激光微粒影象的粒径判读准则

1.引言 在许多工程及科学领域中,微粒尺寸及分布的测量是很重要的。在诸类测粒方法中,摄影测粒技术尤受重视。因为摄影方法可将结果长期保存,记录信息量大,测量结果直观易于分析。当以脉冲激光照明进行摄影时,还能将高速运动的微粒“冻结”下来,完全可视作静态处理。激光摄影测粒技术有激光显微摄影和激光全息摄影,二者最后都转化为从     

激光微粒影象数字处理技术的探讨

激光显微摄影和激光全息摄影测粒技术在工程中应用的最大障碍是微粒影象的处理,由于激光摄影测粒技术含有的信息量很大,人工判读既费时,结果还受检测者的视差、熟练程度、疲劳情况等诸多因素的影响。特别当微粒离焦时,人工判读只能将其舍掉,无法加以利用。然而,在激光摄影测粒中,存在着大量的离焦微粒影象,可以根据三维判读技术加以利用[1]。因此需要解决激光微粒影象的图象处理技术。      

测量汽轮机叶片扭转变形的激光截线法

提出了一种测量汽轮机叶片动态扭转变形的新方法──激光截线法．利用Ｈｅ—Ｎｅ激光截线长的变化对叶片扭转恢复角进行动态测量，其精度可达到和高于激光超高速摄影测量法     

基于内腔光阱的光力加速度测量方法

内腔光阱中被捕获微粒的微小位移将导致腔内激光功率的大幅变化,可实现光阱系统的快速自反馈.基于这一原理,提出了一种新型加速度测量方案.该方案计算了内腔光阱中被捕获微粒的径向受力,建立了利用激光功率进行加速度传感的理论模型,并分析了工作点的选取对加速度测量的影响.系统以高频光电探测器作为加速度测量模块,可实现GHz量级的信号采集.内腔光阱将进一步促进光镊技术在惯性测量方向上的应用.     

工业数字近景摄影大尺寸三坐标测量系统V-STARS——解放军信息工程大学测绘学院黄桂平

几何量大尺寸测量主要指"几米至几百米范围内物体的空间位置、尺寸、形状、运动轨迹等的测量"[1].目前可以实现大尺寸三维坐标测量的方法和系统按照所使用的主要传感器可以分为经纬仪测量系统、激光跟踪测量系统、激光扫描测量系统、关节式坐标测量机和数字近景摄影测量系统等[2].     

PIV技术在复杂二相流场中的应用

光学元器件随飞行器在大气中飞行时,其工作性能越来越多地受到大气悬浮汇聚微粒的影响。大气微粒在复杂流场中呈现何种运动汇聚效应,对于合理准确评估机载光学元器件的工作效能具有十分重要的工程意义,而复杂气动流场中微粒分布状态的预估一直是飞行器外界环境研究中的一个难点。气动问题的复杂性、大气中微粒的多样性一直是制约各种试验手段展开、数值模型建立的主要因素。利用先进的激光粒子图像技术,在风洞中对舵面旋涡主导的复杂流场中的微粒速度及分布特性进行了实验研究。在测量舵面翼梢脱落旋涡特性的基础上,通过激光片光扫描流场全域,同时高帧频CCD相机同步曝光,利用PIV 拍摄到的流场中涡流截面内微粒分布的瞬态图像。结合图像后处理技术,对原始粒子图像进行互相关、二值化处理,通过对图像区域内的灰度值计算,统计相对流场截面内的粒子浓度系数,得到在复杂旋涡结构流场内瞬态粒子的分布特性规律。研究结果表明,利用大气中微粒在激光片光下的米氏散射原理,可以有效地拍摄到复杂流场结构下粒子光学散射及分布的特性图像,解决了传统环境测试设备无法对复杂条件下流场内粒子分布进行实时测量的缺陷;在旋涡为主导的流场中,大气中的微粒由向心力牵引,在涡核周围达到平衡运动状态,微粒环绕涡核形成一条环状带,这一区域中的粒子浓度系数要远大于自由流场中的微粒,涡核中心粒子呈“空洞”状态。     

基于BP网络星图识别的样本构造方法

星敏感器是一种高精度的姿态敏感测量系统，如何确定星敏感器上像点在摄影时刻所对应的恒星，即星图识别，是姿态测量的关键。本文根据星图识别问题本身的特点和神经网络技术的特性，提出了基于BP网络星图识别方法的一种可以兼顾性能和效率、利于实现的样本构造方法。     

