“战术战斧” 2003年将装备美军

战斧,是一个耳熟能详的名字,90年代以来的几场局部战争使其名声大振。自1991年以来,美国海军平均每年要消耗100枚战斧导弹。从海湾战争到科索沃,近千枚战斧从一艘艘美国战舰和潜艇上发射,使得战斧成为美国强权政治的急先锋,也成为对别国实     

美海军试射“战斧”Block Ⅳ巡航导弹

美国海军在2009年11月5日的一次作战试验中,试射了一枚“战斧”BlockⅣ巡航导弹,演示了该导弹新型抗干扰GPS系统的有效性和成功打击及时关键目标的能力。     

战斧导弹的海上作战系统

战斧武器系统已于1984年7月在美国水面舰船上形成初始作战能力,这可能是美国海军舰队自装备战术飞机以来战斗力提高最为显著的一次。战斧改进了捕鲸叉武器系统     

"战斧"巡航导弹

ＢＧＭ 10 9“战斧”是一种全天候亚音速多用途巡航导弹 ,兼有战略和战术双重作战能力 ,是美军实施远程打击的“撒手锏”。美国海军在此次伊拉克战争中携带了 10 0 0多枚“战斧”导弹 ,第 1天“斩首行动”中就发射了约 4 0枚。由此可见 ,美军非常倚重“战斧”导弹对伊拉克进行外科手术刀式的精确打击。“战斧”Ｂｌｏｃｋ 3型导弹射程为 16 6 7ｋｍ(舰射型 )或 112 7ｋｍ(潜射型 ) ,巡航速度Ｍａ =0 .72 ,命中精度 3～ 6ｍ。与 1991年海湾战争中使用的Ｂｌｏｃｋ 2型相比 ,美军在本次伊拉克战争中使用的Ｂｌｏｃｋ 3型作了一些改进。这主要…     

美军对阿富汗军事打击的几个特点和启示

美国对阿富汗军事打击是 2 1世纪的第一场高技术局部战争。在这场军事作战行动中 ,美军信息作战的新思想、信息作战的样式得到了充分的展示和检验。主要介绍美军对阿富汗军事打击的几个特点和启示     

精确打击导弹的新技术

上世纪７０年代以来爆发的几场高技术局部战争，尤其是海湾战争和科索沃战争，由于大量使用精确打击武器，特别是远程纵深精确打击兵器，使高技术战争的打击精度、战争格局等发生了重大的变化。精确打击将成为高技术战场上火力较量的一种重要方式和手段，标志着现代战争已进入以信息化为基础的高科技战争时代。精确打击武器作为时代产物已成为未来武器发展的重要趋势。下面从几个方面对精确制导导弹的未来技术发展加以分析。头罩新的导引头／传感器头罩技术包括平面／窗口、多光谱和多镜头头罩技术。带平面的头罩通常采用锥形，可减小倾斜误…     

美国海军对“战斧”巡航导弹的优化使用研究

针对“战斧”对陆攻击巡航导弹及其装载平台的特点和打击任务的需求，美国海军研究生院作战运筹系对“战斧”导弹的作战使用进行了优化，研制出了基于优化决策的支持系统，模型计算结果表明，该支持系统具有数秒钟内规划一个舰队，甚至整个战场范围的攻击能力。     

战争中的开路急先峰──巡航导弹

在１９９１年１月１７日凌晨爆发的海湾战争中，美国首先运用了５４枚ＢＧＭ－１０９Ｃ战斧巡航导弹对伊拉克境内的指挥中心、防空设施、Ｃ３Ｉ系统、首脑机关等重要目标进行了首轮有效打击。直到２月２８日海湾战争结束，美国共向伊拉克境内发射了２２８枚巡航导弹，为多国部队战机对伊拉克的大规模轰炸铺平了道路。此后，美国又于１９９３年１月１７日、 ６月２７日及１９９６年９月３到４日，以种种借口，向伊拉克发射了１１３枚巡航导弹，对伊拉克境内的核设施和情报大楼等目标进行了打击。１９９５年 ９月１０日，美国海军从亚得里亚海…     

