基于ORBCOMM卫星机会信号的定位技术

为摆脱对全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）的依赖，克服其有意或无意干扰情况下无法工作等问题，可采用机会信号（SOP）实现定位，低轨卫星机会信号具备信号功率高、覆盖性广及无需增建基础设施等优点。提出了利用轨道通信卫星（ORBCOMM）系统实现天基机会信号定位。通过对ORBCOMM卫星机会信号的通信体制进行深入研究，实现了利用ORBCOMM卫星机会信号获取多普勒测量信息，建立了瞬时多普勒定位及其几何精度因子的数学模型，并采用卫星TLE数据结合轨道预测模型获得的卫星轨道信息实现ORBCOMM卫星机会信号定位。实测结果表明:利用ORBCOMM卫星机会信号可实现精度优于140 m的定位。研究成果对基于天基机会信号定位技术的理论研究及应用具有重要意义。      

GPS/GLONASS/GALILEO多星座组合导航系统研究

通过对多星座组合导航系统的分析,对多星座组合导航定位算法进行了研究。由于GPS、GLONASS、GALILEO系统分别采用了不同的坐标系,文中利用坐标系变换将不同星座统一到同一个坐标系中,采用增加状态变量的方法实现了组合系统的时间统一,从而实现了多星座间的时空统一;针对多星座组合系统的可见卫星数目大大增加的特点,采用最小二乘的方法实现了用户的导航定位解算,提高了用户的定位精度。通过对GPS/GLONASS/GALILEO多星座组合导航系统的仿真研究,其结果表明:与GPS单星座相比,GPS/GLONASS/GALILEO多星座组合导航系统,同一时间内可见卫星数目大大增加,PDOP值明显减小,有效提高了导航定位精度,具有良好的定位性能和可靠性。     

全球空间信息基础设施的发展态势与我国卫星通信的发展思路

1 全球空间信息基础设施的发展态势 星座化覆盖 全球化发展必然要求信息基础设施的全球覆盖.相比于地面信息基础设施,空间信息基础设施,特别是基于星座技术的卫星网络,在覆盖和互通能力方面具有独特的优势.国际移动卫星-2~5(Inmarsat-2~5)、"全球星"(Globalstar)、"铱"卫星(Iridium)、"轨道通信"(Orbcomm),以及正在部署的"另外三十亿人"(O3b)、即将启动的一网公司(OneWeb)和太空探索技术公司(SpaceX)的卫星互联网,都是面向全球的星座通信系统.美国"全球定位系统"(GPS)、俄罗斯"全球导航卫星系统"(GLONASS)、正在建设之中的欧洲"伽利略"(Galileo)和我国的"北斗",都是面向全球的星座导航定位系统.     

Walker星座的区域导航特性分析

基于反映定位精度的几何精度衰减因子 (GDOP)值 ,提出了一种评估导航性能的品质指标。研究了Walker星座的轨道构型参数 ,特别是卫星数目、轨道平面数、相对相位与轨道倾角对区域导航性能的影响。在轨道运动中考虑了地球扁率对卫星轨道的摄动。分析结果显示了星座轨道相对相位、轨道倾角等参数对星座区域导航品质指标的显著影响 ,导航品质指标比GDOP值能更直接地反映星座导航性能的好坏。     

星座分布式自主定轨中信息融合方法比较研究

为了保证大型导航星座在有限的星载运算能力和通信能力下，具备自主运行能力并提供精准位置参考信息，对基于分层结构的星座分布式自主定轨的信息融合方法展开了研究。以地月卫星联合星座作为研究对象，将简单凸组合法、协方差交叉融合法以及在线性最小方差意义下的矩阵加权法和标量加权法等方法应用于子滤波器估计的融合中，对各种融合方法的性能进行了对比分析。仿真结果显示，在采用方差放大技术去相关设计星座分布式自主定轨算法基础上，采用简单凸组合法、矩阵加权法和标量加权法3种融合方法的定轨精度较高，与集中式滤波精度相当，其中标量加权法的计算代价最低；而协方差交叉融合法由于难以准确确定最优系数，其精度低于其他3种方法。      

