普适变量下的最优控制求解研究

研究了普适变量下状态方程的最优控制问题.在消除奇点的轨道根数的基础上,建立了普适变量下适合圆锥曲线求解的摄动方程.利用Gauss伪谱法对摄动方程进行了最优控制求解和仿真验证.计算过程及仿真结果表明,所建立的摄动方程以及所用的Gauss法能够满足各种约束条件,便于对发动机进行控制,且在零倾角轨道情况下不产生奇异.     

变比冲发动机作用下共面燃料最优轨道转移

以国外目前正在研制中的变比冲磁等离子体火箭发动机(VASIMR)为背景,研究了变比冲发动机作用下的同平面燃料最优轨道转移。推力方向角和比冲为控制变量,发动机总功率为常值,发动机可多次开关机。采用经典最优控制理论,运用庞德里亚金最小值原理将问题转化为两点边值问题,并通过非线性规划算法求解,得到了受精确开关函数控制的最优比冲时间历程。给出的VASIMR发动机应用算例结果表明,采用VA-SIMR发动机有益于提高航天器有效载荷所占比例。     

一种基于轨道要素形式终端约束的航天器空间变轨迭代制导算法

针对航天器空间变轨任务的制导问题,研究了一种适用的迭代制导算法。在传统迭代制导方法的基础上,直接在地心惯性系中建立最优控制模型,以推力方向矢量为控制量来适应大姿态角变化情形;推导直接以目标轨道要素为终端约束的边界条件,给出终端约束方程求解精度和入轨精度的关系;得到一种简单有效的基于轨道要素形式终端约束的航天器空间变轨迭代制导算法。通过仿真验证了所给制导算法的有效性,相比传统迭代制导方法其具有更强的适应性。     

小卫星星座的最优脉冲变轨研究

针对小卫星星座,进行星座发射中的最优脉冲式变轨研究,给出了形成星座的脉冲式变轨的基本原理;基于卫星相对运动状态转移方程,推导出了星座参脉冲式变轨的理论解,即所要施加的脉冲控制量的解析式,利用遗传算法,对双脉冲式变轨的脉冲控制量进行了优化计算,求得了使总变轨脉冲最小的最优变轨时间,最后,探讨了星座脉冲式变轨的工程实现现途径,为工程应用和研究提供参考。     

Direct Optimization of Low-thrust Many-revolution Earth-orbit Transfers

Low-thrust Earth-orbit transfers with 10^?5-order thrust-to-weight ratios involve a large number of orbital revolutions which poses a real challenge to trajectory optimization. This article develops a direct method to optimize minimum-time low-thrust many-revolution Earth-orbit transfers. A parameterized control law in each orbit, in the form of the true optimal control, is proposed, and the time history of the parameters governing the control law is interpolated through a finite number of nodal values. The orbital averaging method is used to significantly reduce the computational workload and the trajectory optimization is conducted based on the orbital averaging dynamics expressed by nonsingular equinoctial elements. Furthermore, Earth's shadowing and perturbation effects are taken into account. The optimal transfer problem is thus converted to the parameter optimization problem that can be solved by nonlinear programming. Taking advantage of the mapping between the parameterized control law and the Lyapunov control law, a technique is proposed to acquire good initial guesses for optimization variables, which results in enlarged convergence domain of the direct optimization method. Numerical examples of optimal Earth-orbit transfers are presented.     

Fuel-optimal trajectories of aeroassisted orbital transfer withplane change

The fuel-optimal control problem arising in noncoplanar orbital transfer employing aeroassist technology is addressed. The mission involves the transfer from high Earth orbit to low Earth orbit with plane change. The complete maneuver consists of a deorbit impulse to inject a vehicle from a circular orbit to an elliptic orbit for atmospheric entry, a boost impulse at the exit from the atmosphere for the vehicle to attain a desired orbital altitude, and a reorbit impulse to circularize the path of the vehicle. In order to minimize the total fuel consumption, a performance index is chosen as the sum of the deorbit, boost, and reorbit impulses. The application of optimization principles leads to a nonlinear, two-point, boundary value problem, which is solved by a multiple shooting method     

