Prediction of transient responses of a folding wing during the morphing process

Accurate prediction of the structural dynamic characteristics of a folding wing during the morphing process is a prerequisite for performing transient aeroelastic analysis. In view of this fact, this paper develops a set of differential-algebraic equations that govern the time evolution of the folding wing during the morphing process by using the floating frame approach. Using the established equations of motion, the transient responses of the wing during the morphing process are computed. The developed equations can be further integrated with the CFD codes to carry out the transient aeroelastic analysis of the morphing wing.     

Time-domain nonlinear aeroelastic analysis and wind tunnel test of a flexible wing using strain-based beam formulation

A theoretical formulation for time-domain nonlinear aeroelastic analysis of a flexible wing model is presented and validated by wind tunnel tests. A strain-based beam model for nonlinear structural analysis is combined with the Unsteady Vortex Lattice Method (UVLM) to form the complete framework for aeroelastic analysis. The nonlinear second-order differential equations are solved by an implicit time integration scheme that incorporates a Newton-Raphson sub-iteration technique. An advanced fiber optic sensing technique is firstly used in a wind tunnel for measuring large structural deformations. In the theoretical study, the nonlinear flutter boundary is determined by analyzing the transient response about the nonlinear static equilibrium with a series of flow velocities. The gust responses of the wing model at various gust frequencies are also studied. Comparisons of the theoretical and experimental results show that the proposed method is suitable for determining the nonlinear flutter boundary and simulating the gust response of flexible wings in the time domain.     

大后掠翼前缘涡对其颤振特性的影响

大迎角三角翼的前缘涡不仅可以改善其气动力特性,也会显著影响机翼的气动弹性特性.运用基于Euler方程的非定常气动力降阶模型(ROM)方法,耦合结构运动方程,在状态空间内建立了气动弹性分析模型,研究了70°削尖三角翼的大迎角颤振特性.研究结果显示前缘涡对该机翼颤振特性的影响不可忽略.颤振速度随迎角的增加而大幅降低,迎角α=20°时的颤振速度比α=0°时降低了22%.发现了颤振特性随迎角变化时出现的不连续现象,并揭示了该现象是由于系统颤振分支随着静态迎角的增加发生转移所致.     

Recent advance in nonlinear aeroelastic analysis and control of the aircraft

A review on the recent advance in nonlinear aeroelasticity of the aircraft is presented in this paper. The nonlinear aeroelastic problems are divided into three types based on different research objects, namely the two dimensional airfoil, the wing, and the full aircraft. Different non- linearities encountered in aeroelastic systems are discussed firstly, where the emphases is placed on new nonlinear model to describe tested nonlinear relationship. Research techniques, especially new theoretical methods and aeroelastic flutter control methods are investigated in detail. The route to chaos and the cause of chaotic motion of two-dimensional aeroelastic system are summarized. Var- ious structural modeling methods for the high-aspect-ratio wing with geometric nonlinearity are dis- cussed. Accordingly, aerodynamic modeling approaches have been developed for the aeroelastic modeling of nonlinear high-aspect-ratio wings. Nonlinear aeroelasticity about high-altitude long- endurance （HALE） and fight aircrafts are studied separately. Finally, conclusions and the chal- lenges of the development in nonlinear aeroelasticity are concluded. Nonlinear aeroelastic problems of morphing wing, energy harvesting, and flapping aircrafts are proposed as new directions in the future.     

机翼颤振的区间有限元分析(英文)

The influences of uncertainties in structural parameters on the flutter speed of wing are studied. On the basis of the deterministic flutter analysis model of wing, the uncertainties in structural parameters are considered and described by interval numbers. By virtue of first-order Taylor series expansion, the lower and upper bound curves of the transient decay rate coefficient versus wind velocity are given. So the interval estimation of the flutter critical wind speed of wing can be obtained, which is more reasonable than the point esti- mation obtained by the deterministic flutter analysis and provides the basis for the further non-probabilistic interval reliability analysis of wing flutter. The flow chart for interval fmite element model of flutter analysis of wing is given. The proposed interval finite element model and the stochastic finite element model for wing flutter analysis are compared by the examples of a three degrees of freedom airfoil and fuselage and a 15° sweptback wing, and the results have shown the effectiveness and feasibility of the presented model. The prominent advantage of the proposed interval finite element model is that only the bounds of uncertain parameters are required, and the probabilistic distribution densities or other statistical characteristics are not needed.     