卫星远场测试工艺装备设计

导航卫星播发信号的用户等效测距误差(UERE)受到众多因素的影响,多径效应是其中较为主要的一个因素。为了测定卫星外形布局对多径效应及其带来的伪距误差的影响,同时为了验证减少多径效应的布局优化措施是否有效,有必要进行导航卫星的无线测试。在对试验技术条件进行充分研究后,设计了一系列的试验支持装配和工具,满足了多个状态的测试要求。通过工装的关键功能设计,完成了某卫星远场测试,测定了导航定位误差在典型工况下的量级,对卫星导航误差分析和提高定位精度有着重要意义。     

基于X射线脉冲星的导航卫星自主导航

基于星间链路的导航星座自主导航,存在星座整体旋转误差随时间累积问题,致使星座难于长时间自主运行。X射线脉冲星导航为星座整体旋转问题提供了一种新的解决途径:在导航卫星上安装X射线探测器,探测脉冲星辐射的X射线光子,整合脉冲轮廓和提取影像信息,星载时钟记录脉冲到达时间,经过星载计算机处理得到卫星位置、速度、时间和姿态等导航参数;脉冲星辐射的X射线信号为导航卫星提供了绝对时空基准,不存在星座整体旋转问题。在简要论述基于X射线脉冲星的导航卫星自主导航的基本概念、系统组成和几何原理的基础上,重点研究了导航卫星轨道确定与时间同步的自适应卡尔曼滤波算法,并通过数值分析试验,初步论证利用X射线脉冲星解决自主导航星座整体旋转问题的可行性和合理性。     

中国卫星导航学术年会

正第九届中国卫星导航学术年会将于2018年5月在中国哈尔滨召开.会议由中国卫星导航系统管理办公室学术交流中心主办,涵盖学术交流、高端论坛、展览展示和科学普及等内容.主要议题包括:卫星导航应用技术,导航与位置服务,卫星导航信号及抗干扰技术,卫星轨道与钟差,精密定位技术,时空基准与时频技术,卫星导航增强技术,测试评估技术,用户终端技术,多源融合导航技术,PNT新概念、新方法及新技术,政策法规、标准化及知识产权.优秀论文(英文)将在施普林格(Springer)知     

多星分布式无源相干定位方法

针对方向性辐射源信号主瓣波束窄测向定位精度不足的问题，提出多星分布式无源相干定位方法。首先，根据参考星接收到的主瓣强信号对辐射源位置进行粗定位，并根据粗定位信息对频移进行补偿；随后，将参考星信号分发至临近卫星，在粗定位范围内对相干星接收到的旁瓣弱信号进行互相关搜索，解算时差信息；然后，采用多星时差定位体制估计辐射源精确位置；最后对提出算法进行了Cramer-Rao下界分析，并通过仿真实验对算法进行验证。仿真结果表明，算法在弱信号信噪比(SNR在-40～0 dB)的情况下，定位误差能够快速逼近Cramer-Rao下界，并且能够有效提高辐射源的定位精度。     

基于小波分析的BOC信号抗多径码相位估计

卫星导航接收机需要精确地估计扩频信号的码相位并进行跟踪,估计的精度直接影响伪距测量的精度.卫星信号的多径传播使得简单的相关器估计存在较大的误差,针对未来导航系统普遍采用的BOC(Binary Offset Carrier)导航信号,提出了一种基于小波分析的估计算法来抑制多径误差,仿真的结果表明该算法比传统的窄相关和双Delta技术在性能上有很大的改进.并证明了在采用Haar小波时,该技术与相关器估计方法在极限条件下是等价的,同时该方法的算法复杂度比基于最大似然估计的方法MMT(Multipath Mitigating Technique)要低.     

低轨导航增强卫星星座设计

针对目前全球低轨卫星快速发展的现状,对低轨导航增强卫星星座设计方法进行了详细的研究。首先推导了轨道高度与可视球冠的关系,结合太空垃圾分布,从覆盖范围、经济性及碰撞风险几方面联合确定了轨道高度。然后推导了用户仰角与轨道倾角的关系,分析了实现南北极点覆盖的轨道倾角。接着结合铱星星座,推导出单一星座构型无法实现全球范围内均匀的可见星和精度衰减因子（Dilution of Precision,DOP）值分布。最后提出了一种组合低轨卫星星座设计方法。结果表明,该方法设计的组合星座在实现全球覆盖的同时,能够实现可见星数量与DOP值在全球范围内的均匀分布。     

LEO enhanced Global Navigation Satellite System (LeGNSS) for real-time precise positioning services

