Optimised radiative cooling of infrared space telescopes and applications to possible missions

General principles are outlined for the design of space infrared telescopes intended to cool by radiation to the lowest temperatures attainable without the use of on-board cryogens, and assuming on-orbit cooling after a warm launch. Maximum protection from solar and earth heating, maximum radiating area and efficiency and minimum absorbing area and absorptivity are the obvious basic criteria. The optimised design is a short, fat telescope surrounded by a series of radiation shields, each cooled by its own radiator. Maximising the longitudinal conductivity of the radiation shields and of the telescope tube itself is important both to the on-orbit cooling time and the final achieveable temperature. Realistic designs take between 80 and 200 days to cool to within a few degrees of equilibrium temperatures, depending on the materials used. Great advantages accrue from the use of an orbit distant from earth. Both simple models and detailed simulations suggest that temperatures of 30 to 40 K are attainable in high earth orbits. Placing a radiatively cooled telescope in a halo orbit around the Lagrangian point L2 is a particularly attractive option and significantly lower temperatures can be achieved there than in Earth orbit. Optimised radiative cooling is an important element of the small Japanese mission SMIRT. We suggest that a combination of an ESA Medium-sized Mission with a NASA Explorer to send a 2m+ telescope to an L2 halo orbit would provide a cost-effective and powerful long-duration facility for the early 21st century.     

深空探测器定位在共线平动点附近的线性策略

深空探测器需要定位在日-地(月)系的共线平动点L1或L2附近执行探测任务,但由于共线平动点的不稳定性,必须在运行期间进行轨控。对于条件周期轨道(如晕轨道)必须在控制过程中考虑高次项,控制条件复杂,技术上实现相对困难。而某些探测任务,探测器定位在共线平动点附近的条件拟周期轨道(对应L issajous轨道)上亦可以。这种类型的轨道可以离共线平动点较近,那么只需要在控制过程中考虑线性项即可,控制条件简单。以圆型限制性三体问题作为基本模型,采用预估-校正法逼近线性化模型下的目标轨道,给出在轨运行期间的轨控策略亦是可取的,这种控制措施相对而言较简单,容易实现。仿真计算结果表明是可行的,能够提供较高的位置精度。     

基于特征模型的Halo轨道维持控制

平动点，尤其是共线平动点轨道在未来深空探测活动中具有重要的应用价值，但由于共线平动点轨道不稳定，运行在其上的航天器在无控情况下将很快偏离标称轨道，因此在实际任务中，轨道维持必不可少。针对地月系L₂点附近的Halo轨道维持问题，首先在圆型限制性三体模型下，利用Richardson三阶近似解析解、微分修正以及打靶法获得了用于维持控制的标称轨道；然后设计了基于特征模型理论的黄金分割控制器用于速度跟踪以及PD控制器用于位置跟踪；最后分别在圆型限制性三体模型和双圆限制性四体模型下进行了仿真分析。结果表明：在两种模型下，位置和速度的跟踪精度分别优于100 m和0.003 m/s，但双圆限制性四体模型下所需总的速度增量比圆型限制性三体模型下所需总的速度增量高一个数量级。     

RCD太阳帆航天器人工平动点轨道保持与控制

针对航天器平动点轨道保持问题,研究了含有反射率控制设备(RCD)的太阳帆航天器在日地系共线人工平动点处的轨道保持与控制,同时降低因频繁改变航天器姿态所带来的振动问题。首先,基于太阳帆圆型限制性三体问题,计算了RCD型太阳帆人工平动点位置,给出了太阳帆共线人工平动点三阶Halo轨道,并将其作为参考轨道;然后,将太阳帆动力学方程线性化,采用跟踪控制输出的方法对线性模型进行控制;最后,通过合理选择控制变量矩阵,将控制律代入非线性模型中进行轨道保持控制。仿真结果表明,通过控制RCD太阳帆反射率设备参数及姿态角,实现了长时间的Halo轨道保持,同时大幅减小了太阳帆姿态角的改变,从而减小了帆面振动,为太阳帆航天器长期轨道任务的实现提供了良好的理论依据。     

