太空环境下电子束原位制造技术

美国国家航空航天局（NASA）载人探索计划的提出给载人登月和载人火星等带来了机会和风险,NASA的工程师和科学家正在开展在月球或火星表面利用当地提炼的材料进行原位制造工艺技术的研究。首先,介绍了太空原位制造和修复（ISFR）技术的概念和特点,结合该技术的发展背景,介绍了电子束原位制造技术的概念、特点以及在太空环境下应用的优势和潜力。然后,根据所用原材料和成形工艺原理的不同,电子束原位制造技术又分为电子束熔融（EBM）和电子束自由成形制造（EBF³）技术两个分支,分别介绍了这两个分支技术的概念、原理、特点以及采用该技术研制出的零件的性能,结合硬件设备的情况介绍了在太空环境下应用的适用性,同时也详细介绍了NASA利用兰利研究中心的C-9抛物线飞行试验系统进行电子束原位制造微重力试验的研究成果、试验数据和未来的发展趋势。最后,结合中国未来空间事业发展的需要,提出了关于发展太空环境下电子束原位制造技术的设想与建议。     

An Ultrahigh Speed CAMAC Interface for a Large Flight Simulator System

The real-time simulation subsystem (RTSS) at the NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, VA, consists of several CDC CYBER computers and over 20 flight simulation sites. This simulation network is used by the Langley Center to advance the state of aeronautics and to improve air safety. The current simulator interface system at NASA-Langley was installed in 1968 and uses centrally located analog and discrete conversion equipment. Of the alternatives studied by NASA for a replacement RTSS, only the network and input/output (I/O) system conforming to the international computer automated measurement and control (CAMAC) standards meets their requirements. The CAMAC serial highway provides a distributed I/O system with an extremely high data throughput approaching 24 000 000 information bits/per second. Fiber-optic links transmit the data over paths to 1 km. For multisite simulations, a computer-controlled electronic switch configures site highways in any combination. The CAMAC system uses analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), digital-to-analog converters (DACs), and synchro converters with 16 bits of resolution to give the needed system performance. The time to acquire data from 80 16-bit ADCs and 960 discrete inputs and transfer them to the CYBER central memory is less than 320 ?s. Similarly, the time from CYBER central memory to the setting of 256 16-bit DACs and 960 discrete outputs is less than 650 ?s.     

基于Java的CSCW框架及实现研究

通过对目前业已成熟的和正在实施的分布处理系统的对比分析，及深入探析CSCW内在机理及实现机制，本文提出了一个基于WWW的CSCW框架模型，并进一步借助当前的Java语言，构筑了一个相对简单的基于Java的CSCW实现框架JSCW（Java支持的协同工作系统），从而为进一步研究基于WWW的CSCW系统奠定了基础。     

高温高速稀薄流的DSMC算法与流场传热分析

在非结构网格下,研究了热力学碰撞传能的6种方式和化学反应的8种类型,详细给出了上述碰撞传能和化学反应碰撞类型的子程序计算框图.在可变硬球(VHS)分子模型、Borgnakke-Larsen唯象模型、Bird的化学反应几率模型以及壁面CLL(Cercignani-Lampis-Lord)反射模型的基础上,用Fortran语言编制了能够模拟内能松弛、热力学非平衡和化学非平衡的稀薄气体DSMC(direct si mulation Monte-Carlo)源程序,在地球大气层和火星大气层中完成了Ballute减速装置的8个工况计算(其中Knudsen数从0.05变到30.0,飞行Mach数从26.3变到11.2),并与NASA Langley研究中心2007年发表的计算结果作了比较,本文的结果令人满意.另外,这里用|T-T_v|/T去分析热力学非平衡,用Damk hler数去分析化学反应非平衡,用Stan-ton数去分析飞行器壁面的传热效果,所有这些分析对高温部件的热防护设计十分有益.      

