通信卫星推力器可靠性评估方法

针对通信卫星推力器服役寿命长、试验费用高、寿命试验所得数据通常较少等具体特点,提出一种推力器极少失效数据可靠性评估和寿命预测方法,并建立不同试验工况下试验信息的相互折算原则,有效解决了通信卫星推力器的高精度可靠性评估难题.对某型推力器脉冲试验和稳态试验数据进行了处理,分别给出其同步轨道运行可靠性和转移轨道运行可靠性评估结果.      

Influences of characteristic parameters on starting-up process of an arcjet thruster

Arcjet thruster has been a widely used electrical propulsion technology on GEO satellites since 1993. In its long history of technical development and commercial application, lifetime verification of an arcjet thruster is always one of the most important and expensive tasks. Considering that the main life limitation of an arcjet thruster is electrode ablation and a significant share of the total ablation happens in its starting-up process, the starting-up process is studied with arc voltage signals. Through interpretation of arc voltage signals, the transfer process of the arc root on the anode surface is identified, and ΔT (the duration of the arc root transfer process) is suggested to be a characteristic parameter for fast evaluation of lifetime assessment and design optimization for an arcjet thruster. With this criterion, the influences of typical parameters on the starting-up process are established through comparison with a benchmark parameter. According to experimental results, an increase of the gas flow will obviously reduce ΔT, while a smaller swirl aperture and a longer throat channel do not have a remarkable correlation with ΔT. Moreover, with a sample of a smaller throat diameter to increase the flow velocity, a reduction of ΔT is achieved. Meanwhile, the modifications also affect the stability of arcjet thruster operation, which is also discussed.     

基于乏信息失效数据的可靠性评估方法

基于乏信息失效数据,提出了机械产品可靠性的最大熵评估模型.根据可靠性经验值公式,获得失效数据的可靠性经验值向量,并逆推出离散失效频率向量即获得统计直方图;基于区间映射的牛顿迭代方法获得具有最大熵的概率密度函数,对其积分获得失效概率分布函数,进而得到可靠性估计真值函数.仿真案例和试验案例研究证明该方法可以很好地评估已知分布的可靠性并有效地解决只有失效数据而没有概率分布任何先验信息的可靠性评估问题.在寿命给定时,最大熵方法获得的可靠性取值与已知分布获得的可靠性取值之间的差值非常小仅为3.40%.      

Variable slip window technology in transition detection on pitching airfoil

In the pitching motion, the unsteady transition and relaminarization position plays an important role in the dynamic characteristics of the airfoil. In order to facilitate the computer to automatically and accurately calculate the position of the transition and relaminarization, a Variable Slip Window Technology (VSWT) suitable for airfoil dynamic data processing was developed using the S809 airfoil experimental data in this paper and two calculation strategies, i.e., global strategy and single point strategy, were proposed: global strategy and single point strategy. The core of the VSWT is the selection of the window function h and the parameters setting in the h function. The effect of the VSWT was evaluated using the dimensionless pulse strength value (INB), which can be used to evaluate the signal characteristics, of the root mean square (RMS) value of the fluctuating pressure. It is found that: the h function characteristics have a significant influence on the VSWT. The suitable functions are H_n function constructed in this paper and step function. For the left boundary of the magnified area, the step function can obtain the largest INB value, but the robustness is not good. The H₁ function (Gaussian-like function, n = 1) can show higher robustness while ensuring a large INB value. The two computing strategies, which are single point strategy and global strategy, have their own advantages and disadvantages. The former strategy, that is the single point strategy, can achieve a higher INB value, but the RMS magnification at the feature position needs to be known in advance. Although the INB value obtained by the latter strategy, that is the global strategy, is slightly smaller than the calculation results of the former strategy, it is not necessary to know the RMS magnification at the feature position in advance. So the global strategy has better robustness. The experimental data of NACA0012 airfoil was used to further validate the developed VSWT in this paper, and the results show that the VSWT developed in this paper can still double the INB value of the transition/relaminarization position. The VSWT developed in this paper has certain practicability, which is convenient for the computer to automatically determine the transition/relaminarization characteristics.     

Design and experimental research of a sub-Newton N2O monopropellant thruster with inner-heater

Nitrous oxide（N₂O） is a green propellant with excellent application prospects. A subNewton N₂O monopropellant thruster with inner-heater and a N₂O self-pressurization stable supply system with regenerative heat compensation are designed in this paper. The experimental research of the thruster is described, including measurements of preheating power, activation temperature, vacuum thrust, specific impulse, life-span and pulsed operation performance. By inserting t...     

