卫星导航系统星间链路空间参数与覆盖分析

分析一种全球导航星座的星间链路，得到了星间距离、俯仰角、方位角等参数的变化曲线。最后，通过对这些空间参数的变化曲线进行分析，对星间链路的天线设计提出了基本要求。     

联合星间测距和测速的导航星座自主定轨研究

导航卫星通过星间观测完成定位,是提高星座生存能力的一项重要技术。在测距资料的基础上,增加测速资料进行定轨。给出了基于星间观测的定轨数学模型,证明了联合测距和测速的定轨同样存在秩亏问题,使用参数加权平差算法,顾及先验信息对星间观测资料进行平差,以Walker星座为例对算法性能进行评估。结果表明:增加测速资料后,星座位置精度略有提高,速度精度显著提高。     

全球卫星导航星座网络协议体系与运行模式

针对全球卫星导航星座网络建设初期或论证阶段所涉及的网络体系结构、协议体系及相关组网等技术问题,开展了基于导航星座星间链路构建空间信息网络的技术研究,分别提出了由子网、接入网、骨干网等节点及其相互之间星间、星地无线链路构成的分层网络系统结构,设计了兼容遥控、遥测、测量与网络交互支持等业务的基于IP over CCSDS(基于空间数据系统咨询委员会标准的空间链路承载互联网协议业务)的协议体系,给出了全系统基本通信业务运行模式等。与传统高轨卫星通信系统相比,该星座网络具有高覆盖、低时延、随遇接入等优点,可实现星座导航性能与中低轨及地面用户通信性能的全方位提升,相关结果对我国全球卫星导航星座网络技术研究具有一定的参考意义。     

一种新的星间链路切换保护算法

 星间链路切换将严重影响卫星网络的通信性能，需要对切换链路加以保护，这方面的研究目前还很欠缺。为此,给出一种新颖的星间链路切换保护(ISLHP)算法，该算法可同时生成业务路径和备份路径，且具有最小的综合费用（包括备份费用和业务费用）。算法采用本地链路保护，为星间链路切换提供快速恢复，并利用星间链路切换的可预测性和备份资源的可共用性，通过降低需要保护的链路数，减少闲置的备份资源，来提高网络资源的利用率。仿真结果表明:该算法具有切换恢复时间短，网络资源利用率高等优点。     

星间链路数量受限的导航卫星网络链路分配问题

对星间链路数量非常有限、需要同时满足星间测距和星间通信需求的导航卫星网络的链路分配问题进行了研究。首先,分析了导航卫星网络的特点,并设计了一种基于有限状态自动机(FSA)的拓扑处理机制。然后,将星间测距需求作为一个约束,以星间通信的延时性能为优化目标,将导航卫星网络的链路分配问题建模为一个多目标优化问题。最后,针对建立的多目标优化问题,分别提出一种基于首次改善(FI)的本地搜索算法和基于模拟退火(SA)的启发式优化算法以对链路分配问题进行求解,并提出一种基于分支交换策略的新链路分配生成方法。仿真结果表明,通过FI算法和SA算法获得的优化链路分配的网络延时性能均得到了改进,且SA算法的性能要优于FI算法;同时,FSA的状态持续时间的减小有利于获得网络延时性能好的链路分配。     

基于星间链路的星座相对构型保持方法

从巨型星座在自然摄动下轨道运动的力学特性出发，分析了星座构型保持的任务特点。针对轨道面内由大气阻力和面质比差异导致的轨道面内长期相对运动，构造了星座相对构型保持的二阶一致性控制方法。针对星座多个体系统不同的星间链路连接情况和闭环网络特征，提出了不同几何拓扑结构及其相应的图论构造方法。相较于经典的绝对位置保持方法，相对构型保持只需补偿面质比差异造成的构型漂移变化，因此能够以更小的控制代价实现星座的构型保持。以星型链路的拓扑结构为例，进行了星座相对构型保持的仿真分析，离散一致性控制能够实现星座构型长期稳定。     