一种基于三维粘性流场的乘波体生成方法

为了便于乘波体的优化设计工作,本文实现了一种基于任意三维粘性流场,在激波面上截取乘波体前缘线来生成乘波体外型的设计方法,并与NASA Langley研究中心的CFL3D软件的算例结果进行了比较检验,误差满足工程计算要求.由于在流场计算中直接计入了粘性,而不像大多数的研究方法那样通过无粘计算再进行粘性修正,而且对于高超声速乘波体设计,可以在程序中考虑真实气体效应、化学反应等因素,因此本文的设计方法更接近工程实际,更具有推广价值.     

火星中继应答机技术现状及发展

火星中继已作为火星探测重要组成部分,被美国NASA(National Aeronautics and Space Administration,国家航空航天局)和ESA(European Space Agency,欧空局)广泛应用于火星EDL(Entry,Descent and Landing,进入、下降和着陆)以及火星表面探测中。针对该情况,介绍了火星中继系统的组成和工作情况。结合NASA和ESA火星探测的成功经验和成果,重点对火星轨道器和着陆器的中继应答机的性能进行了梳理和分析,并对该技术的后续发展进行了展望。基于此,可为我国自主火星探测提供借鉴和参考。     

Ultra-lightweight space power from hybrid thin-film solar cells

The development of hybrid inorganic/organic thin-film solar cells on flexible, lightweight, space-qualified, durable substrates provides an attractive solution for space power generation with high mass specific power (W/kg). The high-volume, low-cost fabrication potential of organic cells will allow for square miles of solar cell production at one-tenth the cost of conventional inorganic materials. Plastic solar cells take a minimum of storage space and can be inflated or unrolled for deployment. We explore a cross-section of NASA in-house and sponsored research efforts that aim to provide new hybrid technologies that include both inorganic and polymer materials as active and substrate materials. For NASA applications, any solar cell or array technology must not only meet weight and AMO efficiency goals, but also must be durable enough to survive launch and space environments. Also, balance of system technologies must be developed to take advantage of ultra-lightweight solar arrays in power generation systems.     

Radiation exposure predictions for short-duration stay Mars missions

The human radiation environment for several short-duration stay manned Mars missions is predicted using the Mission Radiation Calculation (MIRACAL) program, which was developed at NASA Langley Research Center. This program provides dose estimates for galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and large and ordinary solar proton flare events for various amounts of effective spacecraft shielding (both operational and storm shelter thicknesses) and a given time history of the spacecraft's heliocentric position. The results of this study show that most of the missions can survive the most recent large flares (if they were to occur at the missions' perihelion) if a 25 g/cm2 storm shelter is assumed. The dose predictions show that missions during solar minima (when solar flare activity is the lowest) are not necessarily the minimum dose cases, due to increased GCR contribution during this time period. The direct transfer mission studied has slightly lower doses than the outbound Venus swingby mission [on the order of 10-20 centi-Sieverts (cSv) lower], with the greatest dose differences for the assumed worst case scenario (when the large flares occur at perihelion). The GCR dose for a mission can be reduced by having the crew spend some fraction of its day nominally in the storm shelter (other than during flare events).     

基于MDA的快速软件开发框架的研究

通过研究基于MDA的软件开发理念,分析和探讨了软件开发效率、系统移植、互操作性以及软件维护等突出问题。提出了一种软件开发框架,采用XML建立平台无关模型（PIM）,建立模型驱动运行时环境（MDR）,对PIM模型进行解析和执行,最终生成HTML页面。框架能够极大地提高开发效率,方便系统扩展和后期维护,有利于开发人员进行Web应用程序的二次开发。     