大后掠翼前缘涡对其颤振特性的影响

大迎角三角翼的前缘涡不仅可以改善其气动力特性,也会显著影响机翼的气动弹性特性。运用基于Euler方程的非定常气动力降阶模型（ROM）方法,耦合结构运动方程,在状态空间内建立了气动弹性分析模型,研究了70°削尖三角翼的大迎角颤振特性。研究结果显示前缘涡对该机翼颤振特性的影响不可忽略。颤振速度随迎角的增加而大幅降低,迎角α=20°时的颤振速度比α=0°时降低了22％。发现了颤振特性随迎角变化时出现的不连续现象,并揭示了该现象是由于系统颤振分支随着静态迎角的增加发生转移所致。     

基于本征方程的柔性机翼非线性颤振分析

柔性机翼在气动载荷作用下常常会产生较大的变形,颤振特性会随之发生变化,针对此问题线性理论常常难以进行合理的预测。以几何精确本征梁模型建立了机翼的运动方程,耦合ONERA-EDlin非线性气动模型,建立了柔性机翼的非线性气动弹性分析模型。利用Newton-Raphson和Backward-Differentiation-Formula(BDF)分别求解机翼的静态变形和动态响应,基于机翼平衡位置附近的线性化方程来判断系统的稳定性,进而确定颤振临界速度。通过算例验证了模型的准确性,并分析了不同刚度、后掠角、机翼安装角等参数对颤振速度的影响。     

伸缩机翼变体飞机气动特性研究

伸缩机翼变体飞机通过机翼伸缩调整机翼展长,从而改变机翼面积和展弦比,改变飞机的气动布局和机翼的气动特性,满足多任务点的设计要求。简要介绍伸缩机翼变体飞机的发展历史,重点研究一种采用伸缩机翼设计的超音速飞机的气动特性变化。研究结果表明：亚音速时机翼展长伸长,展弦比增大,飞机诱导阻力降低,升阻比提高,可以明显提高飞机的航程;超音速时机翼展长缩短,展弦比减小,飞机的波阻降低,升阻比增大,提高了超音速飞行性能。伸缩机翼概念用于超音速飞机设计时能很好地兼顾亚音速巡航和超音速冲刺。     

基于非定常气动力辨识技术的气动弹性数值模拟

选择离散型输入输出差分模型,运用最小二乘方法进行非定常气动力建模,并将辨识得到的降阶模型用于气动弹性的数值模拟。1个马赫数下的颤振临界点的计算仅需调用一次非定常流场求解器。计算精度保持与非定常欧拉方程计算方法相当的同时计算效率提高了1~2个量级。计算了跨声速具有S型颤振边界的气动弹性标准算例－Isogaiwing和三维气动弹性标模算例AGARD445.6,辨识模型计算边界与非定常Euler方程计算结果吻合。证明非定常气动力辨识技术可以提供高效的高精度的气动弹性分析。     

Aeroelastic optimization of an aerobatic aircraft wing structure

This paper aims at presenting an investigation into a minimum weight optimal design and aeroelastic tailoring of an aerobatic aircraft wing structure. Firstly, analytical and FE models were created for the original metallic wing and an improved composite wing box structures. In order to validate the numerical models, predicted vibration parameters of the metallic wing box were compared with the experimental results. Comparison was also made for the predicted stress results between the metallic and the composite wing box structures of different dimensions and laminate layups. Secondly, based on a minimum weight composite wing box model of adequate strength the investigation was focused on the aeroelastic tailoring of the wing box by employing the gradient-based deterministic optimization method. The study demonstrates that in addition to a significant weight saving, up to 30% increase of flutter speed for the composite wing box can be achieved by optimizing the fibre orientations of the wing skin and spar web laminates. The optimized laminates are trimmed and reinforced to meet the manufacture and strength requirements with little compromise of flutter speed and a minor weight penalty.     

