卫星导航系统功率增强对接收信号质量的影响分析

GPS现代化计划在L1和L2两个频点上增加具有点波束增强功能的M码导航信号. 以GPS L1 M码信号为例, 从频谱重叠、接收信号等效载噪比两方面分析GPS L1 M码信号功率增强对其他导航信号质量的影响. 分析结果表明, GPS L1 M码信 号增强幅度在20dB以内时, 可以明显提升增强信号的抗干扰性能, 引起其他信号等效载噪比恶化量小于2dB; 信号增强幅度超过20dB后, 将导致其他信号质量迅速下降, 功率增强信号等效载噪比达到某一极值后将不再增加.      

全球卫星导航系统兼容性评估方法研究

目前,卫星导航系统兼容性评估方法主要是计算机仿真验证,难以复制真正的导航系统运行条件,改变任何一个参数都需要重新进行仿真,计算量和分析量很大,并存在较大误差。文章以卫星导航接收机为落脚点研究导航信号的兼容性。首先,根据干扰信号对全球导航卫星系统接收机捕获、载波跟踪、数据解调等的影响,推导了即时相关器输出的信号功率对噪声功率加干扰功率之比的模型,建立了基于频谱隔离系数的等效载噪比模型,利用相对较简单的等式就获得了干扰的一级评估;其次,具体分析了GPS C/A码自干扰时导航信号到达地面的功率、天线增益,以及星座功率增益等参数;最后,给出GPS C/A码自干扰时等效载噪比衰减的测试结果,在信号捕获时,多普勒频移为kHz的整数倍C/A码自干扰对所需GPS C/A码的等效载噪比衰减程度最大,达到9.6dBHz。该方法可以为中国新一代卫星导航系统信号设计提供参考。     

一种地基GNSS接收机差分码偏差估算方法

GNSS不同频点间的码伪距作差会引入信号的差分码偏差(DCB),包括GNSS卫星及地面接收机的DCB.本文提出一种地基GNSS接收机差分码偏差参数估算方法,首先由电离层文件参数作线性插值,计算出电离层延迟误差.之后对IGS站观测文件进行加权最小二乘法估计,得到GPS卫星和地面GNSS接收机的L1C频点和L2P频点间码偏...     

基于码片幅度调制的导航信号扩频码认证方法

信号认证是满足全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)民用信号安全性需求的关键，相比于导航电文认证(NMA),扩频码认证(SCA)具有更强的安全性。为了在实现SCA的同时不对非认证用户造成影响，提出了一种基于码片幅度调制(CAM)的导航信号SCA方法，对民用信号的扩频码的码片幅度进行了调制，实现了在扩频码层面的认证特征的引入。为了验证所提方法的有效性，采用理论和仿真分析，与GPS L1C采用的Chimera SCA方法进行了比较。结果表明，所提方法在检测性能方面提升了2.55～2.78 dB。研究成果可为下一代高安全卫星导航信号的设计提供支持。     

一种自适应GNSS弱信号载噪比估计方法

全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）信号的载噪比（CNR）是衡量接收机工作性能的一个重要参数。为了准确得到载噪比估计值,推导并分析了2种常用的GNSS信号载噪比估计方法（方差求和法（VSM）、窄带宽带功率比值法（PRM））,并同时提出一种基于渐消因子容积卡尔曼滤波的自适应载噪比估计方法,比较了3种方法在通常的信号环境下和弱信号环境下的载噪比估计能力。结果显示:在信号较弱环境或信号受到遮挡产生突变等情况时,VSM方法与PRM方法均会产生较大的误差,而自适应载噪比估计方法能准确估计出信号的载噪比。      

国外卫星导航系统现状与发展趋势分析

1卫星导航系统现状
　　GPS系统大力推行现代化改造,确保世界领先地位
　　美国的“全球定位系统”（GPS）是目前部署最完善、卫星技术最先进、定位精度最高、普及最广的卫星导航系统。为了保持、增强美国在全球卫星导航领域的领先优势与主导地位,1999年美国提出GPS系统现代化计划,旨在全面提升GPS系统军事与民用服务的性能,增强GPS系统民用导航服务的竞争能力,增强对抗条件下GPS系统的军用导航服务能力。经此现代化改造, GPS系统空间段星座卫星数量、导航信号、卫星功能等均将出现重大变化,主要包括3个方面：其一,星座卫星数量增加至30颗以上,以改善星座几何分布,提升服务性能;其二,增加军用M码信号、3个民用信号,其中军用M码信号是美国增强GPS系统导航战能力的重要基础,包括星上信号功率增强、点波束等均需通过先进的M码军用信号实现;其三,增加星上功率可调、高速星间与星地链路、点波束、搜索与救。和被动激光测距能力等,这是增强GPS系统自主导航与导航战能力的关键措施。     

软件GNSS信号模拟器架构与中频信号生成

软件GNSS(Global Navigation Satellite Systems)信号模拟器对于GNSS接收机的高效研发将做出重要贡献,因其结构灵活、开放性以及低成本.以GPS/Galileo组合系统为例,讨论了软件GNSS中频信号模拟器的架构,主要功能模块包括卫星星座仿真、接收机轨迹生成、传播通道特性仿真(包括电离层模型、对流层模型、多径模型等)、数字中频信号生成.在此基础上,着重阐述了数字中频信号生成模块的实现,功率谱图及分析结果验证了所生成的信号,包括GPS L1 C/A,Galileo E1 CBOC(Composite Binary Offset Carrier),Galileo E5a和E5b信号.     