Applications of Brayton cycle technology to space power

The Closed Brayton Cycle (CBC) power conversion cycle can be used with a wide range of heat sources for space power applications. These heat sources include solar concentrator, radioisotope, and reactor. With a solar concentrator, a solar dynamic ground demonstration test using existing Brayton components is being assembled for testing at NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC). This 2-kWe system has a turbine inlet temperature of 1015 K and is a complete end-to-end simulation of the Space Station Freedom solar dynamic design. With a radioisotope heat source, a 1-kWe Dynamic Isotope Power System (DIPS) is under development using an existing turboalternator compressor (TAC) for testing at the same NASA-LeRC facility. This DIPS unit is being developed as a replacement to Radioisotopic Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs) to conserve the Pu-238 supply for interplanetary exploration. With a reactor heat source, many studies have been performed coupling the SP-100 reactor with a Brayton power conversion cycle. Applications for this reactor/CBC system include global communications satellites and electric propulsion for interplanetary exploration. applications. The CBC consists of a heater, turboalternator compressor (TAC), cooler, and recuperator. A mixture of He and Xe is used as the working fluid in the CBC system. The He provides superior heat transfer characteristics in the heater, cooler, and recuperator. The Xe adjusts the molecular weight to provide superior aerodynamic performance for maximized turbine and compressor efficiency. Cycle studies are performed to select the optimum He/Xe molecular weight or He to Xe mixture ratio. The following presents the characteristics and advantages of using the CBC for space power applications, CBC development status, characteristics and applications of the CBC with each of the heat sources, and finally performance projections     

Enhanced ADS-B Research

Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) is gaining acceptance around the world as the next-generation surveillance technology. It can provide surveillance to air traffic controllers to support today's procedures as well as surveillance in the cockpit to support air-to-air applications. Pilots and ground personnel have begun to benefit from this technology but further benefits from technological improvements can still be realized. These improvements include security, increased data capacity, and advanced applications (4D trajectory and data exchange). To this end research is currently being performed by Sensis Corporation in cooperation with NASA Glenn research center to provide enhancements to the ADS-B UAT (universal access transceiver) data link. The research goal is to encourage user acceptance by improving upon existing capability and usability along with providing a roadmap and demonstrations of future data link capability     

CRM-WBPN风洞试验模型数值模拟

基于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes（RANS）方程和多块对接结构网格技术，采用亚跨超CFD软件平台（TRIP 3.0），研究了共同研究模型（CRM）风洞模型支撑装置对CRM翼/身/架/舱（CRM-WBPN）模型压力分布及气动特性的影响。构造了一个包含小、粗、中、细网格的4套网格，并进行了网格收敛性研究，在升力系数为0.50条件下，开展了固定升力系数下模型支撑对CRM-WBPN模型和CRM-WB模型压力分布及挂架短舱阻力增量的影响，以及不同来流迎角下模型支撑对CRM-WBPN模型气动特性的影响。通过与NASA国家跨声速风洞设备（NTF）试验结果和CRM-WB模型数值模拟结果的对比分析，表明模型支撑对固定升力系数下挂架短舱阻力增量影响较小；在计算构型中考虑模型支撑的影响，引起升力系数和阻力系数下降、俯仰力矩系数增加，数值模拟结果更加接近相应的试验结果。     

基于.NET的小型涡扇发动机故障判读系统设计与实现

针对某小型涡扇发动机试车数据的故障判读与诊断问题,应用先进的数据库管理技术建立并设计了发动机异常监视和故障诊断系统,包含试车数据异常监视与试车故障诊断2大功能模块.该系统依托.NET开发平台框架,采用以Web技术为中心的B/S(Browser/Server)结构,以Oracle 10.0g作为试车故障信息数据库,同时按照系统的功能需求实现不同试验模式下试车数据故障诊断.试验验证表明:该系统能有效实现发动机性能、控制参数的异常判读和故障诊断.     

高超声速飞行器非线性建模及开环特性分析

根据美国NASA Langly研究中心提供的有关Winged-Cone飞行器的文献资料,建立和完善了一类近空间高超声速飞行器的六自由度非线性模型.开环仿真分析结果表明,所建模型能够体现出高超声速飞行器复杂的非线性、强耦合性以及快速时变性等特点,可以为开展近空间高超声速飞行器控制问题的研究提供测试平台.     