A new approach to fuzzy dynamic fault tree analysis using the weakest n-dimensional t-norm arithmetic

Dynamic fault tree analysis is widely used for the reliability analysis of the complex system with dynamic failure characteristics. In many circumstances, the exact value of system reliability is difficult to obtain due to absent or insufficient data for failure probabilities or failure rates of components. The traditional fuzzy operation arithmetic based on extension principle or interval theory may lead to fuzzy accumulations. Moreover, the existing fuzzy dynamic fault tree analysis methods are restricted to the case that all system components follow exponential time-to-failure distributions. To overcome these problems, a new fuzzy dynamic fault tree analysis approach based on the weakest n-dimensional t-norm arithmetic and developed sequential binary decision diagrams method is proposed to evaluate system fuzzy reliability. Compared with the existing approach, the proposed method can effectively reduce fuzzy cumulative and be applicable to any time-to-failure distribution type for system components. Finally, a case study is presented to illustrate the application and advantages of the proposed approach.     

系统可靠性评定的熵（法）近似限

将近代Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ信息论的信息概念广义化,利用信息量的“可加性”特性和离散变量熵的一般表达式,并与可靠性工程理论相结合,推导了由成败型或指数型单元所组成的串、并联系统可靠性评定用的熵（法）近似下限计算公式。应用本文公式所得出的评定结果总是介于经典和贝叶斯（法）近似下限之间,既不偏于保守,又不过分冒进,相当令人满意     

霍尔推力器能量损失系统性评价方法

霍尔推力器典型效率在50%左右,其余能量在电离、加速、耦合等过程中耗散掉,为了明确推力器优化设计的重点方向,需要定量地研究各个物理过程中损失的能量。因此,本文从能量损失分析的角度入手研究影响霍尔推力器效率的典型物理过程及机理,建立了针对霍尔推力器能量损失的系统性评价方法,为霍尔推力器设计及优化提供理论支撑。从霍尔推力器能量转化过程入手,并以能量的最终作用对象及性质作为分类的标准,建立了新的能量损失体系,认为霍尔推力器损失的能量主要有：径向羽流动能、阳极沉积热能、壁面沉积热能、电离能、阴极耦合损失。针对各项损失能量建立了实验评估方法,实验结果显示,阳极热沉积、壁面热沉积、羽流发散导致的能量损失是制约霍尔推力器效率的主导因素,其占比分别达到5.2%、24.7%、6.1%。实验测得所有输出功率占输入阳极放电功率比例达到102.1%,经不确定度分析,认为是阳极热沉积、电离能、阴极耦合损失的高估导致的,但该方法诊断得到的各项损失相对数量级关系是确定的,利用实验校核了方法的可行性,为霍尔推力器性能以及设计水平的评价提供了新的视角。     

转子振动故障的过程功率谱熵特征分析与定量诊断

针对传统旋转机械振动故障定性诊断的不足,提出了1种以信息熵理论为基础的转子故障特征分析与定量诊断方法。在转子试验台上模拟转子振动的4种典型故障,分别得到4个测点多转速下的振动过程故障数据;对这些故障数据进行分析和处理,提取反映其振动过程的故障特征——功率谱信息熵,建立能描述转子振动过程变化规律的多转速多测点下的故障信息熵矩阵,并对振动故障进行分析;通过对转子振动故障信号的实例计算和定量诊断分析,验证了该方法在转子振动故障分类和故障严重程度判断方面是可行的。     

Direct thrust test and asymmetric performance of porous ionic liquid electrospray thruster

In order to meet the demand of CubeSats for low power and high-performance micro-propulsion system, a porous ionic liquid electrospray thruster prototype is developed in this study. 10 × 10 conical emitter arrays are fabricated on an area of 3.24 cm² by computer numerical control machining technology. The propellant is 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. The overall dimension of the assembled prototype is 3 cm × 3 cm × 1 cm, with a total weight of about 15 g (with propellant). The performance of this prototype is tested under vacuum. The results show that it can work in the voltage range of ±2.0 kV to ±3.0 kV, and the maximum emission current and input power are about 355 μA and 1.12 W. Time of Flight (TOF) mass spectrometry results show that cationic monomers and dimers dominate the beam in positive mode, while a higher proportion of higher-order solvated ion clusters in negative mode. The maximum specific impulse is 2992 s in positive mode and 849 s in negative mode. The thrust is measured in two methods: one is calculated by TOF results and the other is directly measured by high-precision torsional thrust stand. The thrust (T) obtained by these two methods conforms to a certain scaling law with respect to the emission current (I_em) and the applied voltage (V_app), following the scale of T ∼ I_emV_app^0.5, and the thrust range is from 2.1 μN to 42.6 μN. Many thruster performance parameters are significantly different in positive and negative modes. We speculate that due to the higher solvation energy of the anion, more solvated ion clusters are formed rather than pure ions under the same electric field. It may help to improve thruster performance if porous materials with smaller pore sizes are used as reservoirs. Although there are still many problems, most of the performance parameters of ILET-3 are good, which can theoretically meet the requirements of CubeSats for micro-propulsion system.     