战斧导弹提高了美海军的陆战能力

在海湾战争中,美国海军从停泊在波斯湾、红海和地中海的水面舰只和潜艇上发射了约300枚BGM-109战斧对陆攻击巡航导弹(TLAM)。战斧导弹原是作为战略核武器设计的,事实证明,它同样能用于常规战争。 在沙漠风暴行动中,战斧导弹首次用于实战。1月16日和1月19日,美国的邦克山号(CG-52)军舰和停泊在红海的路易斯韦尔号潜艇分别首次从水面和水下发射了战斧导弹。美国匹兹堡号军舰也发射了战斧导弹。     

战斧巡航导弹的改进

对常规海射战斧巡航导弹的改进主要是提高这种武器的对陆攻击作战能力,特别是在精度和灵活性方面。从传统上来说,由于对远程导弹的有效载荷的尺寸和重量限制很严,而且其精度也有限,所以这种导弹都要携带核弹头。投放精度不高的装核弹头的导弹,即使脱靶也可象常规装药导弹直接命中目标一样有效。因此提高精度是减少海军依赖某些核武器的一种途径。 美国海军目前有三种型号的战斧巡航导弹:反舰型战斧导弹TASM;对陆攻击型战斧核导弹TLAM-N和对陆攻击型战斧常     

Developments in space activities in Poland

Poland has a long-standing tradition in space activities. Polish institutions have participated as co-investigators in almost all European Space Agency (ESA) science projects, as well as on many other missions. However, the first Polish satellite (PW-SAT) was only launched in 2012. Poland was one of the first Eastern European countries to conclude a Cooperation Agreement with ESA in the peaceful use of outer space; it was signed in 1994 and followed by a second in January 2002. Negotiations on Polish membership in the ESA were started in autumn of 2011, and ended in April 2012. Following ratification of the agreement, Poland officially became the 20th Member State of ESA on 19 November 2012. This article examines how Poland is setting its way as a space nation. It describes recent developments in the Polish space programme, including the road to Poland's full membership in the European Space Agency.     

实施雷达管制的体会

2005年12月22日，我国在北京-西安-成都-昆明以东的广大空中交通管制区实施了雷达管制，这使得空中交通管制工作进入了新的时代，贵阳区域管制室也开始了划时代的雷达管制工作。实施之后，随着雷达管制工作的深入运行，一些在实施前未考虑到的问题相继暴露出来。在经过前期强化雷达管制模拟机培训后大部分管制员在实际运行过程中仍感到有不理解的问题，涉及到标准通话用语、雷达管制间隔、雷达管制和程序管制之间的间隔、雷达盲区、目视飞行与仪表飞行之间等。尤其是对间隔的掌握和通话术语的理解上存在着偏差，部分管制员在机组不作位置报时缺乏主动管制的意识，感觉到指令发的不流畅。为什么在作了大量的前期雷达管制理论准备工作和雷达管制模拟机培训后，在实际运行中还会有这样的问题，这是因为：一、雷达基本理论不是万能的。不可能解释所有问题、解决运行中的所有矛盾。     

我国空域管理相关问题初探

随着我国国民经济的迅速发展和改革开放的不断深入，航空领域呈现出前所未有的发展形势，民用航空运输以每年平均10％的速度增长，通用航空的需求与日俱增，军事飞行频繁，对空域资源需求越来越大，空域管理面临的新问题日益突出。本文就我国空域资源相关问题，即如何最大限度地发挥空域资源优势，为不同空域用户提供可靠的空中交通管制服务等问题进行探讨。     

航天科技集团高科技含量展品成为珠海航展亮点

拥有“神舟”、“神箭”等著名宇航品牌，曾经创造了无数辉煌业绩的航天科技集团公司．在第五届珠海航展上又给观众带来了惊喜：除了新一代运载火箭等许多在研产品模型闪亮登场外．神舟5号飞船返回舱精彩亮相，嫦娥1号卫星、环境1号C卫星等产品模型也一同展出。这些科技含量极高的产品虽然用途不同．但细心的观众不难从中看出“可持续发展”的影子，注重环境、保护生态、高效节能已成为航天科技发展的新主题。     

Individual Differences in Object Localization in Virtual Environments

The present research examined the effects of disorientation on human ability to locate objects in space in a virtual environment (VE). Participants were asked to memorize the location of virtual objects, and then they were asked to indicate where the objects were located while they were inside a virtual chamber. This procedure was repeated in both eyesclosed and disoriented conditions. Subject pointing responses were used to measure memory for the relative location of objects in virtual space. This method was extended from previous research in a real-world setting. The results showed systematic individual differences in the effects of disorientation on the ability to locate objects in space. Further, the use of strategies played a role in object localization ability, but strategy use was affected by the individual differences in spatial representations used by subjects.     