基于半无码的P(Y)码自相关GNSS-R海面测高方法

针对传统GPS C/A码延迟测高方法测高精度低和互相关测高方法时延波形信噪比低的问题,研究了基于半无码的P（Y）码自相关海面测高方法。首先,通过理论测高精度模型,对比分析了C/A码和P（Y）码的测高精度;然后,描述了L1、L2双频反射信号基于半无码的P（Y）码自相关处理架构,并论述了测高模型和L1、L2双频电离层时延误差修正方法;最后,利用模拟的L1、L2反射信号对比分析了基于半无码的P（Y）码自相关、C/A码自相关以及信号互相关方法的海面测高精度。结果表明:相比于C/A码自相关和信号互相关测高精度,基于半无码的P（Y）码自相关的测高精度分别提高了3.97倍和1.47倍。      

一种新的SINS/GPS深组合导航系统设计

为了提高GPS在高动态、强干扰条件下的跟踪性能和导航精度,提出了一种新的SINS/GPS深组合导航方案.利用卡尔曼滤波器反馈回路取代了传统接收机中独立、并行的跟踪回路,能够同时完成所有可视卫星信号和组合导航信息处理的任务;利用矢量跟踪算法加强各跟踪通道相互关联,增强跟踪通道对信号载噪比变化的适应能力,从而提高接收机在信号中断条件下的导航性能;利用相关器输出的I和Q路测量值直接作为导航滤波器的观测量,减小滤波过程残差,可以提高组合导航系统的导航精度和跟踪性能.仿真验证表明,这种基于矢量跟踪的深组合导航方案不仅在GPS信号中断期间能够保证系统的导航精度和可靠性,而且在低载噪比条件下可以增强导航系统的跟踪性能以及抗干扰能力.     

2015年全球导航卫星发展回顾

1 美国 2015年,美国继续保持GPS系统运行与服务的稳定,持续加快GPS系统星座的更新步伐,成功发射3颗GPS-2F卫星,计划于2016年初完成全部12颗GPS-2F卫星的部署,2017年前使M码军用信号、L 2 C和L5码民用信号投入使用;同时,美国空军(USAF)已经完成了GPS现代化计划的调整,该计划至少将持续至2033年.     

利用GPS实现高轨卫星定位的抗远近效应算法

针对GPS应用于高轨卫星定位面临的远近效应问题, 提出利用正交相关的联合极大似然估计算法来对GPS信号进行二维搜索, 可以得到正确的码延时及多普勒估计. 极大似然估计算法首先利用滑行相关法对仿真信号中的强信号进行搜索, 得到强信号模型, 然后利用正交相关去掉强信号, 最终实现对弱信号的正确捕获. 本文对高轨卫星接收到的GPS信号进行了功率分析, 并建立了信号模型, 进行了算法仿真. 结果表明, 这种估计算法能够提高二维搜索性能, 有效解决远近效应问题.      

Quality variation of GPS satellite clocks on-orbit using IGS clock products

Over 60% clocks on board of the GPS satellites are working longer than their designed life. Therefore realizing their stabilities in a long time scales is essential to GPS navigation and positioning plus IGS time scale maintaining. IGS clock products from 2001 to 2010 are used to analyze the GPS satellite clock qualities such as frequency stabilities and clock noise level. We find out that for the clocks of Block IIA satellites the frequency stabilities and clock noise are 10 times worse than that of the Block IIR and IIR-M satellites. Moreover, the linear relationships between frequency stabilities and clock residuals have been deduced with an accuracy of better than 0.02 ns. Specially, it is noticed that the clock of the PRN27 is instable and the relationship between the frequency stability and residuals is at least a quadratic curve. Therefore, we suggested that GPS satellite clocks should be weighted by their quality levels in application, and the observations of the Block IIA should not be used for real-time positioning which required precision better than one meter.     

Instantaneous BeiDou–GPS attitude determination: A performance analysis

The advent of modernized and new global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) has enhanced the availability of satellite based positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) solutions. Specifically, it increases redundancy and yields operational back-up or independence in case of failure or unavailability of one system. Among existing GNSS, the Chinese BeiDou system (BDS) is being developed and will consist of geostationary (GEO) satellites, inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO) satellites, and medium-Earth-orbit (MEO) satellites. In this contribution, a BeiDou–GPS robustness analysis is carried out for instantaneous, unaided attitude determination.     