近地小推力转移轨道的加权组合制导策略

 研究了近地小推力转移轨道的制导问题，给出了一种基于局部最优控制律的自主制导算法。推导出了各改进春分点根数对应的局部最优控制律；通过最优推力分配和目标偏差两个策略，对各局部最优控制律进行动态加权组合，从而有效减少了制导律的设计参数。在此基础上，针对燃料最省转移轨道，定义了一种新的发动机开关函数。采用遗传/逐次二次规划混合优化算法计算了最优制导参数。与传统算法相比，该制导算法是一种闭环制导算法，能够实现飞行器的自主制导，并且制导过程中无需对制导参数进行更新。以地球低轨到高轨的小推力转移为例，采用该方法分别求解了时间和燃料最省转移问题，并与传统算法进行了比较分析。数值结果验证了该算法的有效性。     

交会对接任务碰撞规避策略制定研究简

针对交会对接任务目标飞行器与追踪器轨道运行特性,综合考虑规避策略计算方法与工程实际相结合的问题,提出高度规避、时间规避以及与正常轨控相结合的碰撞规避策略计算方法等三种空间目标碰撞规避策略计算方法.高度规避计算方法采用了Lambert飞行原理,用简化二体开普勒模型取代高精度轨道预报方法,迭代求解规避机动速度增量,实现了通过约束过交点与目标径向距离差得到速度增量的最优解;时间规避计算方法通过轨道周期与速度增量的关系,实现了通过约束过交点与目标的时间差得到速度增量的最优解;与正常轨控相结合的碰撞规避策略计算方法,在正常控制考虑冗余控制量的基础上,对控制策略的控制开始时间或沿迹方向的速度增量进行较小的修正,使两者通过碰撞点的时刻或径向距离错开,达到碰撞规避的目的,该方法不仅可以节省燃料、而且对任务的影响较小.通过对三种空间目标碰撞规避策略计算方法仿真分析结果表明,完全适用于交会对接任务,可为我国载人航天任务飞行安全提供技术保障.     

Earth-moon Trajectory Optimization Using Solar Electric Propulsion

The optimization of the Earth-moon trajectory using solar electric propulsion is presented. A feasible method is proposed to optimize the transfer trajectory starting from a low Earth circular orbit (500 km altitude) to a low lunar circular orbit (200 km altitude). Due to the use of low-thrust solar electric propulsion, the entire transfer trajectory consists of hundreds or even thousands of orbital revolutions around the Earth and the moon. The Earth-orbit ascending (from low Earth orbit to high Earth orbit) and lunar descending (from high lunar orbit to low lunar orbit) trajectories in the presence of J2 perturbations and shadowing effect are computed by an analytic orbital averaging technique. A direct/indirect method is used to optimize the control steering for the trans-lunar trajectory segment, a segment from a high Earth orbit to a high lunar orbit, with a fixed thrust-coast-thrust engine sequence. For the trans-lunar trajectory segment, the equations of motion are expressed in the inertial coordinates about the Earth and the moon using a set of nonsingular equinoctial elements inclusive of the gravitational forces of the sun, the Earth, and the moon. By way of the analytic orbital averaging technique and the direct/indirect method, the Earth-moon transfer problem is converted to a parameter optimization problem, and the entire transfer trajectory is formulated and optimized in the form of a single nonlinear optimization problem with a small number of variables and constraints. Finally, an example of an Earth-moon transfer trajectory using solar electric propulsion is demonstrated.     

High-precision shape approximation low-thrust trajectory optimization method satisfying bi-objective index

The shape approximation method has been proven to be rapid and practicable in resolving low-thrust trajectory; however, it still faces the challenges of large deviation from the optimal solution and inability to satisfy the specific flight time and fuel mass constraints. In this paper, a modified shape approximation low-thrust model is presented, and a novel constrained optimization algorithm is developed to solve this problem. The proposed method aims at settling the bi-objective optimization o...     

