Crystal orientation and morphology of a lamellae in wrought titanium alloys: On the role of microstructure evolution in b processing

To obtain high-quality aviation forgings of titanium alloys, b forging is an essential processing step which must be considered throughout a production process. In this work, the effect of b forging on the crystal orientation and morphology of lamellar a was experimentally investigated in a two-phase titanium alloy. Strong dynamic recovery during b working resulted in the formation of low-angle grain boundary(LAGBb) inside b grains. The lamellar a can penetrate through the LAGBb, leading to similar intra a LAGBs on subgrain boundaries. Deformation banding occurs at high strain rates, and both diffusive and sharp boundaries of deformation bands can be observed.A continuous change of the b orientation in diffusive boundaries results in the formation of fine and disordered a lamellae without intra-lamellar boundary to hold the Burgers orientation relationship(OR). On sharp boundaries, it is prone to producing continuous grain boundary a(aGB) with a highly similar orientation along the boundaries. Meanwhile, there may exist several lower-angle boundaries within the grain boundary a for a smoother orientation change on the b grain boundary.     

Ti3Al基合金板材的超塑性研究

研究非典型等轴细晶的两种不同轧制变形量的Ti3Al基合金热轧板的超塑性变形行为及其变形前后的显微组织。研究结果表明:该合金在超塑性变形过程中组织会转化为有利于超塑性的细小等轴组织。其在变形温度为940～1020℃,应变速率为2×10-4～2×10-3S-1时具有良好的超塑性,其最大伸长率可达859.5%,应变速率敏感指数达0.43,该合金超塑性变形的主要机制是晶界滑动,而且这种非典型等轴细晶条件下超塑性变形时晶内变形以及位错蠕变所起的作用比在等轴细晶态组织条件下的作用更为显著。对非典型等轴细晶的Ti3Al基合金热轧板,无需进行复杂热处理,也可以获得良好的超塑性,更具有工业意义。     

Ti-22Al-25Nb合金剪切旋压过程中显微组织演化

通过剪切旋压试验,研究了旋压温度(910℃和1000℃)和减薄率(0、10%和30%)对Ti-22Al-25Nb合金显微组织的影响,探讨了旋压过程中的显微组织演化规律。结果表明:Ti-22Al-25Nb(原子数分数)合金旋压组织主要由α2相、B2相和O相组成,在旋压过程中,B2晶粒沿旋轮进给方向被拉长,且伴随有动态再结晶现象发生;温度主要影响Ti-22Al-25Nb合金中α2相与O相的尺寸和形貌,随着旋压温度的升高,O相片层逐渐变短并粗化,α2相趋向等轴化;变形量主要影响α2相体积分数与O相形貌,随着减薄率的增大,α2相体积分数逐渐减少,O相从片层状转变为短棒状。因此,Ti-22Al-25Nb合金剪切旋压过程中不仅发生晶粒变形与动态再结晶现象,更涉及复杂的相变行为,组织控制困难。     

FGH95粉末镍基合金热处理后的微观组织与蠕变性能

通过进行蠕变曲线测定和组织形貌观察,研究了FGH95粉末镍基合金的微观组织结构与蠕变行为。结果表明：合金经高温固溶、盐浴冷却处理后,组织结构是由细小的γ’相弥散分布在γ基体所组成,其细小（Nb,Ti）C碳化物在晶内及沿晶界不连续析出。在试验的温度和施加应力范围内,合金表现出明显的施加温度敏感性,并测算出合金在稳态蠕变期间的蠕变激活能和应力指数分别为Q=542．07kJ／mol和n=14．8。合金在蠕变期间的变形特征是孪晶和位错在晶内发生双取向滑移,其切入γ’相内的〈110〉超位错可分解形成（1／3）〈112〉超肖克莱不全位错＋层错的位错组态,发生孪晶变形的孪晶面为（111）晶面。晶界及沿晶界不连续析出的细小（Nb,Ti）C型碳化物可有效阻碍位错运动,是使合金具有较高抗蠕变能力的主要原因。     

TB5钛合金薄板微观组织与弯曲性能关系研究

TB5钛合金板材具有优良的冷成形性能,适于成形中等复杂的航空航天用板材零件,但存在板材定形性差、成形后回弹大等问题。本文以TB5钛合金板材的冷成形为背景,探讨了TB5钛合金板材组织在弯曲变形过程中的变形行为及其微结构和成形性能的演变规律。结果表明,随着板材弯曲角度的增大或弯曲半径的减小,板材弯曲回弹角与中心变形处晶粒面积和晶粒横纵比正相关;板材中心变形处硬度和中心变形处晶粒面积正相关,与中心变形处晶粒横纵比负相关。     