地月系共线平动点探测器的星上轨道预报问题

针对定点在地月系共线平动点附近运动的探测器，研究其轨道预报问题，并探讨了星上外推预报时的力模型简化问题。首先定量分析了共线平动点L1和L2附近探测器的受力情形；然后构造了真实力模型下这些点附近的目标轨道并研究了其误差传播规律，指出这类轨道相比一般卫星轨道预报的不同特征；最后结合星上有限的计算和存储资源限制探讨了力模型的简化问题。此项工作可为定点在平动点附近的探测器的星上预报提供参考。     

Empirical Solar Proton Model for Orbiting Spacecraft Applications

An empirical model for energetic solar proton fluxes is presented. With this model the effects of such protons on geocentric space missions, to be flown during the next solar active period (1977-1983), and with orbits involving partial magnetospheric shielding, may be estimated. A synoptic background review is given, followed by a detailed discussion of the model's use, errors, uncertainties, and limitations, including sample calculations which demonstrate the application of specific or general project missions. Finally, for circular trajectories, percentage exposure maps are presented, depicting fractional mission times spent outside particular L shells as functions of orbit altitude and inclination. The distinguishing assumptions of this analysis are: 1) that the solar proton flux in the 10-100 MeV energy range, as accumulated over solar cycle 20 due to several discrete events, will be accumulated at a uniform rate for the seven active years of solar cycle 21; and 2) that all protons in the energy range of interest have a common geomagnetic latitude cutoff.     

基于地月三角平动点的卫星自主定轨

近年提出了利用地月系平动点建立深空导航星座的设想。在受太阳摄动的真实力模型下,地月系平动点是不稳定的,从而会导致导航星座必须通过控制才能定点在特定区域。针对此问题,引入一种特殊的平动点轨道,即动力学替代轨道。平动点轨道卫星星座可利用星间测距数据自主定轨,由于动力学替代轨道具有长期稳定性,整个自主定轨过程不需要来自地面的测控支持,且定轨精度可达到观测精度。研究结果表明,观测资料的长短、导航卫星垂直白道面的运动分量都将影响到导航星间的自主定轨精度。该研究成果可以应用在以后的地月系导航星座中。     

Scheme design of the CHANG’E-5T1 extended mission

Flight schemes for the CHANG’E-5T1 extended mission are investigated in this paper. In the flight scheme and trajectory design, the remaining propellant of the CHANG’E-5T1 mission is utilized. The CHANG’E-5T1 mission is firstly introduced with feasible flight goals derived based on the terminal trajectory and satellite status. The flight schemes are designed to include a lunar return and the libration points in the Sun-Earth/Moon and Earth-Moon systems, with an emphasis on the Earth-Moon triangle libration point thus far unexplored. Secondly, three schemes are proposed for the CHANG’E-5T1 extended mission with different flight goals. The direct libration point orbit transfer and injection method is adopted to solve the issue in the transfer trajectory design. Furthermore, an innovative concept is proposed to transfer from the Earth-Moon collinear libration point to the triangle point using the Sun-Earth/Moon libration point. Finally, the merits and drawbacks of the three schemes are discussed in terms of flight time, control energy and frequency, flight distance, and goal value. As a result, the scheme including a lunar return and the Earth-Moon L2 libration point is selected for the CHANG’E-5T1 extended mission. A flight to the Earth-Moon libration point is achieved, replicating the achievement of the ARTEMIS mission.     