先验模型在载人飞船轨道返回泄压中的应用简

载人飞船返回前为保证正常分离而采用了泄压的模式.分析返回泄压影响轨道的问题,建立相应的简化轨道泄压力经验模型,利用载人飞船返回前的测轨数据进行分析,得到了一致的泄压摄动加速度,并将该参数和模型应用于神舟十号载人飞船返回过程中.结果表明,飞船轨道预报至返回制动点的精度达到百米级,与以前的飞船返回过程相比有效提高了制动点的预报精度.     

Tangent-impulse transfer from elliptic orbit to an excess velocity vector

The two-body orbital transfer problem from an elliptic parking orbit to an excess veloc-ity vector with the tangent impulse is studied. The direction of the impulse is constrained to be aligned with the velocity vector, then speed changes are enough to nullify the relative velocity. First, if one tangent impulse is used, the transfer orbit is obtained by solving a single-variable function about the true anomaly of the initial orbit. For the initial circular orbit, the closed-form solution is derived. For the initial elliptic orbit, the discontinuous point is solved, then the initial true anomaly is obtained by a numerical iterative approach; moreover, an alternative method is proposed to avoid the singularity. There is only one solution for one-tangent-impulse escape trajectory. Then, based on the one-tangent-impulse solution, the minimum-energy multi-tangent-impulse escape trajectory is obtained by a numerical optimization algorithm, e.g., the genetic method. Finally, several examples are provided to validate the proposed method. The numerical results show that the minimum-energy multi-tangent-impulse escape trajectory is the same as the one-tangent-impulse trajectory.     

A Detailed Analysis of the Operational Orbit of the Hipparcos Satellite

An analysis of the orbital evolution of the ESA's Hipparcos satellite is presented. Hipparcos operated between August 1989 and March 1993 in a highly elliptical orbit: a geostationary transfer orbit with increased perigee height. The requirements of the scientific mission included high accuracy knowledge of the position and velocity vectors of the spacecraft as a function of time. Through a study of the variations in the total orbital energy, the loss of energy during the mission as a result of non-conservative forces is recovered. These are explained as largely due to atmospheric drag during perigee passages. Apparent variations in the drag coefficient are in agreement with orientation variations of the satellite during those perigee passages. Two different models used for calculating the atmospheric drag give significantly different results, confirming earlier findings by other users of those models. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Fuel-optimal deorbit scheme of space debris using tethered space-tug based on pseudospectral method

This paper proposes a fuel-optimal deorbit scheme for space debris deorbit using tethered space tug. The scheme contains three stages named respectively as dragging, maintenance and swinging. In the first stage, the tug, propelled by continuous thrust, tows deorbit to a transfer orbit with a tether. Then in the second stage, the combination of the tug and the debris flies unpowered and uncontrolled to a swing point on the transfer orbit. Finally, in the third stage, the tug is propelled at the swing point and the rotation speed of the tethered system increases such that the debris obtains enough velocity increment. The trajectory optimization of the first stage is established considering the total fuel consumption of the three stages, whereas the dynamic model is simplified for computation efficiency. The solution to the optimal problem is obtained using a direct method based on Gauss pesudospectral discretization. Then a model predictive controller is designed to track the open-loop optimal reference trajectories, reducing the states’ deviations caused by model simplification and ignorance of perturbations. Furthermore, it is proved that the fuel-optimal swing point is the apogee of the transfer orbit. The paper analyzes the fuel consumption of a typical scenario and demonstrates effectiveness of the proposed deorbit scheme numerically.     