LEO enhanced Global Navigation Satellite System (LeGNSS) for real-time precise positioning services

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has been widely used in many geosciences areas with its Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) service. However, GNSS still has its own bottleneck, such as the long initialization period of Precise Point Positioning (PPP) without dense reference network. Recently, the concept of PNTRC (Positioning, Navigation, Timing, Remote sensing and Communication) has been put forward, where Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations are recruited to fulfill diverse missions. In navigation aspect, a number of selected LEO satellites can be equipped with a transmitter to transmit similar navigation signals to ground users, so that they can serve as GNSS satellites but with much faster geometric change to enhance GNSS capability, which is named as LEO constellation enhanced GNSS (LeGNSS). As a result, the initialization time of PPP is expected to be shortened to the level of a few minutes or even seconds depending on the number of the LEO satellites involved. In this article, we simulate all the relevant data from June 8th to 14th, 2014 and investigate the feasibility of LeGNSS with the concentration on the key issues in the whole data processing for providing real-time PPP service based on a system configuration with fourteen satellites of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), twenty-four satellites of the Global Positioning System (GPS), and sixty-six satellites of the Iridium satellite constellations. At the server-end, Precise Orbit Determination (POD) and Precise Clock Estimation (PCE) with various operational modes are investigated using simulated observations. It is found out that GNSS POD with partial LEO satellites is the most practical mode of LeGNSS operation. At the user-end, the Geometry Dilution Of Precision (GDOP) and Signal-In-Space Ranging Error (SISRE) are calculated and assessed for different positioning schemes in order to demonstrate the performance of LeGNSS. Centimeter level SISRE can be achieved for LeGNSS.     

Differential code bias estimation based on uncombined PPP with LEO onboard GPS observations

Differential Code Bias (DCB) is an essential correction that must be provided to the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) users for precise position determination. With the continuous deployment of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites, DCB estimation using observations from GNSS receivers onboard the LEO satellites is drawing increasing interests in order to meet the growing demands on high-quality DCB products from LEO-based applications, such as LEO-based GNSS signal augmentation and space weather research. Previous studies on LEO-based DCB estimation are usually using the geometry-free combination of GNSS observations, and it may suffer from significant leveling errors due to non-zero mean of multipath errors and short-term variations of receiver code and phase biases. In this study, we utilize the uncombined Precise Point Positioning (PPP) model for LEO DCB estimation. The models for uncombined PPP-based LEO DCB estimation are presented and GPS observations acquired from receivers onboard three identical Swarm satellites from February 1 to 28, 2019 are used for the validation. The results show that the average Root Mean Square errors (RMS) of the GPS satellite DCBs estimated with onboard data from each of the three Swarm satellites using the uncombined PPP model are less than 0.18 ns when compared to the GPS satellite DCBs obtained from IGS final daily Global Ionospheric Map (GIM) products. Meanwhile, the corresponding average RMS of GPS satellite DCBs estimated with the conventional geometry-free model are 0.290, 0.210, 0.281 ns, respectively, which are significantly larger than those obtained with the uncombined PPP model. It is also noted that the estimated GPS satellite DCBs by Swarm A and C satellites are highly correlated, likely attributed to their similar orbit type and space environment. On the other hand, the Swarm receiver DCBs estimated with uncombined PPP model, with Standard Deviation (STD) of 0.065, 0.037 and 0.071 ns, are more stable than those obtained from the official Swarm Level 2 products with corresponding STD values of 0.115, 0.101, and 0.109 ns, respectively. The above indicates that high-quality DCB products can be estimated based on uncombined PPP with LEO onboard observations.     

基于GPS遥感的延迟映射接收机关键技术

全球卫星定位系统GPS(Global Positioning System)广泛应用于定位和导航,还可利用海面对GPS信号产生的散射效应进行微波遥感,是一种新型微波遥感手段.首先介绍了GPS海洋遥感测风技术产生背景及特点,给出了GPS散射信号测量技术理论基础,重点分析了延迟映射接收机设计中提高采样信号信噪比、双射频前端电路设计、计算反射点延迟、接收机工作模式、内嵌软件处理等5项关键技术.设计的延迟映射接收机样机在天津近海完成了首次搭载飞行试验,试验结果表明,延迟映射接收机可同时接收直射和海面散射卫星信号并输出导航定位解,正确计算镜面散射点码延迟,准确接收海面散射的GPS卫星信号,且散射信号信噪比达到了14.9 dB以上,接收机输出为反演海面风场提供了准确的基础数据,这种方式可推广到遥感探测陆地土壤湿度、海冰厚度、海浪高度等领域.      

基于相位条纹的高精度GPS码相位测量方法

GPS接收机在测量卫星到接收机的传播距离时,通常能得到码相位和载波相位2个基本测量值。虽然载波相位测量值比码相位测量值精度高,但存在整周模糊度的问题,在实际应用中比采用码相位的技术付出的代价高很多。因此,基于相位条纹技术,提出了一种高精度的码相位测量方法。在传统码跟踪环的基础上,通过提取互功率谱相位条纹的频率,得到高精度的码相位测量值,从而组装出高精度的码伪距。仿真实验结果表明:在信噪比为-15 dB的情况下,码相位测量误差均方差约0.37 m,优于传统延迟锁定环在相同条件下约1.82 m的跟踪精度。得到了比传统码跟踪环更高的码相位测量精度的同时,不需要解算载波相位的整周模糊度,对提高GPS定位精度具有研究意义和应用价值。