卫星网络多路径QoS路由策略研究

针对卫星宽带网络业务的多样性,提出了一种基于业务QoS(服务质量)需求和星间链路信息的多路径并行路由方案。该方案利用星间链路历史信息和准实时信息进行路由预规划,并基于星间链路实时信息和业务QoS需求对预规划的路由方案进行动态调整,实现业务数据在源节点和目的节点之间进行多路径并行传输。该方案不仅确保了业务传输的高可达性,而且使整个卫星网络链路资源得到充分利用,实现负载均衡。     

导航卫星星间链路信号质量参数评估算法

传统的微波调制信号质量评估需要将微波信号变频到中频后进行处理,变频处理会引起非线性失真问题,而且星间链路信号许多关键质量参数如相位一致性、相关损失、I/Q(Inphase/Quadrature,同相/正交)支路功率比等无法用传统评估方法完成,针对这些问题,提出了采用软件无线电技术的导航卫星星间链路信号质量评估算法,利用高速采样器对导航卫星的星间链路信号进行直接射频采样,在数字域对星间链路信号进行相关接收和解调,实现所有关键质量参数的评估.该方法避免了使用变频器带来的附加失真,采用该方法完成实际星载设备的信号质量评估的结果表明,该评估算法精度高,能满足导航卫星星间链路设备信号质量参数评估要求.     

星间链路在空间态势感知中的应用研究

通过对星间链路和空间态势感知系统国内外发展现状的分析,指出星间链路在空间信息有效获取、安全传输和实时应用以及保障空间态势感知系统战场生存能力等方面起着重要的作用.针对星间链路在未来空间态势感知系统中的应用需求,提出包含空间通信模型和空间导航模型在内的空间感知体系基本架构,并对该架构下星间链路的设计要求或者特点进行分析,指出星间链路应该具有灵活可变的星间路由策略和联网结构,并能够支持高速可变和安全可靠的星间数据传输.分别从空间网络和卫星节点2个层面提出了系统实现的关键技术,并给出部分关键技术的研究重点和研究方法.上述研究结果可以为星间链路及相关领域的研究工作提供一定的借鉴和帮助.     

导航星座的自主导航技术--卫星自主时间同步

基于星载原子时钟频率稳定性的Allan方差表达,建立系统状态方程,并以星间双向测量伪距差作为基本观测量,组成系统测量方程,从而可以设计适用于导航星座卫星时间同步的Kalman滤波算法。系统仿真结果表明：通过对星间双向测量数据的滤波处理,能够实现星座卫星时间精密同步。     

Routing in networks of intersatellite links

How to characterize and implement point-to-point (i.e., unicast) routing algorithms is discussed. The characteristics of routing algorithms are first described as well as the specificities of routing in constellations of nongeostationary (NGO) satellites equipped with intersatellite links (ISLs). Then, some of the candidate algorithms displaying the characteristics identified before are simulated and evaluated for different constellations. From the simulation results, it appears that (1) from a routing perspective, constellations are not similar to terrestrial networks, and (2) the constellation geometry has a significant impact on the routing performance.     

低轨星座/惯导紧组合导航技术研究CSCD

现有低轨(LEO)卫星导航研究主要以低轨星座独立导航定位和增强全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)导航定位为主,对低轨卫星和惯性导航系统(INS)组合导航技术研究较少。本文面向应用较小规模低轨星座资源实现米级定位精度的需求,提出了一种低轨星座/惯导紧组合导航方法,系统性地分析了不同规模低轨星座、不同精度级别惯导器件以及不同导航信号播发频度下组合导航定位的性能,并利用构建的仿真试验系统进行了低轨星座/惯导紧组合导航方法的仿真试验验证。试验结果表明,相较于低轨星座独立导航,低轨星座/惯导紧组合导航在星座不满足四重覆盖时仍能达到米级定位精度,并且在低轨星座规模较小和导航信号播发频度较低时,惯导测量精度对组合导航定位精度影响明显。研究结果表明,在利用低轨卫星进行导航时,通过引入惯性观测辅助低轨卫星导航,可有效提高导航效能和精度,为低轨星座和导航信号播发方式设计带来更多的选择。     