绳系卫星轨道转移的最优控制

考虑系绳的弹性以及复杂状态和控制约束的作用,研究了绳系卫星面内轨道转移的最优控制问题。借助Gauss伪谱算法,将绳系卫星轨道转移的连续时间最优控制问题离散为大规模动态规划问题,进而利用非线性规划方法进行求解。通过数值模拟计算了子星最优转移轨道及最优控制力。结果表明:在满足相关约束的条件下,通过调节系绳张力可将子星从主星下方转移到上方的平衡位置,精确地实现子星轨道转移,并使得轨道转移过程呈现出良好的光滑性和对称性。最后基于协态映射定理对解的最优性进行了验证。     

基于伪谱方法的有限推力变轨策略研究

研究了有限推力条件下的空间飞行器大范围机动变轨问题。将有限推力解的求取过程分为两个步骤,首先采用Lambert方法求取变轨问题的双脉冲最优解,再采用Gauss伪谱方法求取有限推力解,将每个脉冲点扩展为一个推力弧段,通过伪谱方法将最优变轨问题转化为一个参数优化问题,采用非线性规划方法得到该推力弧段的变轨推力大小和方向。将该方法应用于某空间飞行器轨道机动变轨过程研究,取得了满意的结果,从而证明了方法的有效性。     

Two-maneuver indirect contingency return from a low lunar orbit

The problem of contingency return from the low lunar orbit is studied. A novel two-maneuver indirect return strategy is proposed. By effectively using the Earth’s gravity to change the orbital plane of the transfer orbit, the second maneuver in the well-known three-maneuver return strategy can be removed, so the total delta-v is reduced. Compared with the single-maneuver direct return, our strategy has the advantage in that the re-entry epoch for the minimum delta-v cost can be advanced in time, with a minimum delta-v value similar to that of the direct return. The most obvious difference between our strategy and the traditional single- or multiple- maneuver strategies is that the complete transfer orbit is a patch between a two-body conic orbit and a three-body orbit instead of two conic orbits. Our strategy can serve as a useful option for contingency return from a low lunar orbit, especially when the delta-v constraint is stringent for a direct return and the contingency epoch is far away from the return window.     

载人登月着陆器奔月窗口搜索方法

对环月轨道共面交会的载人登月任务中,着陆器(LM)奔月零窗口与轨道参数精确快速设计方法进行了研究。任务采用人货分离奔月模式,着陆器于载人飞船到达环月轨道前抵达环月共面交会轨道,着陆器近月点一次共面减速完成近月制动。提出一种三层快速精确奔月窗口搜索方法:第一层采用地心二体轨道理论解析计算月窗口及奔月轨道参数初值,作为正确性基本参考;第二层采用改进的双二体解析动力学模型求解月窗口内奔月轨道参数变化规律;第三层采用高精度轨道动力学模型和SQP_Snopt优化求解奔月零窗口及轨道参数精确解。仿真结果表明,本文提出的三层逐级奔月窗口搜索方法能快速精确求解载人登月任务中着陆器奔月窗口及精确轨道参数,也揭示了影响着陆器奔月窗口的主次因素和规律,为中国未来载人登月工程提供参考。     

三体系统中引力拖车的偏置非开普勒轨道研究

为了研究太阳-小行星-引力拖车三体系统中引力拖车的轨道运动问题,采用柱坐标系下的Hill方程描述了三体系统中引力拖车的运动情况,应用平均化方法消除周期项的影响,得到平均偏置非开普勒轨道的表达式,并研究了轨道稳定性与引力拖车最大有效拉力等问题.研究表明:三体系统中,在小行星飞行方向（或反方向）上存在偏置非开普勒轨道;与二...     

RCD太阳帆航天器人工平动点轨道保持与控制

针对航天器平动点轨道保持问题,研究了含有反射率控制设备(RCD)的太阳帆航天器在日地系共线人工平动点处的轨道保持与控制,同时降低因频繁改变航天器姿态所带来的振动问题。首先,基于太阳帆圆型限制性三体问题,计算了RCD型太阳帆人工平动点位置,给出了太阳帆共线人工平动点三阶Halo轨道,并将其作为参考轨道;然后,将太阳帆动力学方程线性化,采用跟踪控制输出的方法对线性模型进行控制;最后,通过合理选择控制变量矩阵,将控制律代入非线性模型中进行轨道保持控制。仿真结果表明,通过控制RCD太阳帆反射率设备参数及姿态角,实现了长时间的Halo轨道保持,同时大幅减小了太阳帆姿态角的改变,从而减小了帆面振动,为太阳帆航天器长期轨道任务的实现提供了良好的理论依据。