Transition prediction and sensitivity analysis for a natural laminar flow wing glove flight experiment

Natural laminar flow technology can significantly reduce aircraft aerodynamic drag and has excellent technical appeal for transport aircraft development with high aerodynamic efficiency. Accurately and efficiently predicting the laminar-to-turbulent transition and revealing the maintenance mechanism of laminar flow in a transport aircraft’s flight environment are significant for developing natural laminar flow wings. In this research, we carry out natural laminar flow flight experiments with different Reynolds numbers and angles of attack. The critical N-factor is calibrated as 9.0 using flight experimental data and linear stability theory from a statistical perspective, which makes sure that the relative error of transition location is within 5%. We then implement a simplified e^N transition prediction method with a similar accuracy compared with linear stability theory. We compute the sensitivity information for the simplified e^N method with an adjoint-based method, using the automatic differentiation technique (ADjoint). The impact of Reynolds numbers and pressure distributions on TS waves is analyzed using the sensitivity information. Through the sensitivity analysis, we find that: favorable pressure gradients not only suppress the development of TS waves but also decrease their sensitivity to Reynolds numbers; there exist three special regions which are very sensitive to the pressure distribution, and the sensitivity decreases as the local favorable pressure gradient increases. The proposed sensitivity analysis method enables robust natural laminar flow wings design.     

离子推力器极少数据可靠性评估方法

针对只有两台离子推力器进行寿命试验,试验结果为极少失效数据的情况,建立了一种离子推力器整机可靠性评估方法.通过引入区间统计量的概念,充分开发从最后一个失效数据继续试验到没有发生产品失效这一重要试验信息,由高斯-马尔科夫定理计算出寿命分布参数的最佳线性无偏估计,并给出离子推力器可靠度和寿命的单侧置信下限.最后,对美国NASA研制的型号为XIPS-13的离子推力器进行可靠性评估,得出了其寿命需求10000h的可靠度单侧置信下限为0.87及给定可靠度为0.9时的寿命单侧置信下限为9024.6h,该方法精度较高,便于工程应用.      

推力器故障的刚体航天器自适应变结构容错控制

 针对刚体航天器存在未知惯量参数、推力器故障以及控制受限的姿态控制问题,提出了一类自适应变结构容错控制方法,显式地引入推力器输出的饱和幅值,以确保控制输出在其要求界的范围内;同时,引入控制参数在线自适应调整技术,提高了控制律对参数、干扰以及故障变化的自适应能力;对设计者而言,推力器故障信息不需要进行在线检测和分离。此外,进一步考虑存在推力偏差对系统性能的影响,设计控制器参数使得闭环系统对这类推力偏差具有L₂增益稳定性。最后,将设计的控制器应用于航天器的姿态机动控制,仿真结果表明该控制器能有效地抑制外部干扰、参数不确定性和推力器各种故障的约束,在完成姿态机动的同时,保证其控制输出满足饱和受限界的要求。     

H∞ output tracking control for flight control systems with time-varying delay

For flight control systems with time-varying delay, an H∞ output tracking controller is proposed. The controller is designed for the discrete-time state-space model of general aircraft to reduce the effects of uncertainties of the mathematical model, external disturbances, and bounded time-varying delay. It is assumed that the feedback-control loop is closed by the communication network, and the network-based control architecture induces time-delays in the feedback information. Suppose that the time delay has both an upper bound and a lower bound. By using the Lyapu- nov-Krasovskii function and the linear matrix inequality （LMI）, the delay-dependent stability criterion is derived for the time-delay system. Based on the criterion, a state-feedback H∞ output tracking controller for systems with norm-bounded uncertainties and time-varying delay is presented. The control scheme is applied to the high incidence research model （HIRM）, which shows the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

复合材料非平面连接接头强度预测

基于渐进损伤分析方法,对一种复合材料非平面连接接头承受轴向拉伸载荷作用下的失效强度进行了研究,建立了三维渐进损伤有限元模型预测连接结构的失效行为,预测的失效载荷和载荷-位移曲线与试验结果的对比一致,验证了分析的有效性。     

Experimental investigation and correlation development of jet impingement heat transfer with two rows of aligned jet holes on an internal surface of a wing leading edge