LEO navigation augmentation constellation design with the multi-objective optimization approaches

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite for navigation augmentation applications can significantly reduce the precise positioning convergence time and attract increasing attention recently. A few LEO Navigation Augmentation (LEO-NA) constellations have been proposed, while corresponding constellation design methodologies have not been systematically studied. The LEO-NA constellation generally consists of a huge number of LEO satellites and it strives for multiple optimization purposes. It is essentially different from the communication constellation or earth observing constellation design problem. In this study, we modeled the LEO-NA constellation design problem as a multi-objective optimization problem and solve this problem with the Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) algorithm. Three objectives are used to strive for the best tradeoff between the augmentation performance and deployment efficiency, namely the Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP), visible LEO satellites and the orbit altitude. A fuzzy set approach is used to select the final constellation from a set of Pareto optimal solutions given by the MOPSO algorithm. To evaluate the performance of the optimized constellation, we tested two constellations with 144 and 288 satellites and each constellation has three optimization schemes: the polar constellation, the single-layer constellation and the two-layer constellation. The results indicate that the optimized two-layer constellation achieves the best global coverage and is followed by the single-layer constellation. The MOPSO algorithm can help to improve the constellation design and is suitable for solving the LEO-NA constellation design problem.     

中低纬地区混合LEO星座增强GNSS UPPP收敛性能评估

针对全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）精密单点定位（PPP）收敛时间过长的问题，提出了利用低轨卫星（LEO）几何结构变化快的优势，增强GNSS非差非组合PPP（UPPP）的收敛性能。选取中低纬度地区28个能接收GPS、GALILEO和BDS3信号的测站观测数据，比较了极轨和混合LEO星座的增强效果。结果表明：混合LEO星座增强GPS、GALILEO和BDS组合系统时，各测站收敛时间减少60%~80%，70%的测站收敛速度优于极轨星座。当混合LEO星座增强单BDS时，CL和GCL组合系统的收敛时间相当，ENU方向定位误差变化基本一致。收敛时间从10~20 min 下降至3 min以内，原因是混合LEO增强BDS定位时，大大改善了卫星的空间结构。     

Wavelength dimensioning for wavelength-routed WDM satellite network

Internet and broadband applications driven by data traffic demand have become key dri-vers for satellite constellations. The key technology to satisfy the high capacity requirements between satellites is optical satellite networks by means of wavelength division multiplexing inter-satellite links (ISLs) with wavelength routing (WDM-OSN). Due to the limited optical amplifier bandwidth onboard the satellite, it is important to minimize the wavelength requirements to provi-sion requests. However, ISLs should be dynamically established and deleted for each satellite according to its visible satellites. Furthermore, different link assignments will result in different topologies, hence yielding different routings and wavelength assignments. Thus, a perfect match model-based link assignment scheme (LAS-PMM) is proposed to design an appropriate topology such that shorter path could be routed and less wavelengths could be assigned for each ISL along the path. Finally, simulation results show that in comparison to the regular Manhattan street net-work (MSN) topology, wavelength requirements and average end-to-end delay based on the topol-ogy generated by LAS-PMM could be reduced by 24.8%and 12.4%, respectively.     