近α型钛合金长时高温暴露过程中显微组织演变及其对热稳定性的影响

研究了近α型钛合金TG6经α+β两相区热加工的盘锻件在600℃长时暴露过程中的显微组织演变及其对热稳定性的影响。结果表明:经600℃/100h和600℃/300h长时高温暴露后,TG6钛合金的室温拉伸强度略有提高,其增幅在5%左右,而其拉伸塑性显著降低,塑性保持率小于50%,拉伸断口趋于平直化,且存在梯田状台阶和二次裂纹等,表现为显著的解理断裂特征。在600℃高温长时暴露过程中,TG6钛合金中的显微组织变化主要有在基体组织中的共格有序α2相析出及硅化物析出。随着高温暴露时间的延长,TG6钛合金的显微组织逐渐趋于稳定,拉伸性能的变化也相应趋缓。α2相析出促进了拉伸变形时位错滑移的平面化及变形不均匀,是热稳定性下降的主要原因;而硅化物析出协同促进位错滑移集中化,是热稳定性下降的次要因素。     

激光冲击对TC11钛合金组织和力学性能的影响

对TC11钛合金进行激光冲击强化处理,通过透射电子显微镜观察不同参数下TC11钛合金的微观组织变化,用显微硬度计和X射线应力测试仪分别测试材料表层硬度和残余应力,并通过TC11钛合金标准疲劳试片高周振动疲劳试验验证激光冲击对其疲劳性能的影响.试验结果表明:激光冲击波作用后表面组织结构发生明显变化,当冲击次数增加,先后出现了高密度位错、位错胞和纳米级晶粒等微观组织特征.冲击10次后,表面残余应力最高达到-632.5MPa,相应的塑性变形层深度达到1500μm左右;同时表面硬度在冲击1次即可提高19%,硬度影响深度为700μm,随着次数增加而提高,但幅度不大.经3次冲击处理的TC11钛合金标准疲劳试片的疲劳极限由原始483MPa提高到593MPa.      

Influences of pre-torsion deformation on microstructure and mechanical properties of pure titanium subjected to subsequent tension deformation

A series of experimental studies was carried out to investigate the influences of pre-torsion on microstructure evolution, mechanical properties, and fracture appearance of pure titanium subjected to subsequent tension deformation. An introduction of pre-torsion strain can improve the materials’ mechanical properties through micro hardness evaluation. That is, the micro hardness of tensile samples with pre-torsion deformation is much higher than that of samples processed by single torsion or tension. It can be seen from the microstructure that pre-torsion deformation can be used to refine grains better and control grains’ morphology by combining subsequent tension. The results indicate that the grains are refined most evidently for tensile samples with 2 turn pre-torsion deformation. Moreover, fracture analysis indicates that tensile samples with pre-torsion strain can present good comprehensive performance. In conclusion, pre-torsion deformation plays an important role in improving comprehensive performance and controlling microstructure evolution on pure titanium subjected to later tension deformation.     

Investigation on induction brazing of profiled cBN wheel for grinding of Ti-6Al-4V

Profiled monolayer cBN wheel was induction brazed for grinding of titanium dovetail slot in this study. Aimed at acquiring a uniform temperature distribution along the profiled surface and reducing the thermal deformation of the brazed wheel, a finite element model was established to investigate the temperature uniformity during induction brazing. A suitable induction coil and the related working parameters were designed and chosen based on the simulation results. Ag-Cu-Ti alloy and cBN grains were applied in the induction brazing experiment. The results showed geometric deformation of the brazed wheel was no more than 0.01 mm and chemical reaction layer were found on the brazed joint interface. Further validation tests were carried out by grinding of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Compared to the electroplated wheel, the brazed wheel showed better performance such as low specific grinding energy and good ground quality in grinding of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Abrasion wear was found to be the main failure mode for the induction brazed wheel, while adhesion and grains pull-out were the main failure mode for the electroplated wheel.     

载荷水平对HCF寿命分散性影响的有限元模拟

给出了基于晶体塑性理论的高循环疲劳（HFC）寿命分散性有限元模拟方法.针对典型钛合金TC4的微结构特征,采用Voronoi方法建立其晶粒模型,建立钛合金晶体塑性本构方程,计算模拟了应力水平对疲劳寿命分散性的影响,给出表征疲劳寿命分散性的参数.结果表明：应力水平越低,疲劳寿命越长,疲劳寿命的分散性越大,与实验规律一致.     

