称结构基于科里奥利力运动的固体波动陀螺，然而由于加工工艺误差导致了系统模态之间频率漂移、阻尼不均等一系列问题，限制了其向高精度领域的发展。首先对MEMS多环陀螺在力平衡模式下的动力学模型进行分析并对信号处理进行简要介绍，随后对于频率误差做出进一步分析并提出了一种基于电刚度补偿的调频方案，最后基于FPGA平台进行了加入调频控制后的MEMS多环陀螺控制系统实验验证，证明通过两步电刚度补偿法，可以将系统模态之间的频差降为1Hz以内，且有效地降低了系统的零偏和零偏稳定性。     

半球谐振陀螺的结构参数对工作模态以及进动系数的影响

为实现高性能的半球谐振子结构设计,文章针对半球谐振陀螺的结构参数对其工作模态频率、模态频率位阶以及进动系数的影响做了相关研究。在对陀螺进动系数计算理论研究基础上,对半球谐振陀螺的进动因子进行了有限元仿真计算;接着对具有不同结构参数的半球谐振子进行了模态仿真分析,发现在半球谐振子设计过程中,当球壳厚度和支撑柱半径之比小于1/3时,能够将陀螺的工作模态设置于最容易激发的第1和第2阶模态,大大提高了陀螺敏感特性。同时,能够极大拉开工作模态与干扰模态之间的频差,仿真结果最大拉开了2760.8Hz。最后,仿真结果表明半球谐振陀螺的进动系数受到结构变化而产生的波动非常小,进动系数的波动维持在0.27~0.28范围内。     

半球谐振陀螺阻尼不均匀误差补偿方法

半球谐振陀螺是基于哥氏效应测量角速度的新型固态陀螺，全角模式下具有低噪声、高带宽和大动态范围，并且可以直接读取角度信号，具有良好的应用前景。针对全角模式下的主要误差来源——阻尼不均匀项，在二维谐振子振动模型的基础上，简要介绍了Lynch平均法，结合驻波进动方程，重点梳理了“四力控制”法、方位角自适应补偿法和“虚拟旋转”法等误差补偿方法，并对各补偿方法进行了总结，最后对半球谐振陀螺误差补偿技术的发展趋势进行了展望。     

高精度石英半球裸振子微应力制造

半球谐振子是半球谐振陀螺的核心元件,其质量直接决定了陀螺的性能精度,以高纯石英材料制成的半球谐振子已得到业界的广泛认可,但加工难度较高。半球裸振子是半球谐振子的未完全加工态,其加工表面残余应力的大小决定了谐振Q值、频差Δf等参数,进而影响谐振性能。文章就石英半球裸振子的微应力制造技术方法和技术特点进行了分析和讨论,以及采用飞秒激光加工设备实现石英半球裸振子微应力制造,飞秒激光加工具有速度快、热变形小、非接触、微应力等优势,用于半球谐振子加工能够明显改善加工效率、成本和表面应力状态,采用飞秒激光加工为高精度石英半球裸振子的加工提供新实现途径。     

角速率输入条件下圆锥误差补偿算法

针对捷联惯导系统中利用角速率拟合角增量进行圆锥误差补偿精度下降和实时性变差的问题,提出了一种直接利用陀螺的角速率输出进行圆锥误差补偿的算法,利用角速率的叉乘项来拟合圆锥误差补偿项,并推导了四子样圆锥误差补偿算法的具体表达形式,并从本质上阐述了圆锥误差的存在机理。在典型圆锥运动条件下通过对所提算法的仿真并和理论解析解的做差比较,验证了所提算法的可行性和有效性。     

半球谐振陀螺振子耦合振动的近似解析分析

半球壳是新型半球谐振陀螺的敏感部件。有效地隔离谐振子有害的耦合振动对于保证陀螺性能的可靠、稳定具有十分重要的工程价值。本文在研究半球壳谐振子支承杆结构振动的基础上，采用瑞利－里兹法，对结构特性最佳的Ψ型谐振子最低阶耦合振动进行了分析，给出了谐振子有关参数设计的近似解析工程用方程，对于研制半球谐振陀螺有实际应用价值。     

考虑陀螺频率特性的角速率输入圆锥补偿算法

针对陀螺直接输出角速率且通带内增益不一致(频率特性),而传统角速率输入圆锥补偿算法要求输入理想的角速率,提出了一种考虑陀螺频率特性的角速率输入圆锥补偿算法.推导了圆锥运动情况下姿态更新周期内理想旋转矢量增量和实际姿态算法计算的旋转矢量增量,以最小化理想旋转矢量增量和计算旋转矢量增量之间非周期项的差异为计算圆锥误差补偿系数的准则,最优补偿系数可以看成是采用理想角速率输入的圆锥补偿算法系数与考虑频率特性时对理想圆锥补偿算法系数修正的和.得到了公式化求解考虑频率特性的各子样算法最优系数的方法.仿真结果表明,所提出的算法比传统角速率输入圆锥补偿算法在精度上有明显提高.     

圆柱壳体振动陀螺的力平衡控制

圆柱壳体振动陀螺是基于弹性驻波的哥氏效应测量载体角速度或角度的新型振动陀螺，具有精度高、体积小、结构简单、功耗低等优点，因此是捷联惯性导航系统的理想陀螺仪。工作在力平衡模式的圆柱壳体振动陀螺输出角速率信息，噪声特性好、漂移误差易补偿、分辨率高。文章首先对力平衡模式下的频率跟踪回路、幅度控制回路、正交控制回路、力平衡控制回路等四大控制回路基本原理进行介绍。其中，频率跟踪回路与幅度控制回路一起构成陀螺主模态控制回路，负责系统的频率与幅度控制；正交控制回路与力平衡控制回路一起构成敏感模态的控制回路，负责系统正交误差的抑制、敏感模态的抑制以及角速率信息的提取。最后实现了力平衡模式下的陀螺闭环控制仿真。     

一种高精度角速率圆锥补偿算法

以角速率信号作为算法输入时,采用以往常用的圆锥补偿算法,算法误差明显增大.鉴于光纤陀螺角速率信号可以直接获取,提出了一种以角速率信号作为圆锥补偿算法输入的新补偿算法.在姿态更新周期内,以光纤陀螺角速率信号作为输入,求得陀螺角速率输出的表达式,结合旋转矢量微分方程,推导出新圆锥补偿算法表达式,然后以算法漂移误差最小对新算法进行优化.采用规则进动、典型的圆锥运动以及有噪声干扰的圆锥运动作为测试输入,通过与传统算法的对比,新算法计算量低、计算简单方便,算法精度高.新算法的提出为高动态环境下光纤陀螺捷联系统的姿态误差补偿提供了一个新的思路.     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.