太阳辐射对ER3BP拉格朗日点的影响

为了研究Halo轨道中继通信以及行星际轨道转移等问题,需要首先对拉格朗日点(平动点)的理论进行分析。使用考虑太阳辐射的椭圆型限制性三体建模,代替原有的圆型限制性三体建模,提高了建模的精度。提出了在L1,L2,L3点的更为精确的新解析解,经过Matlab仿真,其相对于精确数值解的误差,分别为Ammar的解析解的13.13%,29.51%,0.46%。     

Aiming at a 1-cm Orbit for Low Earth Orbiters: Reduced-Dynamic and Kinematic Precise Orbit Determination

The computation of high-accuracy orbits is a prerequisite for the success of Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) missions such as CHAMP, GRACE and GOCE. The mission objectives of these satellites cannot be reached without computing orbits with an accuracy at the few cm level. Such a level of accuracy might be achieved with the techniques of reduced-dynamic and kinematic precise orbit determination (POD) assuming continuous Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking (SST) by the Global Positioning System (GPS). Both techniques have reached a high level of maturity and have been successfully applied to missions in the past, for example to TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P), leading to (sub-)decimeter orbit accuracy. New LEO gravity missions are (to be) equipped with advanced GPS receivers promising to provide very high quality SST observations thereby opening the possibility for computing cm-level accuracy orbits. The computation of orbits at this accuracy level does not only require high-quality GPS receivers, but also advanced and demanding observation preprocessing and correction algorithms. Moreover, sophisticated parameter estimation schemes need to be adapted and extended to allow the computation of such orbits. Finally, reliable methods need to be employed for assessing the orbit quality and providing feedback to the different processing steps in the orbit computation process. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

深空探测器运行轨道的基本性态

要成功地发射一个深空探测器进入目标轨道,相应的运行过程基本上涉及3个阶段:近地停泊轨道运行段、转移轨道的过渡段和进入目标天体的绕飞段。它们各自的运行状态和相应的数学模型有所差别,特别是转移轨道段的运行特征与绕飞段的卫星轨道的典型特征之间的重大差别,在深空探测任务中受到广泛的重视,如平动点利用中的晕(Halo)轨道和引力加速的节能过渡等。然而,就太阳系而言,这些不同轨道之间有一共同的基本性态,那就是都可以用在牛顿万有引力定律制约下的开普勒轨道(或变化的开普勒轨道)来刻画。本文将针对上述不同运行段轨道对应的数学模型、研究方法和结果,结合我们所做的工作进行综述。     

Radiative and hybrid cooling of infrared space telescopes

The designs of cold space telescopes, cryogenic and radiatively cooled, are similar in most elements and both benefit from orbits distant from the Earth. In particular such orbits allow the anti-sunward side of radiatively-cooled spacecraft to be used to provide large cooling radiators for the individual radiation shields. Designs incorporating these features have predictedT _tel near 20 K. The attainability of such temperatures is supported by limited practical experience (IRAS, COBE). Supplementary cooling systems (cryogens, mechanical coolers) can be advantageously combined with radiative cooling in hybrid designs to provide robustness against deterioration and yet lower temperatures for detectors, instruments, and even the whole telescope. The possibility of such major additional gains is illustrated by the Very Cold Telescope option under study forEdison, which should offerT _tel5 K for a little extra mechanical cooling capacity.     

地月系统循环轨道初步设计与特性分析

基于平面圆型限制性三体问题(CR3BP)模型,根据轨道弧以及顺行和逆行特征采用圆锥曲线拼接法设计了5类地月系统周期轨道。以地月系统循环轨道的工程约束为出发点,从轨道周期、近地点高度、近月点高度、交会对接速度、轨道稳定性等方面分析了这5类周期轨道的特性,从中选择了适合地月系统循环轨道任务方案的周期轨道,并对周期轨道进行了优化。该研究为我国未来载人登月工程提供了一种新的思路与理论技术支持。     

一种远程快速拦截轨道设计方法

以数学方法对过空间两固定点的拦截轨道进行了分析,给出了快速拦截轨道和能量最省拦截轨道的条件。并以大高度差异面圆轨道之间的远程拦截为例,设计了快速拦截轨道。最后通过仿真得到了对应的拦截域和最短拦截时间,为远程快速拦截轨道设计提供了理论分析依据。     