变形条件对GH169合金的流动应力和显微组织的影响

 根据热加工模拟试验,GH169合金高温下的流动应力值比合金结构钢高得多,而且加工硬化明显。变形条件对其流动应力和显微组织有较大影响。在一定条件下,即使变形温度较高,也可获得细晶组织,变形后采用迅速冷却可细化晶粒。对于GH169合金可通过形变热处理有效地控制其显微组织。     

激光喷丸强化TC6钛合金的振动疲劳寿命及断口形貌分析

为了研究TC6钛合金激光喷丸强化(Laser Shocking Peening,LSP)处理后对振动疲劳寿命的影响,采用不同喷丸次数的方法对TC6钛合金进行LSP处理,采用振动疲劳测试系统对振动试样进行振动疲劳测试,用X射线衍射仪和显微硬度计测试LSP前后试样的残余应力和硬度,研究LSP对TC6钛合金振动疲劳性能的影响...     

TC11合金燃烧特性初步研究

钛火严重威胁航空发动机用钛安全,开展钛合金燃烧特性研究是发动机合理用钛及采取有效防范措施的基础。通过液滴引燃试验法初步研究了TC11合金的燃烧特性,分析了燃烧的过程特征、试片温度与氧气含量(分压)对启燃的影响及燃烧表面的微观组织。结果表明:在压缩空气/氧气作用下,TA1液滴发生燃烧并将TC11合金试片引燃,燃烧过程中反应剧烈,喷射出大量火花;随着TC11合金试片温度的提高,引燃所需的临界氧气分压逐渐降低;TC11合金试片的烧损表面形成了氧化层,从表面到内部呈现出疏松区、致密区和燃烧影响区三种典型的组织区。     

TC4-DT钛合金线性摩擦焊接头组织特征及其形成机制

研究TC4-DT损伤容限型钛合金线性摩擦焊(linear friction welding,LFW)接头的组织特征及形成机制。利用光镜和扫描电镜对接头各区域微观组织进行表征,利用显微硬度计测试接头的显微硬度分布。结果表明:接头焊缝区(WZ)发生动态再结晶,焊接过程中WZ温度超过β转变点,焊后快冷的条件下发生了β→α′及β→α两种相变并析出了大量α′马氏体以及二次层片α;TC4-DT钛合金母材(BM)组织具有较高的变形抗力,使得接头形成的热力影响区(TMAZ)较窄。TMAZ内组织在强烈的热力耦合作用下拉长变形并破碎,焊后快冷的条件下析出少量α′马氏体及大量二次层片α;毗邻TMAZ的热影响区(HAZ)基本保留了BM不同位向的α集束的组织特征,但受热的影响α集束内α/β相界两侧元素相互扩散,层间β消耗,初生α长大;WZ组织的细晶强化和第二相强化,TMAZ组织的应变强化和第二相强化,以及HAZ内α相的长大使得接头上述区域显微硬度均高于BM。     

Ti6242合金微观组织差异及其演变对拉伸和疲劳性能影响

典型近α型钛合金Ti6242合金制备盘锻件的综合力学性能与其棒材原始微观组织特征密切相关。本研究选取具有明显微观组织特征差别的3种Ti6242钛合金棒材为研究对象,定量化评估不同Ti6242钛合金棒材锻造态、固溶态和固溶+时效态的微观组织差别和演变规律,并讨论棒材微观组织差别和演变对综合力学性能的影响。研究结果显示具有明显差别的不同棒材微观组织在经历相同的固溶和时效处理后,其初生α相体积分数差别趋于相近,而初生α相的尺寸分布和形状分布等微观组织特征仍保留差别;力学性能结果显示室温拉伸力学性能趋于近似,而低周疲劳和保载疲劳力学性能对微观组织特征较为敏感。对比不同特征组织和力学性能分析结果,具有细小非等轴状且没有明显取向集中分布初生α相的棒材原始组织有助于获得更好的疲劳性能。     

Crystal orientation and morphology of α lamellae in wrought titanium alloys: On the role of microstructure evolution in β processing

To obtain high-quality aviation forgings of titanium alloys, β forging is an essential processing step which must be considered throughout a production process. In this work, the effect of β forging on the crystal orientation and morphology of lamellar α was experimentally investigated in a two-phase titanium alloy. Strong dynamic recovery during β working resulted in the formation of low-angle grain boundary (LAGB_β) inside β grains. The lamellar α can penetrate through the LAGB_β, leading to similar intra α LAGBs on subgrain boundaries. Deformation banding occurs at high strain rates, and both diffusive and sharp boundaries of deformation bands can be observed. A continuous change of the β orientation in diffusive boundaries results in the formation of fine and disordered α lamellae without intra-lamellar boundary to hold the Burgers orientation relationship (OR). On sharp boundaries, it is prone to producing continuous grain boundary α (α_GB) with a highly similar orientation along the boundaries. Meanwhile, there may exist several lower-angle boundaries within the grain boundary α for a smoother orientation change on the β grain boundary.     