影响高校德育工作的几个消极因素

本文市场经济、社会消极现象、应试教育、高等教育及德育教育自身缺陷等方面对高校德育工作的消极影响加以分析，立足现实，提出问题，与高等教育工作者，德育工作者共同探讨，以求改进完善高校德育工作。作者坚信，真正找到了问题所在，也就找到了解决问题的切入点。     

2006年世界著名宇航公司竞争卫星发射市场

世界各大宇航公司在激烈的竞争中度过了2006年。新年伊始,让我们回过头来看看这些公司在2006年卫星发射市场上的竞争情况。     

Ariane transfer vehicle in service of man in orbit

The Ariane transfer vehicle (ATV), an Ariane 5 borne, unmanned propulsion vehicle, is designed to transport the logistics needed to resupply the International Space Station (ISS) and the man tended free flyer (MTFF) step 2 with pressurized and unpressurized cargo and to dispose the waste. The ATV is an expendable vehicle and is disposed of by a safe atmospheric burn up. In accordance with the AR5 schedule it should be operational in 1996 for missions toward ISS and beyond the year 2000 for MTFF 2 missions. The main constituents of the proposed ATV are the modified AR5 third stage L5, an upgraded VEB steering the launcher as well as the ATV and the P/L-adaptor providing mechanical and umbilical links to the payload. The mechanical part of the RVD-kit will be placed on the payload-module, the main RVD sensors are located on the adaptor and the needed computer intelligence will be integrated on the VEB. To minimize the development, and recurring costs, the ATV concept fully complies to the idea of maximum use of existing hardware and software, mainly from the AR5, Hermes and Columbus programs thus minimizing development and recurring costs. The ATV is compatible to ISS, MTFF and OMV and is able to transport logistic modules compatible with NSTS and U.S.-expendable launchers.     

Entrapment of bacteria in fluid inclusions in laboratory-grown halite

Cells of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which were genetically modified to produce green fluorescent protein, were entrapped in fluid inclusions in laboratory-grown halite. The bacteria were used to inoculate NaCl-saturated aqueous solutions, which were allowed to evaporate and precipitate halite. The number, size, and distribution of fluid inclusions were highly variable, but did not appear to be affected by the presence of the bacteria. Many of the inclusions in crystals from inoculated solutions contained cells in populations ranging from two to 20. Microbial attachment to crystal surfaces was neither evident nor necessary for entrapment. Cells occurred exclusively within fluid inclusions and were not present in the crystal matrix. In both the inclusions and the hypersaline solution, the cells fluoresced and twitched, which indicates that the bacteria might have remained viable after entrapment. The fluorescence continued up to 13 months after entrapment, which indicates that little degradation of the bacteria occurred over that time interval. The entrapment, fluorescence, and preservation of cells were independent of the volume of hypersaline solution used or whether the solutions were completely evaporated prior to crystal extraction. The results of this study have a wide range of implications for the long-term survival of microorganisms in fluid inclusions and their detection through petrography. The results also demonstrate the preservation potential for microbes in hypersaline fluid inclusions, which could allow cells to survive harsh conditions of space, the deep geologic past, or burial in sedimentary basins.     

Inflection points in the development of energy in space

Basing his comments around a report on the Space Power Systems 1997 conference, ‘Energy and Space for Humanity’, held in Montreal, 24-28 August 1997, Richard Boudreault describes the progress made in getting the concept of power from space accepted by the terrestrial utilities. Increasing worries about the sustainability of current power sources together with deregulation of power distribution make space power more attractive. However, the high cost of access to space is a barrier, though this is starting to fall.