Crystal orientation and morphology of a lamellae in wrought titanium alloys: On the role of microstructure evolution in b processing

To obtain high-quality aviation forgings of titanium alloys, b forging is an essential processing step which must be considered throughout a production process. In this work, the effect of b forging on the crystal orientation and morphology of lamellar a was experimentally investigated in a two-phase titanium alloy. Strong dynamic recovery during b working resulted in the formation of low-angle grain boundary(LAGBb) inside b grains. The lamellar a can penetrate through the LAGBb, leading to similar intra a LAGBs on subgrain boundaries. Deformation banding occurs at high strain rates, and both diffusive and sharp boundaries of deformation bands can be observed.A continuous change of the b orientation in diffusive boundaries results in the formation of fine and disordered a lamellae without intra-lamellar boundary to hold the Burgers orientation relationship(OR). On sharp boundaries, it is prone to producing continuous grain boundary a(aGB) with a highly similar orientation along the boundaries. Meanwhile, there may exist several lower-angle boundaries within the grain boundary a for a smoother orientation change on the b grain boundary.     

Evolution mechanism of lamellar α and interlayered β during hot compression of TC21 titanium alloy with a widmanstätten structure

TC21 titanium alloy, as an important metal to fabricate the aircraft structural components, has attracted great attentions recently. A TC21 titanium alloy with widmanstätten structure was isothermally compressed. Based on the microstructure observation, the evolution of initial β grain, Grain Boundary α phase (α_GB), lamellar α and interlayered β was systematically investigated. The results showed that, with the increasing of height reduction, the α_GB underwent an evolution process from bending/kinking to breaking inducing the corresponding blurring of initial coarse β grain outline. Meanwhile, a significant phase transformation from α to β took place at the terminations of broken α_GB. The evolution of lamellar α and interlayered β in the colony was closely related to their deformation compatibility. In the α colony, the interlayered β experienced a larger deformation amount than lamellar α. The higher distortion energy promoted the occurrence of Dynamic Recovery (DRV) and Dynamic Recrystallization (DRX) to generate many Low Angle Boundaries (LABs) and High Angle Boundaries (HABs) in interlayered β, which induced an apparent grain refinement of β phase. On the contrary, the lower distortion energy and low deformation temperature suppressed the occurrence of DRV/DRX and restrained the globularization of lamellar α. Furthermore, the microstructure observation clearly revealed that the shearing separation mechanism dominated the evolution of the α phase from lamellar to short bar-like morphology.     

Substructure evolution in two phases based constitutive model for hot deformation of TC18 in α + β phase region

The α + β dual phase titanium alloys are key structural materials in aviation and aerospace industries, and the complicated flow behavior of these titanium alloys during hot deformation requires to establish a constitutive model incorporating physical mechanism for optimizing processing parameters and designing forming tools. This work aims to establish a constitutive model incorporating physical mechanism for hot deformation of TC18 in α + β phase region. Firstly, the flow behavior and microstructure evolution for hot deformation of TC18 in α + β phase region are characterized. The TC18 shows significant strain hardening rate and negative strain hardening exponent around and after peak flow stress, respectively. After peak flow stress, Dynamic Recovery (DRV) mechanism dominates the evolution of α and β phases according to the results of substructure evolution. Then, the internal state variables method is applied to establish a constitutive model incorporating physical mechanism for hot deformation of dual phase titanium alloys. The variation of dislocation density during the hot deformation of titanium alloys is modeled by considering the accumulation of dislocation due to the impediment to dislocation movement by substructure obstacles and the annihilation of dislocation due to the dynamic restoration effect. The interaction between dislocations, the subgrain boundaries and the grain/phase boundaries obstruct the dislocation movement in the α phase, and the first two obstructs the dislocation movement in the β phase during the hot deformation of TC18. The dislocation annihilation process in the α and β phases during the hot deformation of TC18 is dominated by DRV. Finally, the substructure evolution in the two phases based constitutive model for hot deformation of TC18 in α + β phase region is presented. This model is well applied to predict the flow stress and quantitively analyze the role of DRV effect in the evolution of α and β phases during the hot deformation of TC18.     

Primary Solidification Phase and Lamellar Orientation in Directionally Solidified Ti-45Al-7Nb Alloy

Primary solidification phase and lamellar orientation are investigated in Ti-45Al-7Nb alloy at very high ratio of temperature gradient to growth rate (G/v) by a liquid-metal-cooled directionally solidified method. It shows that Ti-45Al-7Nb alloy solidifies with primary α phase. Longitudinal (parallel to growth direction) microstructure shows that α dendrites in solid-liquid mushy zone are discontinuous and transverse microstructure of α dendrites is worm-like feature. Growth direction of α phase is about 80° away from〈0001〉α direction, and close to〈1120〉α direction. The corresponding lamellar orientation is aligned at the angle of about 10° to growth direction, which is consistent with α-dendrite growth direction according to Blackburn orientation relationship. Therefore, due to the altered growth direction of α phase, the lamellar orientation in Ti-45Al-7Nb alloy is controlled at the G/v ratio of 5×109 K·sm-2.     