TC17钛合金焊接接头组织与力学性能分析

对TC17钛合金薄板采用氩弧焊和电子束焊两种焊接方法焊接,进行了拉伸试验,结合拉伸试验结果与断口形貌,对比分析了力学性能与焊接接头组织之间的联系。研究结果表明,TC17钛合金在经历TIG焊接热循环后,焊缝及靠近焊缝的热影响区晶粒粗化,电子束焊接头热影响区较窄且没有粗晶区形成;两种焊接试样抗拉强度均与母材等强;相对延伸率有所降低,主要是热影响区及焊缝的组织变化所致;氩弧焊焊缝组织较不均匀性更为显著。     

超高温NiAl合金锥形薄壳件制备成形一体化新工艺

针对NiAl合金板坯制备及板坯成形锥形薄壳件存在的材料流动及组织性能控制困难的问题,提出了一种制备成形一体化新工艺。该工艺是将塑性成形和反应合成在同一工步中,即先将Ni/Al叠层箔置于模具中进行塑性成形,随后对成形的Ni/Al叠层箔原位加热加压反应合成NiAl合金薄壳件。采用三维扫描仪及Geomagic Studio/Qualify对锥形薄壳件的形状精度进行了分析,采用扫描电子显微镜( Scanning Electron Microscope, SEM )和电子背散射衍射( Electron Backscatter Diffraction, EBSD )技术对其微观组织进行了表征,并对构件的高温力学性能进行了测试。结果表明,采用该新工艺制备的锥形薄壳件成形效果良好,整体型面偏差尺寸在±0.1 mm以内;构件沿轴截面壁厚平均偏差为0.012 mm,沿横截面壁厚平均偏差为0.072 mm,构件轴截面壁厚分布均匀性及组织成分均匀性高于横截面。构件高温力学性能稳定,1000 °C时平均屈服强度为77.8 MPa,平均抗拉强度为82.6 MPa。NiAl合金构件的微观晶粒形貌与Ni箔的初始热处理状态及Ni/Al箔的初始厚度有关,未退火的Ni箔将延缓粗晶区晶粒的长大,减小初始箔材厚度可实现晶粒的进一步细化。     

Creep Behaviors of FGH95 Powder Ni-Base Superalloy

This article makes an investigation into the creep behavior and deformation features of FGH95 powder Ni-base superalloy by means of creep curves and microstructural observation. Results show that this superalloy exposes obvious sensibility to the applied temperature and stresses in the experimental range. Microstructure of the alloy consists of γ′ phase of various sizes and dispersed carbide particles precipitated in the wider crystal boundaries between the powder particles. During the creep, the deformation of the alloy occurs in the form of single- or double-oriented slipping inside the grains, and some of the finer carbide particles are precipitated near the slipping traces. The wide grain boundaries might be broken into the finer grains due to severe deformation. The deformation mechanism of the alloy during creep is thought to be the activation of dislocations of double-oriented slipping, including (1/2)<110> dislocation inside the γ matrix phase and <110> super-dislocation inside the γ′ phase. The formation of the stacking faults and (1/3)<112> super-Shockleys partial dislocation configuration is attributed to the decomposition of <110> super-dislocation in the γ′ phase.     

TC4-DT钛合金高温热变形行为研究

利用Gleeble-3500型热模拟实验机,研究了TC4-DT损伤容限型钛合金在温度850℃～1000℃、应变速率0.01～10s-1、变形程度为40%～70%条件下的热变形行为,分析了该合金的流变应力行为及微观组织演变规律,并建立了本构关系模型。研究结果表明,TC4-DT合金在950℃以下的较低温度变形时应力软化现象非常明显,变形机制和热变形激活能不同于950℃以上的较高温度变形机制;在950℃以上高温度变形时,低应变速率(如ε=0.01s-1)促进了动态再结晶行为的发生,而在较高的应变速率(如ε=10s-1)时,一般只发生动态回复现象,动态再结晶行为受抑制。