James Webb Space Telescope: Project Overview

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) project at the NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) is responsible for the development, launch, flight, and science operations for the telescope. The project is in phase B with its launch scheduled for no earlier than June 2013. The project is a partnership among NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). The JWST mission team is fully in place, including major ESA and CSA subcontractors. This provides an overview of the planned JWST science, current architecture focusing on the instrumentation, and mission status, including technology developments, and risks.     

冲压式翼伞气动性能研究

随着计算流体动力学(CFD)的发展、空投系统以及航天器回收过程对定点回收精度要求的提高,精确计算冲压式翼伞的气动参数必不可少。首先,采用有限体积元法求解N-S湍流模型的κ-ε控制方程,对NASA兰利研究中心采用的三维翼伞进行了气动性能分析,验证了方法的可行性;然后将该方法应用于某型翼伞中,分析了翼伞周围的绕流特性,得到了不同迎角来流条件以及伞衣后缘不同程度下偏的气动力数据,为翼伞系统的数学建模提供了准确的参数,从而克服了传统经验公式获得气动参数不准确的缺点。     

一种基于RIA结构的飞机载荷谱数据库系统设计方法

 针对基于Web方式处理飞机载荷谱实测数据及载荷谱编制过程中结构化和非结构化数据共存、客户端实测数据处理能力弱和大量网络数据传输量等问题,提出了基于富互联网应用程序(RIA)体系的数据层、业务逻辑层、表示层和客户端软件层的4层结构资源管理模型,利用ASP.NET技术构建飞机载荷谱数据库系统,客户端软件层通过自定义协议向服务器发送请求并获取处理实测数据,构成了富客户端,增强了客户端浏览器对试验数据的处理能力,使飞机载荷谱实测数据管理与处理方式由单主机方式或基于局域网共享方式转变为基于Web方式的实测数据和相关资源的管理与共享,为飞机机构定寿、延寿和设计工作提供科学依据。     

First Mars outpost power systems

Research into potential power systems for the First Mars Outpost (FMO) was performed. The author examined a representative mission architecture which was developed by NASA to determine power system requirements. Power system options including nuclear, isotope, photovoltaic (PV), chemical heat engine, and regenerative fuel cell (RFC) concepts were identified for potential Mars surface applications. A top-level characterization study was conducted to determine power system mass and area for each application. It is seen that PV systems are generally not suited for Mars surface applications due to the large surface area required and higher mass than a closed Brayton cycle SP100 reactor system. A reactor is currently being considered by NASA Lewis Research Center to provide power for base architectures including an ISRU (in situ resource utilization). An oxygen/methane powered heat engine would provide 40 kWe of emergency power for the habitat. A dynamic isotope power system (DIPS) is the current choice for a long-duration pressurized rover due to the excessive size of a PV/RFC system and higher mass of a heat engine system. DIPS has advantages for other low power systems due to its neatly immediate availability and flexibility (night or day power; no recharging required)     

Tetrahedral Robotics for Space Exploration

A reconfigurable space filling robotic architecture has a wide range of possible applications. One of the more intriguing possibilities is mobility in very irregular and otherwise impassable terrain. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center is developing the third generation of its addressable reconfigurable technology (ART) tetrahedral robotics architecture. An ART-based variable geometry truss consisting of 12 tetrahedral elements made from 26 smart struts on a wireless network has been developed. The primary goal of this development is the demonstration of a new kind of robotic mobility that can provide access and articulation that complement existing capabilities. An initial set of gaits and other behaviors are being tested, and accommodations for payloads such as sensor and telemetry packages are being studied. Herein, we describe our experience with the ART tetrahedral robotics architecture and the improvements implemented in the third generation of this technology. Applications of these robots to space exploration and the tradeoffs involved with this architecture will be discussed.