TC4-DT钛合金线性摩擦焊接头组织特征及其形成机制

研究TC4-DT损伤容限型钛合金线性摩擦焊(linear friction welding,LFW)接头的组织特征及形成机制。利用光镜和扫描电镜对接头各区域微观组织进行表征,利用显微硬度计测试接头的显微硬度分布。结果表明:接头焊缝区(WZ)发生动态再结晶,焊接过程中WZ温度超过β转变点,焊后快冷的条件下发生了β→α′及β→α两种相变并析出了大量α′马氏体以及二次层片α;TC4-DT钛合金母材(BM)组织具有较高的变形抗力,使得接头形成的热力影响区(TMAZ)较窄。TMAZ内组织在强烈的热力耦合作用下拉长变形并破碎,焊后快冷的条件下析出少量α′马氏体及大量二次层片α;毗邻TMAZ的热影响区(HAZ)基本保留了BM不同位向的α集束的组织特征,但受热的影响α集束内α/β相界两侧元素相互扩散,层间β消耗,初生α长大;WZ组织的细晶强化和第二相强化,TMAZ组织的应变强化和第二相强化,以及HAZ内α相的长大使得接头上述区域显微硬度均高于BM。     

TA15钛合金电子束焊缝形貌及其组织研究

采用不同工艺参数对TA15钛合金进行电子束焊接,通过观察焊缝形貌、测量其形状参数研究了焊接接头形貌的变化规律,并分析了焊接接头组织。结果表明:增大电子束流时,熔深、半熔深熔宽、焊缝宽度都增大,焊缝横截面的形状从"钉形"转变为"钟罩形";增大焊接速度,对焊缝形状影响不大,熔深、半熔深熔宽及焊缝宽度均减小,深宽比先增大后减小;聚焦电流的增大对熔深作用较明显,半熔深熔宽及焊缝宽度变化不大;扫描幅值的增加使焊缝熔深减小,半熔深熔宽增大。靠近母材的热影响区组织与母材组织相近,主要由初生等轴状α相及转变β相组成,并出现针状(α+β);靠近熔合线的组织由α相和针状(α+β)相构成,并出现α'马氏体;熔合区组织由α'组成,熔合线周围柱状晶垂直于焊缝中心生长,并在焊缝中心形成单列或多列的等轴状晶。     

GH4169合金晶粒尺寸与持久性能的关联性

以GH4169合金大规格棒材为研究对象,结合棒材的加工过程,利用OM、FE-SEM、EBSD和TEM等手段分析了该合金不同晶粒尺寸试样的持久性能。结果表明:在长时高温应力作用下,不同晶粒尺寸试样呈现不同的持久性能和不同的晶粒取向演变规律。发生变形至断裂的位置,晶粒尺寸较小时,部分〈101〉取向明显转向〈001〉或〈111〉取向,加上宏观变形协调性较好,促使应力集中得到有效释放,表现出较好的塑性;但细晶试样中更多晶界带来的扩散蠕变对高温强度不利,裂纹也容易在与〈111〉硬取向晶粒接邻的晶界处形核并扩展,降低持久寿命;此外,细晶试样的变形程度较大,应变主要集中于晶界处,且大角度取向差的含量较多,这些位置容易萌生裂纹而使寿命降低。     

热处理对β相区形变热处理TC21钛合金锻件组织性能的影响

研究了不同热处理制度对β相区形变热处理的TC21钛合金锻件组织及性能的影响.试验结果表明:不同热处理制度对TC21钛合金等温锻件的组织性能有显著的影响.仅经形变热处理后的锻件显微组织不均匀,强度可高达1,400MPa,但塑性较低;经强韧化处理后的锻件显微组织为:层次感强、编织度较好的网篮组织,在获得较高强度的同时,塑性下降不多;经淬火时效处理后的锻件显微组织中的α相编织度较好,锻件强度、塑性获得较佳匹配;等温退火后锻件的显微组织为:α相尺寸合适、编织度较佳的网篮组织,但强度有所下降,塑性未有提高.淬火时效处理为推荐的较佳热处理制度.     

TC32钛合金的动态力学性能及损伤特点

采用分离式霍普金森压杆技术对TC32钛合金片层组织、双态组织、网篮组织试样进行了动态剪切实验,通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜研究了TC32钛合金不同组织的损伤特点。结果表明：片层组织、双态组织、网篮组织的临界应变率分别为2400 s-1,2700 s-1与2600 s-1,与网篮组织和片层组织相比,双态组织具有最优的综合动态力学性能。三种组织均观察到了绝热剪切带,并且绝热剪切破坏都要经过微孔洞的形核、长大与相互联结的过程,微孔洞的萌生与长大优先沿着绝热剪切带与基体的界面位置。片层组织绝热剪切带与基体的界面塑性流变特征不明显,并且在该区域观察到了呈快速扩展特征的长裂纹。双态组织绝热剪切带及与基体界面呈纤维状,周围组织在剧烈剪切力的作用下呈明显的塑性流变特征,等轴状或者椭圆型的初生α相被严重拉长变形,微孔洞也容易在α/β转变基体的界面处形核。网篮组织与双态组织的损伤特点类似,但与片层组织和双态组织不同的是,当网篮组织中具有规则排列的针状α相与绝热剪切带垂直时,微孔洞也容易在该处萌生。绝热剪切带内部组织主要是由细小的等轴晶粒组成,形成机制尚无统一定论。     

TB17钛合金等温时效析出行为

采用X射线衍射( XRD)、透射电子显微镜( TEM)、光学显微镜( OM)等对新型超高强韧 TB17钛合金次生α相转变动力学进行研究。实验结果表明,该合金经β相区固溶,520℃不同保温时间时效后,片层次生α相在β相基体上析出、形核、长大,并且与基体具有柏氏共格关系。短时时效后次生α相呈针状,随着保温时间延长,次生α相粗化呈短棒状。析出相含量对TB17钛合金强化具有重要影响,TB17钛合金在完全析出过程中,次生α相含量增加,时效硬化作用增加。 TB17钛合金次生α相等温相变动力学采用 JMAK方程进行描述。