Main results and perspectives of some Chilean experiences developed with low cost and accurate spatial remote sensing technology

This paper intends to summarize the main results and perspectives of several Chilean Programs developed by using low cost but accurate remote sensing techniques. Due to paper restrictions, three main applications will be shown : use of satellite data collection systems to measure meteorological data in Ant arctic Peninsula; study of geothermal resources in Los Andes Range by using multispectral and multitemporal Landsat images; and snowmelt runoff forecasting for Andean watersheds by using Landsat data. All these applications have allowed to obtain important and useful results and low cost, reliable and accurate methodologies have been obtained for these studies.     

Study of changes in the lineament structure,caused by earthquakes in South America by applying the lineament analysis to the Aster (Terra) satellite data

The region between Southern Peru and Northern Chile is one of the most seismically and volcanically active regions in South America. This is caused by a constant subduction of the South American Plate, converging with the Nazca Plate in the extreme North of Chile. We used the 15 and 30 m resolution satellite images, provided by the ASTER (VNIR and SWIR) instrument onboard the Terra satellite to study changes in the geological faults close to earthquake epicenters in southern Peru. Visible and infrared spectral bands were analysed using “The Lineament Extraction and Stripes Statistic Analysis” (LESSA) software package to examine changes in the lineament features and stripe density fields caused by seismic activity. We used the satellite images 128 and 48 days before and 73 days after a 5.2 Richter scale magnitude earthquake. The fact that the seasonal variations in the South of Peru and North of Chile are very small, and the vegetation is very limited, allowed us to establish substantial changes in the lineament and the stripe density field features. We develop a methodology that allows to evaluate the seismic risk in this region for the future.     

A gravity wave analysis near to the Andes Range from GPS radio occultation data and mesoscale numerical simulations: Two case studies

Global maps of potential wave energy per unit mass, recently performed with the Global Positioning System (GPS) Radio Occultation (RO) technique and different satellite missions (CHAMP and SAC-C since 2001, GRACE and COSMIC since 2006) revealed in Argentina, at the eastern side of the highest Andes Mountains, a considerable wave activity (WA) in comparison with other extra-tropical regions. The main gravity wave (GW) sources in this natural laboratory are deep convection (mainly during late Spring and Summer), topographic forcing and geostrophic adjustment.     

安第斯山上空平流层山地波统计特征的AIRS观测研究

利用AIRS红外探测仪在2013—2018年的辐射测量数据,对安第斯山20km,27km,35km及41km高度的山地波进行个例研究和统计分析.观测结果表明安第斯山上空山地波主要发生在5—10月,月平均水平波长、垂直波长及动量通量均没有明显的年际变化.水平波长在5月和10月相比6—9月较小,垂直波长和动量通量5—7月逐渐升高,达到峰值后在8—10月逐渐下降.在20～41km范围内,水平波长从43.5～53.9km缓慢升高至89.3～176.8km,垂直波长从7.4～14.7km上升至7.4～29.7km,动量通量由376.0～801.3mPa显著下降至10.4～239.3mPa.总体而言,山地波在向上传播的过程中,水平波长缓慢增加,在逆风传播的情况下,受到背景风场影响垂直波长随高度升高而增大.动量通量随高度升高显著下降,说明安第斯山山地波向上传播的同时伴有强烈耗散,耗散的能量将储存在背景大气中,对高平流层甚至中间层产生重要影响.      

星载观测平台的视线测量误差分配

面向光学卫星观测平台的视线测量精度需求,研究了一种基于区间分析理论的误差分配方法.基于先进的卫星、转台、相机结构,建立了惯性系下空间相机与目标间的视线矢量测量模型及测量误差模型.根据区间分析理论,给出了误差灵敏度的评价方法.根据星载观测平台的工作空间,得到了各项误差源在三个轴向上的全域最大灵敏度.以全域最大灵敏度为权重系数,建立了星载观测平台视线测量的误差分配模型,通过遗传算法将13项误差源的可行区间松弛致最大.Monte Carlo仿真验证了该误差分配方法的有效性,该方法也同样适用于机载、车载等观测平台的误差分配研究.     

Seismo-ionospheric anomalies in total electron content of the GIM and electron density of DEMETER before the 27 February 2010 M8.8 Chile earthquake

In this paper we examine the pre-earthquake ionospheric anomalies by the total electron content (TEC) extracted from GIM (global ionospheric map) and the electron density (Ne) observed by the DEMETER (Detection of Electro-Magnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions) satellite during the 2010 M8.8 Chile earthquake. Temporal variations show the nighttime TEC and Ne simultaneously increase 9–19 days before the earthquake. A cross-comparison of data recorded during the period of 1 February to 3 March in 2006–2010 confirms the above temporal anomalies specifically appear in 2010. The spatial analyses show that the anomalies tend to appear over the epicenter.     