Computational aerodynamic analysis on perimeter reinforced （PR）-compliant wing

Abstract Implementing the morphing technique on a micro air vehicle （MAV） wing is a very chal- lenging task, due to the MAWs wing size limitation and the complex morphing mechanism. As a result, understanding aerodynamic characteristics and flow configurations, subject to wing structure deformation of a morphing wing MAV has remained obstructed. Thus, this paper presents the investigation of structural deformation, aerodynamics performance and flow formation on a pro- posed twist morphing MAV wing design named perimeter reinforced （PR）-compliant wing. The numerical simulation of two-way fluid structure interaction （FSI） investigation consist of a quasi- static aeroelastic structural analysis coupled with 3D incompressible Reynolds-averaged Navier- Stokes and shear-stress-transport （RANS-SST） solver utilized throughout this study. Verification of numerical method on a rigid rectangular wing achieves a good correlation with available exper- imental results. A comparative aeroelastic study between PR-compliant to PR and rigid wing per- formance is organized to elucidate the morphing wing performances. Structural deformation results show that PR-compliant wing is able to alter the wing＇s geometric twist characteristic, which has directly influenced both the overall aerodynamic performance and flow structure behavior. Despite the superior lift performance result, PR-compliant wing also suffers from massive drag penalty, which has consequently affected the wing efficiency in general. Based on vortices investigation, the results reveal the connection between these aerodynamic performances with vortices formation on PR-comoliant wing.     

Gain self-scheduled H_∞ control for morphing aircraft in the wing transition process based on an LPV model

This article investigates gain self-scheduled H 1 robust control system design for a tailless fold- ing-wing morphing aircraft in the wing shape varying process. During the wing morphing phase, the aircraft’s dynamic response will be governed by time-varying aerodynamic forces and moments. Nonlinear dynamic equations of the morphing aircraft are linearized by using Jacobian linearization approach, and a linear parameter varying (LPV) model of the morphing aircraft in wing folding is obtained. A multi-loop controller for the morphing aircraft is formulated to guarantee stability for the wing shape transition process. The proposed controller uses a set of inner-loop gains to provide stability using classical techniques, whereas a gain self-scheduled H 1 outer-loop controller is devised to guarantee a specific level of robust stability and performance for the time-varying dynamics. The closed-loop simulations show that speed and altitude vary slightly during the whole wing folding process, and they converge rapidly after the process ends. This proves that the gain self-scheduled H 1 robust controller can guarantee a satisfactory dynamic performance for the morphing aircraft during the whole wing shape transition process. Finally, the flight control system’s robustness for the wing folding process is verified according to uncertainties of the aerodynamic parameters in the nonlinear model.     

基于模态耦合方法的机翼颤振数值模拟

针对机翼气动弹性问题,发展了一种流固耦合模拟技术,将固体结构的广义位移表示为结构固有模态的线性组合,求解结构的运动,再与流体进行数据耦合、迭代计算.同时为了确定机翼颤振边界,发展了一种线性插值确定颤振边界方法.采用标准气弹机翼AGARD445.6算例,验证所采用的模态耦合技术和颤振边界确定方法的有效性及工程实用意义.     

含不确定参数的复合材料壁板热颤振分析

研究了含有不确定结构参数的壁板颤振问题,利用vonKarman大变形应变-位移关系、气动力活塞理论和准定常热应力理论建立了复合材料壁板颤振的气动弹性力学模型,考虑在壁板颤振分析模型中存在的不确定参数,将其用区间向量定量化,基于区间扩张理论和Taylor级数展开,并结合有限元计算方法,提出了区间分析的方法来估计含有不确定参数的壁板结构颤振临界风速的区间,以及发生极限环振动时振幅的变化区间。通过数值算例,将本文提出的壁板颤振的区间有限元模型与随机有限元模型进行了比较,显示了本文方法的有效性和可行性。这种方法的优点是只需要知道不确定参数的所在范围界限,为解决含有不确定参数的壁板颤振这类复杂的气动弹性动力学问题提供了一个途径。     

复合材料后掠翼机翼气动弹性分析

对于复合材料后掠翼机翼,扭转发散问题一般并不突出,其操纵面的操纵效率和颤振临界动压是比较关心的两个问题.文章采用 COMPASS 软件,对某复合材料后掠翼飞机进行了操纵效率分析,并重点计算了该机在不同高度下颤振速度随马赫数的变化情况,详细分析了机翼振动、颤振特性随蒙皮不同铺层比变化情况.结果表明,舵面操纵效率随着马赫数的增加而降低,飞机设计要通过设计参数调整选择合适的副翼反效动压与扭转发散动压之比,使飞行范围内的操纵效率尽可能高;同时复合材料后掠机翼的弯扭耦合效应相当突出,而复合材料剪裁可以调整0°、±45°、90°铺层比例,提高结构扭转刚度,从而提高飞机颤振速度     