Extensive experimental studies on the heat transfer characteristics of two rows of aligned jet holes impinging on a concave surface in a wing leading edge were conducted, where50000 Rej 90000, 1.74 H/d 27.5, 66° a 90°, and 13.2 r/d 42.03. The finding was that the heat transfer performance at the jet-impingement stagnation point with two rows of aligned jet holes was the same as that with a single row of jet holes or the middle row of three-row configurations when the circumferential angle of the two jet holes was larger than 30°. The attenuation coefficient distribution of the jet impingement heat transfer in the chordwise direction was so complicated that two zones were divided for a better analysis. It indicated that: the attenuation coefficient curve in the jet impingement zone exhibited an approximate upside-down bell shape with double peaks and a single valley; the attenuation coefficient curve in the non-jet impingement zone was like a half-bell shape, which was similar to that with three rows of aligned jet holes; the factors,including Rej, H/d and r/d, affected the attenuation coefficient value at the valley significantly.When r/d was increased from 30.75 to 42.03, the attenuation rates of attenuation coefficient increased only by 1.8%. Consequently, experimental data-based correlation equations of the Nusselt number for the heat transfer at the jet-impingement stagnation point and the distributionof the attenuation coefficient in the chordwise direction were acquired, which play an important role in designing the wing leading edge anti-icing system with two rows of aligned jet holes.     

基于最小熵的多通道SAR系统相位误差估计与补偿

采用多通道合成的方法来增加信号带宽,是提高合成孔径雷达(SAR)系统距离分辨率的一种有效技术手段。针对多通道间相位失配的问题,建立了通道相位误差的频域多项式模型,提出了一种基于最小熵的通道相位误差估计与补偿方法。以距离向压缩脉冲图像的信息熵作为目标函数,误差多项式系数为估计变量,基于最小熵准则建立了相位误差的最优化估计模型。该方法能有效弥补内定标或外定标方法的不足,且不依赖于成像场景的地物类型,只需抽取少量回波数据作为误差估计的样本,具有耗费存储空间少、收敛速度快、不损失信噪比的优点。对不同场景的八通道实测数据进行了处理,实验结果验证了本文方法的有效性和稳健性。     

求解具有多层试验数据成败型单元混联系统可靠性近似限的信息论方法

研究了求解具有多层成败型试验数据时,系统可靠性置信下限近似解的信息论方法,给出了各层试验数据综合的方法和步骤,推导了各层数据信息论方法折合及综合的计算公式。根据单元试验信息提供的信息量与系统折合试验应提供的信息量相等的原则,将多层试验数据逐级折合为系统的等效成败型数据,导出了等效成败型数据信息论方法折合的基本公式;结合可靠性工程的基本原理,根据单个成败型单元可靠性评定的经典精确置信限方法,给出了系统可靠性置信下限的近似解。并以实例形式说明了该方法的具体应用。     

A novel sparse feature extraction method based on sparse signal via dual-channel self-adaptive TQWT

Sparse signal is a kind of sparse matrices which can carry fault information and simplify the signal at the same time. This can effectively reduce the cost of signal storage, improve the efficiency of data transmission, and ultimately save the cost of equipment fault diagnosis in the aviation field. At present, the existing sparse decomposition methods generally extract sparse fault characteristics signals based on orthogonal basis atoms, which limits the adaptability of sparse decomposition. In this paper, a self-adaptive atom is extracted by the improved dual-channel tunable Q-factor wavelet transform (TQWT) method to construct a self-adaptive complete dictionary. Finally, the sparse signal is obtained by the orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm. The atoms obtained by this method are more flexible, and are no longer constrained to an orthogonal basis to reflect the oscillation characteristics of signals. Therefore, the sparse signal can better extract the fault characteristics. The simulation and experimental results show that the self-adaptive dictionary with the atom extracted from the dual-channel TQWT has a stronger decomposition freedom and signal matching ability than orthogonal basis dictionaries, such as discrete cosine transform (DCT), discrete Hartley transform (DHT) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT). In addition, the sparse signal extracted by the self-adaptive complete dictionary can reflect the time-domain characteristics of the vibration signals, and can more accurately extract the bearing fault feature frequency.     

低功率电弧喷射推力器实验研究

为深入了解低功率电弧喷射推力器的启动特性和工作性能，对不同推进剂和不同结构尺寸的推力器进行了广泛的多启动实验研究。研究中建成了推进剂供给系统和真空模拟系统，研制了电源处理单元和小推力测量装置，开发了实验数据采集系统，完成了实验推力器结构设计和材料选择，并分别采用氩、氮、氨为推进剂成功地进行了点火实验。研究表明，推进剂性质对推力器启动特性和工作特性具有重大影响，推力器优化设计应该针对具体的推进剂进行并考虑适当宽广的流量范围。