Flight trajectory optimization of sun-tracking solar aircraft under the constraint of mission region

The optimal yawing angle of sun-tracking solar aircraft is tightly related to the solar azimuth angle, which results in a large arc flight path to dynamically track the sun position. However, the limited detection range of payload usually requires solar aircraft to loiter over areas of interest for persistent surveillance missions. The large arc sun-tracking flight may cause the target area on the ground to be outside the maximum coverage area of payload. The present study therefore develops an optimal flight control approach for planning the flight path of sun-tracking solar aircraft within a mission region. The proposed method enables sun-tracking solar aircraft to maintain the optimal yawing angle most of the time during daylight flight, except when the aircraft reverses its direction by turning flight. For a circular region with a mission radius of 50 km, the optimal flight trajectory and controls of an example Λ-shaped sun-tracking solar aircraft are investigated theoretically. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach to optimize the flight path of the sun-tracking aircraft under the given circular region while maximizing the battery input power. Furthermore, the effects of varying the mission radius on energy performance are explored numerically. It has been proved that both net energy and energy balance remain nearly constant as the radius constraint varies, which enables the solar aircraft to achieve perpetual flight at almost the same latitude as the large arc flight. The method and results presented in this paper can provide reference for the persistent operation of sun-tracking solar aircraft within specific mission areas.     

卫星定轨综述

对卫星定轨中的热点问题作一综述,内容包括短弧定轨和长弧精密定轨。对于短弧定轨(通常指初轨),不仅从原理上分析其关键之处,还介绍如何将适用于无摄运动的特殊定轨方法推广用于同时考虑各种摄动的受摄运动,并可同时适用于圆锥曲线的各种情况：变化的椭圆轨道、抛物线轨道和双曲线轨道,后者在深空探测器的运动过程中将会遇到。对于长弧精密定轨,阐述当今提高精密定轨精度的力模型补偿问题以及几何定轨的提法,天地基网联合定轨和星-星相对测量的自主定轨问题。     

我国空间站运行的测控通信工作模式初探

在分析我国载人空间站在轨运行的任务特点和对测控通信提出的新要求的基础上,对测控通信工作模式进行了探讨。针对任务中心,采用分布式模式进行任务的组织和实施,建立常态化工作体系;针对测控通信资源的使用,对资源进行简化、优化,发挥天、地基各自优势,并实现天地基资源统一调度;针对在轨故障诊断和应急处置,提出了“天地联合,以地为主”的载人航天故障诊断模式和实现途径;针对空间站遥操作需求,提出了一套工作模式和实施流程;针对测控通信长期执行任务的可靠性,提出了任务中心容灾备份工作模式和通信路由的备份模式。以期为后续任务工作模式设计提供参考。     

Autonomous mission reconstruction during the ascending flight of launch vehicles under typical propulsion system failures

In recent years, Chinese Long March(LM) launchers have experienced several launch failures, most of which occurred in their propulsion systems, and this paper studies Autonomous Mission Reconstruction(AMRC) technology to alleviate losses due to these failures. The status of the techniques related to AMRC, including trajectory and mission planning, guidance methods,and fault tolerant technologies, are reviewed, and their features are compared, which reflect the challenges faced by AMRC technology...     

Libration and end body swing stabilization of a parallel partial space elevator system

This paper studies the libration and stabilization of a parallel partial space elevator system in circular orbits. The system is made up of two paralleled partial space elevators, each of which consists of one main satellite, one end body and a climber moving along the tether between them. The libration characteristics of the elevator are studied through numerical analysis by a new dynamic model, and a novel control strategy is proposed to stabilize the swing of the end body by projecting the climber speeds only. Optimal control method is used to implement the new control strategy in the case where the climbers move in opposite direction. The simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy whose application will neither sacrifice the transport efficiency nor exacerbate libration significantly.