Variations of flutter mechanism of a span-morphing wing involving rigid-body motions

The present paper aims to reveal the significance of rigid-body motions for the flutter mechanism of a span-morphing wing model. The inclusion of rigid-body motions into aeroelastic formulation and flutter analysis is presented. A state-space aeroelastic equation combining the dynamics of stepped Euler-Bernoulli beam with unsteady strip aerodynamic theory is developed by quasi-static modeling. Using a numerical example, variations of flutter mechanism from the bending-torsional flutter to the body-freedom flutter are observed as the span increases. In addition, effects of some dimensionless parameters on the variations of flutter mechanism are investigated. The investigated parameters belonging to the fuselage have limited influences on the bending-torsional flutter but a significant impact on the body-freedom flutter.     

翼梢装置对某机翼气动弹性行为影响研究

以大客某方案机翼为基本翼,通过数值模拟的方法研究了翼梢装置对机翼气动弹性特性影响,包括静气动弹性及颤振特性。其中通过CFD/CSD弱耦合求解的方法研究其静气动弹性响应,气动力计算采用面元法,结构响应计算采用结构有限元法,通过插值实现翼面气动力与有限元节点力之间的传递,以及有限元模型与气动网格之间的变形传递。对基本翼及带翼梢装置机翼静力学有限元模型局部修改得到动力学模型,应用MSC NASTRAN进行颤振特性分析。研究发现翼梢装置使得机翼的气动弹性特性不同程度均有降低,而不同翼梢装置对其影响又有所不同,可见,翼梢装置的设计在追求气动特性改善的同时必须关注其带来的结构特性的损失。     

基于谐波平衡法和 V-g 法的高效颤振预测分析

提出了一种高效的颤振预测分析方法,将之应用于跨声速颤振边界分析及结构参数影响研究中。本方法基于频域颤振分析 V-g 方法,为气弹系统提供一定的人工阻尼使之保持简谐运动状态,从而将结构动力学方程转换到频域内。然后通过高效的谐波平衡法得到一系列简谐运动频率下的气动力描述函数矩阵,结合频域结构方程,将气弹系统的稳定性问题转化为广义特征值求解。结果表明：本方法计算得到的颤振边界与高精度的时间推进方法非常吻合,分析效率有了明显的提升,而且当结构参数发生变化后,只需进行若干次广义特征值求解即可得到新的颤振边界,无需像时间推进方法一样开展大量的气动/结构耦合数值模拟。     

折叠翼变体飞行器非定常气动特性实验研究

折叠翼变体飞行器是一种可以在飞行中改变自身气动外形的新型飞行器。研制出了一种折叠翼变体飞行器的风洞实验模型,在风洞实验中测得了模型不同变体位置下的气动力以及进行变体运动时气动力的动态变化过程,并通过PIV实验手段获得模型周围的流场在变体运动过程中的变化情况。结果表明：在机翼变形过程中,折叠翼模型有明显的非定常气动现象产生,而且折叠变形的速度越大,非定常现象越明显。出现非定常现象的主要原因是变体运动对机翼前缘涡的影响。     

充气机翼的褶皱与失效行为研究

在经典工程梁理论的基础上,结合张力薄膜的应力状态分析,提出充气机翼褶皱失稳的判据。计入表面薄膜褶皱引起的刚度退化效应,将机翼等效处理为一个变截面刚度的梁,建立了充气悬臂机翼的等效梁模型,并采用微分求积法进行充气机翼弯曲变形分析。计算结果与充气机翼的静力弯曲试验结果相吻合,验证了充气机翼弯曲变形分析方法的有效性。应用片条理论引入气动力模型,并与所建立的等效梁模型相耦合,建立充气机翼的静气动弹性耦合模型,并用迭代算法进行求解。考虑起皱和失稳两种判据,并计算获取了试验机翼的起皱动压和皱褶失稳动压形式,计算结果与风洞试验结果一致。根据所建立的充气机翼静气动弹性分析方法,可以预测充气机翼表面褶皱区的扩展和弯曲变形,进而绘制充气机翼的静气弹许用包线,为充气机翼的设计提供必要的安全边界参考依据。