国外激光加工技术的发展和应用(下)

激光清洗微电子器件制造中最令人头痛的是有机物和微粒污染。对于亚微米尺度的半导体器件来说,其失效缺陷是微粒污染造成的。加工中,灰尘直径只及器件最小几何尺寸的1/3至1/10就能造成器件失效。传统的超声清洗和强声清洗对微米级及更小尺寸的微粒越来越无能为力了。目前正在研究开发以下几种激光清面:①微粒或表面吸收激光能量后,热扩散产生的力使微粒离开表面;②激光能量被微粒周围和下面的转移介质(例如,少量的水)吸收,导致介质爆炸性汽化,把微粒推离材料表面;③激光能量被基体材料吸收,然后把吸附的转移介质加热,产生爆炸性汽化。初步试验表明,这些激光辅助去除微粒(LAPR)的方法是有效的,使半导体器件生产成品率的提高有了光明的前景。上述清洗方法同样适用于要求特别严格的光学器件表面。     

满足一等量块检定要求的接触式激光量块干涉仪

最新研制的接触式激光量块干涉仪主要用于测量一、二等量块的中心长度，其长度测量不确定度达到（0.02 0.2L)μm。文中介绍了其工作原理、测量不确定度分析，给出了量块测量的验证数据。     

光电跟踪测量工程的发展

一、前言二十余年来,我国靶场光电跟踪测量设备——以光电经纬仪为主要代表,已经发展到第四代。今天的光电经纬仪,除了具备摄影这一基本测量记录手段外,通常还具有电视跟踪测量、红外跟踪测量、激光跟踪测量及激光测距等技术。测角、测距精度,自动跟踪性能及仪器自动化程度日趋提高完善,并广泛采用微机来提高整机及各分系统的性能,与国外近年来发展的同类产品相比,性能相差无几。与此同时,由于抗电子干扰的需要,我国也开始发展光电火控系统,光电制导系统。尽     

Experimental studies on the burning of coated and uncoated micro and nano-sized aluminium particles

Two different approaches are used in this work to reduce the burning times of aluminium particles with the ultimate goal to improve the performances of solid propellants. One method is to coat the micro-sized particles by nickel, and the second is to decrease the particle sizes to nano-metric scales.A thin coating of Ni on the surface of Al particles can prevent their agglomeration and at the same time facilitates their ignition, thus increasing the efficiency of aluminized propellants. In this work, ignition and burning of single Ni-coated Al particles are investigated using an electrodynamic levitation setup and laser heating of the particles. The levitation experiments are used to measure the particle ignition delay time and burning time at different Ni contents in the particles.Decreasing the size of Al particles increases their specific surface, and hence decreases the burning time of the same mass of particles. In this investigation, a cloud of Al nano-particles formed in a combustion tube is ignited by an electric spark. The cloud experiments are used to measure comparative flame front propagation velocities for different Al particle sizes with and without organic coating.The results and their analysis show that both methods reduce the Al burning time. Ni coating reduces significantly the ignition time of micro-sized Al particles and hence the total burning time compared to non-coated particles. Nano-sized particle clouds burn faster than micro-sized Al particle clouds.     

基于低密度粒子图像叠加的Micro-PIV速度场测量

提出了一种基于低密度粒子图像的微流体粒子图像全场测速技术。经过背景噪声去除、阈值过滤、图像增强等图像预处理过程,获得了高质量的低密度荧光示踪粒子图像。对100对图像进行图像叠加处理,得到了满足互相关算法求解二维速度场的高密度叠加粒子图像。针对宽度为250μm,深60μm的长直微通道开展了覆盖全场不同流体层平面的二维速度测量,并利用多个流体平面的二维速度场实现了微通道内全场速度的构建。研究结果表明：由于图像叠加法去除了像径大但灰度低的背景粒子图像,采用互相关分析能够准确获得分层二维速度场,所构建的全场速度场正确反映了长直微通道内流流场特征。     

二维气固混合层中拟序结构对 固粒运动影响的研究＊

本文对固粒在混合层涡卷起和配对过程中的运动进行了研究。对流场用拟谱方法直接数值模拟,对固粒用颗粒－轨道模型。计算结果给出了涡卷起和涡配对过程中固粒的运动情况,说明本流场Ｂａｓｓｅｔ力对固粒运动的影响甚微;拟序结构演变过程的不同阶段造成不同的固粒分布,该结果与流场显示的实验结果相符;在相同流场条件下,Ｓｔｏｋｅｓ数是影响固粒在拟序结构流场中运动的控制参数。文中所得结论对工程应用具有指导意义。     