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has been widely used in many geosciences areas with its Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) service. However, GNSS still has its own bottleneck, such as the long initialization period of Precise Point Positioning (PPP) without dense reference network. Recently, the concept of PNTRC (Positioning, Navigation, Timing, Remote sensing and Communication) has been put forward, where Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations are recruited to fulfill diverse missions. In navigation aspect, a number of selected LEO satellites can be equipped with a transmitter to transmit similar navigation signals to ground users, so that they can serve as GNSS satellites but with much faster geometric change to enhance GNSS capability, which is named as LEO constellation enhanced GNSS (LeGNSS). As a result, the initialization time of PPP is expected to be shortened to the level of a few minutes or even seconds depending on the number of the LEO satellites involved. In this article, we simulate all the relevant data from June 8th to 14th, 2014 and investigate the feasibility of LeGNSS with the concentration on the key issues in the whole data processing for providing real-time PPP service based on a system configuration with fourteen satellites of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), twenty-four satellites of the Global Positioning System (GPS), and sixty-six satellites of the Iridium satellite constellations. At the server-end, Precise Orbit Determination (POD) and Precise Clock Estimation (PCE) with various operational modes are investigated using simulated observations. It is found out that GNSS POD with partial LEO satellites is the most practical mode of LeGNSS operation. At the user-end, the Geometry Dilution Of Precision (GDOP) and Signal-In-Space Ranging Error (SISRE) are calculated and assessed for different positioning schemes in order to demonstrate the performance of LeGNSS. Centimeter level SISRE can be achieved for LeGNSS.     

星间链路联合磁测约束的低轨星座自主导航

为解决星座仅依靠星间链路测量进行自主导航时的整体旋转和漂移问题,提出一种星间链路联合磁测约束的低轨星座自主导航方法.通过星间观测相机和磁强计,获得同轨道相邻卫星视线矢量与地磁场方向之间的角距和地磁场模值,为低轨星座引入空间基准信息.在非秩亏性分析的基础上,分别建立状态方程和量测方程,利用扩展卡尔曼滤波方法进行整星座的最优状态估计.仿真结果表明,星座卫星自主导航位置精度优于20m,速度精度优于0.05m·s-1,自主导航运行时间维持180天,能够满足低轨卫星星座自主导航的应用需求.      

伪卫星辅助的北斗定位系统的GDOP研究

我国建成的北斗导航定位系统由于卫星数目有限，不能实现实时三维无源定位．若利用地面伪卫星辅助，则能够很好地弥补这一缺陷，在地面伪卫星的作用范围内实现高精度的无源定位．卫星定位系统的精度等性能，很大程度上取决于定位卫星的数目和几何布局，而GDOP正是衡量定位卫星几何布局优劣的一个量度．本文从GDOP的角度研究了不同伪卫星位置及布局对系统定位精度的影响，得到的结论为合理设置伪卫星以进一步提高系统性能提供了有力的参考依据．     

The impact on tsunami detection from space using GNSS-reflectometry when combining GPS with GLONASS and Galileo

The devastating Sumatra tsunami in 2004 demonstrated the need for a tsunami early warning system in the Indian Ocean. Such a system has been installed within the German-Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System (GITEWS) project. Tsunamis are a global phenomenon and for global observations satellites are predestined. Within the GITEWS project a feasibility study on a future tsunami detection system from space has therefore been carried out. The Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) is an innovative way of using GNSS signals for remote sensing. It uses ocean reflected GNSS signals for sea surface altimetry. With a dedicated Low Earth Orbit (LEO) constellation of satellites equipped with GNSS-R receivers, densely spaced sea surface height measurements could be established to detect tsunamis. Some general considerations on the geometry between LEO and GNSS are made in this simulation study. It exemplary analyzes the detection performance of a GNSS-R constellation at 900 km altitude and 60° inclination angle when applied to the Sumatra tsunami as it occurred in 2004. GPS is assumed as signal source and the combination with GLONASS and Galileo signals is investigated. It can be demonstrated, that the combination of GPS and Galileo is advantageous for constellations with few satellites while the combination with GLONASS is preferable for constellations with many satellites. If all three GNSS are combined, the best detection performance can be expected for all scenarios considered. In this case an 18 satellite constellation will detect the Sumatra tsunami within 17 min with certainty, while it takes 53 min if only GPS is considered.     