故障星分布对星座PDOP可用性影响的建模及评价

 导航星座定位精度衰减因子（PDOP）可用性是卫星导航系统顶层设计的重要指标。研究了不同故障星分布状况对全球导航星座PDOP可用性的影响。首先,从概率角度并采用组合方法建立了全球导航星座PDOP可用性指标的统计评价模型。进而对给定数量的故障星分布在单个或多个轨道面内的不同状况下,典型的Walker δ构型导航星座的PDOP可用性如何变化进行了仿真计算和比较分析。仿真结果表明,故障星分布状况和轨道平面数对星座PDOP可用性有较显著影响,适当地减少轨道平面数对于改善星座的PDOP可用性是有利的。提出的评价模型物理意义明确,避免了主观性和局限性,且可以保证较高的指标评价效率。     

LEO移动通信星座的网络综合连通度研究

 为了研究通信星座服务区域内不同地面用户之间的通信连通情况,提出了网络综合连通度(DCNC)的概念.作为服务可用性(AoS)的重要内容,网络综合连通度应该成为通信系统的一项重要性能评价指标,对系统的顶层设计起到主导作用.首先给出了星座网络综合连通度的相关定义,在此基础上基于星间链路约束和星座覆盖约束建立了LEO移动通信星座的网络综合连通度的评价模型.然后基于该模型,分别改变轨道高度和轨道倾角,就不同星座的网络综合连通度如何变化进行了仿真计算和分析.结果表明,二者都对星座的网络综合连通度有显著影响,适当减少轨道面数有利于改善网络综合连通度.最后研究了星座缺失卫星时不连通地面点的纬度分布情况,研究结论有助于在概念设计阶段对星座构型优化后的参数进行优选.     

Space-based SSR constellation for global air traffic control

Advanced surveillance and communications are the main functions needed for an efficient Air Traffic Control/Management (ATC/ATM). In order to perform them over the entire Earth, a novel architecture is described and evaluated. It supplies the surveillance and data link capabilities of advanced Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) Mode S world-wide by means of a constellation of medium orbit satellites carrying SSR Mode S interrogators with phased-array antennas; no new equipment is required on-board aircraft, because the standard transponders are used. The rationale for the study, the system geometry, the link budget computation, the accuracy requirements as well as the subsequent design of the payload and of the optimized constellations needed for global coverage with high location accuracy are described. Moreover, details are given about the design of the spacecraft and of the main units of the space segment. The encouraging results of this overall system study pave the way to a demonstration based on simulators and ground prototypes of the critical parts     

Overview of multiple satellite communication networks

Recently interest in packet communications has stimulated an interest in constellations of low altitude satellites. Such a configuration would have less propagation delay and be cheaper to launch than satellites at higher or geosynchronous altitude. However, many more satellites are necessary at low altitude to achieve reasonable coverage of the earth and insure availability of the resource. Further, the geometry of such a constellation would be dynamic with communication links of short duration as the satellites speed past each other or a ground site. The most difficult design issue in these systems is a stable method of routing messages that will sustain a reasonable level of traffic. This paper explores the problems of routing and switching messages through a constellation of low altitude satellites and examines some of the related demands on technology. The dynamic nature of crosslinks, uplinks, and downlinks requires a very agile antenna system, and the volume of information for routing of traffic is overwhelming. Use of some type of facetted phased array antenna is advocated to solve the former problem, but the latter problem is more subtle. Since the volume of ephemeris and constellation data as well as the rate of update is unmanageable, schemes relying on some form of broadcast or random access may be considered. It is concluded that none of the known or examined approaches to routing and switching is completely satisfactory     

Feasibility study of autonomous orbit determination using only the crosslink range measurement for a combined navigation constellation

In order to expand the coverage area of satellite navigation systems, a combined navigation constellation which is formed by a global navigation constellation and a Lagrangian navigation constellation was studied. Only the crosslink range measurement was used to achieve long-term precise autonomous orbit determination for the combined navigation constellation, and the measurement model was derived. Simulations of 180 days based on the international global navigation satellite system(GNSS) service(IGS) ephemeris showed that the mentioned autonomous orbit determination method worked well in the Earth–Moon system. Statistical results were used to analyze the accuracy of autonomous orbit determination under the influences of different Lagrangian satellite constellations.