The radial diffusion of trapped particles induced by fluctuating magnetospheric fields

Small fluctuations in magnetospheric electric and magnetic fields lead to random changes in the radial positions of trapped particles. The characteristics of this radial diffusion are described theoretically in terms of the statistical properties of the field fluctuations, in particular the power spectra of the various spatial components. A large body of trapped particle data demonstrates that diffusion with the predicted properties actually takes place. These data include the average radial and energy distributions and the time variations in particle fluxes. This radial diffusion has a major influence on the structure of the radiation belts; and since the net flow of particles is inward at most positions of the magnetosphere, the process acts as a strong source of trapped particles. Further experiments are needed to establish the importance of this mechanism relative to magnetic storm effects and to collective instabilities.     

长尾喷管中粒子运动轨迹的数值模拟

利用颗粒轨道模型计算了长尾喷管两相流流场,确定了在与壁面发生完全弹性和完全非弹性碰撞情况下不同尺寸粒子的运动轨迹,比较了不同尺寸粒子之间以及完全弹性碰撞和非弹性碰撞之间长尾喷管中粒子运动的差异,得出了长尾喷管中粒子运动的某些规律。      

Atmospheric Aerosol and Cloud Condensation Nuclei Formation: A Possible Influence of Cosmic Rays?

A physical mechanism which may have a potential to connect climate with cosmic rays (CR) involves aerosol particle formation by CR generated atmospheric ions followed by new particle growth. Only grown particles can scatter sunlight efficiently and can eventually act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and thereby may influence climate. Moreover grown particles live longer as they are less rapidly scavenged by pre-existing larger particles. The present paper discusses aerosol particle formation and growth in the light of new measurements recently made by our MPIK Heidelberg group. Emphasis is placed upon the upper troposphere where very low temperatures tend to facilitate new particle formation by nucleation. The new measurements include: laboratory measurements of cluster ions, aircraft measurements of ambient atmospheric ions, and atmospheric measurements of the powerful nucleating gas H₂SO₄ and its precursor SO₂. The discussion also addresses model simulations of aerosol formation and growth. It is concluded that in the upper troposphere new aerosol formation by CR generated ions is a frequent process with relatively large rates. However new particle formation by homogeneous nucleation (HONU) which is not related to CR also seems to be efficient. The bottleneck in the formation of upper troposphere aerosol particles with sizes sufficiently large to be climate relevant is not nucleation but growth of small particles. Our recent upper troposphere SO₂ measurements suggest that particle growth by gaseous sulphuric acid condensation is at least occasionally efficient. If so CR mediated formation of CCN sized particles should at least occasionally be operative in the upper troposphere.     

Atmospheric Ions and Aerosol Formation

This paper discusses atmospheric ions and their role in aerosol formation. Emphasis is placed upon the upper troposphere where very low temperatures tend to facilitate new particle formation by nucleation. New measurements addressed include: Laboratory measurements of cluster ions, aircraft measurements of ambient atmospheric ions, atmospheric measurements of the powerful nucleating gas H₂SO₄ and its gaseous precursor SO₂. The paper also discusses model simulations of aerosol formation and growth. It is concluded that in the upper troposphere new aerosol formation via ions is a frequent process with relatively large rates. However new particle formation by homogeneous nucleation which does not involve ions also seems to be efficient. The bottleneck in the formation of upper troposphere aerosol particles with sizes sufficiently large to be climate relevant is mostly not nucleation but sufficient growth of new and still very small particles. Our recent upper troposphere SO₂ measurements suggest that particle growth by gaseous sulphuric acid condensation can be efficient in certain circumstances. If so, cosmic ray mediated formation of CCN sized particles should at least occasionally be operative in the upper troposphere.     

用RTR技术研究固体发动机燃烧室中粒子运动轨迹(Ⅱ)图象处理技术应用

针对采用RTR技术获取固体火箭发动机（SRM）燃烧室中凝相粒子运动图象的特点，应用了背景减影、图象增强、图象分割、噪声过滤、图象叠加等图象处理手段对其进行处理，获得了较清晰的粒子运动轨迹图象。结果表明图象处理技术是开展利用RTR技术进行SRM二相流研究的关键环节之一。