基于低轨稀疏星座的蓝绿激光对潜定位研究

潜艇只在必要时刻才浮出水面，对实时通信和导航定位造成极大制约。蓝绿激光具有深水穿透性高、衰减系数低等优势，已在机载和星载平台对潜艇通信中得到验证。借鉴GNSS导航信号产生原理，结合蓝绿激光通信测距一体化与低轨卫星自身精密定轨，提出了基于蓝绿激光通信的低轨卫星对潜定位算法。通过在激光通信中增加载波相位调制，实现潜艇激光接收器的伪距测量，联合其高程测量信息实现水下定位。以一带一路海域，特别是中国南海区域为服务对象，优化星座参数设计了3颗卫星组成的低轨稀疏星座。潜艇在星座覆盖区域内保持静态，间隔1~3min完成至少两次通信测距和导航电文接收，联合两组观测数据、精密星历及高程测量信息进行定位解算。仿真结果显示，在卫星过境期间，考虑卫星定轨精度，激光在空气、水下传播误差等因素，潜艇可在水下实现X、Z方向定位误差优于100m，Y方向误差约100~150m的高精度定位，对提升潜艇的战场作战能力具有意义。     

基于GEO／HEO混合星座的区域卫星定位系统性能分析

星座方案选择对卫星定位系统的性能具有很大影响。本文结合GNSS－2星座方案中的阿基米德计划，设计了针对我国区域的HEO／GEO混合星座，首先从可见性角度对GEO卫星定点参数和HEO卫星轨道参数进行了优选，之后，以GDOP和PDOP因子为衡量标准，在选定覆盖区域内，对混合星座的定位性能进行了分析，仿真结果表明，在覆盖区域内，该星座能够达到与GPS相当的定位精度。     

Estimation of differential code biases with Jason-2/3 onboard GPS observations

With the continuous deployment of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites, the estimation of differential code biases (DCBs) based on GNSS observations from LEO has gained increasing attention. Previous studies on LEO-based DCB estimation are usually using the spherical symmetry ionosphere assumption (SSIA), in which a uniform electron density is assumed in a thick shell. In this study, we propose an approach (named the SHLEO method) to simultaneously estimate the satellite and LEO onboard receiver DCBs by modeling the distribution of the global plasmaspheric total electron content (PTEC) above the satellite orbit with a spherical harmonic (SH) function. Compared to the commonly used SSIA method, the SHLEO model improves the GPS satellite DCB estimation accuracy by 13.46% and the stability by 22.34%, respectively. Compared to the GPS satellite DCBs estimated based on the Jason-3-only observations, the accuracy and monthly stability of the satellite DCBs can be improved by 14.42% and 26.8% when both Jason-2 and Jason-3 onboard observations are jointly processed. Compared with the Jason-2 solutions, the GPS satellite DCB estimates based on the fusion of Jason-2 and Jason-3 observations have an improved consistency of better than 18.26% and 9.71% with the products provided by the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE) and Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). Taking the DCB products provided by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) as references, there is no improvement in accuracy of the GPS satellite DCB estimates based on the fusion of Jason-2 and Jason-3 observations than the Jason-2 solutions alone. A periodic variation is found in the time series of both the Jason-3 and Jason-2 onboard receiver DCB estimates. Preliminary analysis of the PTEC distribution based on the estimated SH coefficients are also presented.     

Beidou wide-area augmentation system clock error correction and performance verification

On December 27, 2018, the Beidou-3 System (BDS-3) has completed the deployment of 18 Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites combined as a space constellation. In addition to the augmentation information for the new system signals B1C and B2a, the BDS-3 is compatible with the three augmentation information broadcast by the BDS-2 system for B1I and B3I signals: equivalent clock error correction, User Differential Ranging Error (UDRE) and Grid Ionosphere Vertical Error (GIVE). In this paper, the observation data of Beidou monitoring network are used to analyze the pseudo-range observation quality of the smooth transition signals B1I and B3I of BDS-2 and BDS-3. At the same time, the relationship between the equivalent clock error correction and the prediction error of the satellite clock is analyzed by using the Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer (TWSTFT) data. The results show that the correlation between the equivalent clock error correction and the monitored clock error by using the TWSTFT data is greater than 60%. We calculate the UDRE by using the equivalent clock error correction. The results show that the satellite equivalent clock error correction can improve the accuracy of User Equivalent Range Error (UERE) by about 50%. This paper also compares the positioning accuracy of the BDS-2 satellites with the BDS-2 satellites combined BDS-3 satellites. The results show that the three-dimensional positioning accuracy is improved by about 30% after the BDS-3 satellites are added.