Solar activity and El-Niño signals observed in Brazil and Chile tree ring records

This work presents a review of the results obtained by research on solar–terrestrial relationships developed by analyzing tree growth rings from Southern Brazil and Chile. These studies were performed using harmonic spectral and wavelet analysis. The time interval covered by the samples is 200 yr for Brazil and 2500 yr for Chile. It was observed that sample trees from Southern Brazil are showing a ring growth response favorable to the increase of solar activity. Although periodicities associated to the 11 yr solar cycle were observed in sample trees from Chile, this relation was not so favorable as in Brazilian trees. However, Chile tree ring widths have a much better response to low period, which indicates that they are more adequate to study El Niño events environmental variations than those from Brazil.     

An improved approach to model regional ionosphere and accelerate convergence for precise point positioning

Given the severe effects of the ionosphere on global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals, single-frequency (SF) precise point positioning (PPP) users can only achieve decimeter-level positioning results. Ionosphere-free combinations can eliminate the majority of ionospheric delay, but increase observation noise and slow down dual-frequency (DF) PPP convergence. In this paper, we develop a regional ionosphere modeling and rapid convergence approach to improve SF PPP (SFPPP) accuracy and accelerate DF PPP (DFPPP) convergence speed. Instead of area model, ionospheric delay is modeled for each satellite to be used as a priori correction. With the ionospheric, wide-lane uncalibrated phase delay (UPD) and residuals satellite DCBs product, the wide-lane observations for DF users change to be high-precision pseudorange observations. The validation of a continuously operating reference station (CORS) network was analyzed. The experimental results confirm that the approach considerably improves the accuracy of SFPPP. For DF users, convergence time is substantially reduced.     

基于卫星自旋的纯引力轨道万有引力干扰抑制

一个称为“内卫星”的验证质量块位于外卫星的内部空腔中,不与外卫星接触而自由飞行,由于外卫星的屏蔽,其不受大气阻力、太阳光压等干扰作用,沿着纯引力轨道飞行。外卫星会对内卫星产生万有引力作用,是内卫星纯引力轨道的主要残余干扰。根据卫星相对运动动力学方程,建立了万有引力干扰对内卫星纯引力轨道影响的分析模型;基于将外卫星绕轨道面法向旋转以调制万有引力的策略,建立了外卫星自旋对万有引力干扰影响的抑制模型。以内编队纯引力飞行系统为例,对比计算了外卫星有无自旋时万有引力干扰对内卫星纯引力轨道的影响。基于模型的分析表明,外卫星自旋能够显著抑制万有引力干扰对内卫星纯引力轨道的长期影响;实例计算表明,万有引力干扰的天长期影响能够降低5~7个数量级。     

The DEMETER micro satellite launch campaign: A cheap access to space

The CNES micro satellite DEMETER has been successfully launched on June 29th 2004 by a DNEPR launcher, from the Baïkonur Cosmodrome. DEMETER was the main payload among eight co-passengers.Initiated by CNES in 1998, DEMETER is the first model of the MYRIADE micro satellites line of products; its objectives are both scientific and technological; the satellite has now been flying for science for almost one year.The space head module of the launcher has been developed by the Ukrainian company Yuzhnoye, and a complete fit check test campaign has been performed in December 2003 to confirm the compatibility of the payloads with their launcher interfaces.The launch campaign took place at Baïkonur Cosmodrome from the end of May to the end of June 2004, implying a close partnership between the CNES satellite team and the Russian and Ukrainian launcher authorities: DEMETER has been a pioneer not only for the concept itself, but also for being the first satellite of this range (three axis stabilized, including an hydrazine propulsion system and developed by a national space agency) to be launched on a former intercontinental ballistic missile SS18. The launch service was managed by ISC Kosmotras, and it was the first sun synchronous orbit launch for DNEPR.The present paper deals with the details of DEMETER satellite and its launch, and preliminary results.     

模态综合在遥感卫星颤动响应分析中的应用

高分辨率遥感卫星对地观测时,星上部件的运动使星体产生颤动响应,该响应会对成像质量产生一定影响。介绍了基于混合界面综合方法的遥感卫星动力学模型及其简化计算方案;给出了运动部件拢动影响下遥感卫星的颤动响应分析仿真结果。这些结果可供卫星总体部门参考。     

基于梯度提升决策树的量子科学实验卫星光学实验预测

量子科学实验卫星在轨运行期间完成4种光学实验，地面监测人员通过遥测参数阈值判断卫星是否进行光学实验、实验类型及实验结果.这种方法需要预先设定大量阈值，并且这些阈值需要根据在轨卫星重新设定，可扩展性较差.针对以上问题，提出一种基于机器学习的光学实验判别方法，将量子科学实验卫星的光学实验监测任务抽象为机器学习中的多元分类问题，构建分类模型，利用量子科学实验卫星的真实历史遥测数据对模型进行训练，并通过真实实验计划对训练得到的模型进行验证.实验结果表明，本文提出的方法在没有专家先验知识的前提下，判别准确率达到99%，可用于量子科学实验卫星光学实验的实时监测任务.提出的基于机器学习的判别方法具有较强的可扩展性，可应用于卫星在轨运行的其他监测任务.      

航天器应急姿态捕获中GPS信号的应用

星载全球定位系统（GPS）卫星接收机在测量接收各GPS卫星信号时,可同时得到接收信号的信号强度测量辅助数据E。理论分析表明,接收信号的强度E与信号入射天线的法向夹角α强相关。如建立E与α稳定的先验模型,E就可以作为测量值,计算入射天线的角度α。在同一时刻,通过三个以上GPS卫星信号入射天线的角度α,可计算星载GPS卫星接收机接收天线的空间姿态。确定姿态的精度取决于E与α相关先验模型的稳定性。利用CHAMP卫星星载接收机在轨实测数据检验,估算的初始姿态精度为2°~3°。该方法可作为航天器故障状态下应急姿态捕获的一种辅助手段,也可为携带星载GPS而无高精度定姿要求的简易航天器提供一种新的无附加成本的定姿途径。     

小倾角同步卫星通信

同步卫星工作寿命必须考虑各种因素,当它接近寿命末期时,尽管星上有效载荷仍能有效工作,但剩余的燃料已无法继续进行南北位置保持,只能进行东西位置保持。这时如果利用该星进行小倾角通信,就能有效地延长卫星工作寿命,节省大笔经费。同时就它给地面卫星通信系统带来的新问题做了深入研究,给出了不同倾角情况下定量分析结果,并针对不同的通信体制,提出了相应的解决方法。     

Recent advances in understanding stratospheric dynamics and transport processes: Application of satellite data to their interpretation

The present paper discusses the use of the transformed Eulerian (or “residual”) mean-flow formulation, the Eliassen-Palm flux, and Ertel's potential vorticity to provide an increased understanding of wave, mean-flow interactions, and constituent transport processes in the stratosphere. Temperature and ozone data retrieved from radiance profiles obtained by the LIMS instrument on the Nimbus 7 satellite are utilized in conjunction with these theoretical concepts for the interpretation of phenomena that occurred during the major and minor warmings of January-February 1979. The results illustrate the insight provided by these concepts and demonstrate that useful diagnostic quantities can be derived from global satellite temperature fields.     

基于遗传算法PID整定的卫星姿态控制研究

文章针对新一代资源卫星建立了带有有效载荷的卫星姿态动力学方程,并且使用遗传算法PID参数自整定的方法进行了卫星姿态控制,有效地消除了可转动载荷对卫星姿态的影响。仿真结果表明,使用遗传算法PID参数自整定方法,对卫星的姿态系统具有较好的控制性能,并且克服了传统PID调参困难的缺点。     

基于移动站的转发式地面站设备时延标校方法

在转发式卫星测定轨系统中,基于伪码测距原理的星地距离测量是实现卫星精密定轨和高精度时间比对的基础。为获得高精度的星地距离,需要将地面站设备时延从伪码测距值中精确扣除。在转发式卫星测轨原理的基础上,提出了基于移动站的转发式地面站设备时延标校方法,实现了对转发式地面站设备时延的标校,标校精度能够优于0.5ns,对提高转发式卫星定轨精度和卫星双向时间比对精度具有重要作用。     

通信卫星平台热分析建模方法研究及温度预示

对通信卫星平台进行热分析 ,用热平衡试验结果对计算结果进行比对和修正 ,达到计算误差与试验误差基本在± 5℃范围内的效果 ,确立该平台热分析建模方法 ,该方法也可为其它卫星平台所借鉴     

卫星热平衡试验的温度预测与仿真模型

为了解决卫星热平衡试验中涉及的温度预测与变工况仿真试验问题,建立起星载仪器温度变化的双层集总参数模型,这一动态特性模型采用简单的嵌套结构,模型参数可以方便地运用系统辨识算法从卫星热平衡试验数据中获取,应用这一模型可以对不同星载仪器的温度变化进行分别的预测与仿真计算,从而大大减少了温度预测与仿真工作的计算量.对比研究表明:温度预测与仿真计算的结果与实际热平衡试验的结果一致.     

星座的发射规划研究

卫星的组网发射规划就是确定从地面把多颗卫星发射到所需求的轨道平面的适当时间问题.在保证组网卫星之间相位要求和发射单颗卫星限制条件的情况下,给出了一个轨道高度为800km、轨道倾角为45°的12颗星Wallker星座的发射窗口.其研究思路可为确定卫星群发射窗口提供参考.