变来流下翼型动态失速的协同射流控制数值模拟

针对直升机前飞时旋翼在变来流下出现动态失速的问题，发展了基于协同射流的翼型动态失速控制方法。选取NACA0012翼型为研究对象，基于转捩SST湍流模型求解非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程，开展不同参数下协同射流控制翼型动态失速的数值模拟。研究结果表明，协同射流能够有效抑制变来流条件下的翼型动态失速。在变来流下，射流流道对翼型原始气动特性产生不利影响，功率系数的增长速度快于射流动量系数的增加，协同射流存在具有较好控制效果的最佳工作区间。协同射流通过与主流掺混来加速涡系演化，以抑制动态失速，通过增强弦向气流的动能以克服逆压梯度，从而抑制流动分离和促进流动再附着。在马赫数0.283、减缩频率0.151、前进比0.25的条件下，协同射流使翼型升力提高、阻力下降、负俯仰力矩峰降低、流动再附着提前，翼型气动特性得到明显改善。     

尾缘合成射流影响翼型非定常气动特性的数值研究

为了实现飞行器新型动态特性控制,提出了一种基于尾缘的低频大功率合成射流致动器的设计方案。通过数值方法对该尾缘合成射流工作下的NACA0012翼型的非定常流场进行了模拟。研究了不同开口形式,喷流动量系数和减缩频率对翼型的升力、阻力和力矩特性的影响。研究表明尾缘处低频大功率合成射流激励能有效改变翼型的升力和力矩特性,动量系数的增加会增大升力和力矩系数的最大值,而减缩频率的增加会使升力和力矩系数的最大值减小,且翼型气动特性系数的滞后角也会随减缩频率的增加而增大。     

合成双射流控制翼型分离流动的数值研究

合成双射流激励器是合成射流技术发展的最新成果,所形成的射流具有更高能量、流动更稳定的特点。采用数值模拟的方法,对比研究了合成射流与合成双射流对翼型分离流动的改善效果。结果表明:合成射流可以将翼型失速攻角提高2°、最大升力系数增加18%,合成双射流可以将翼型失速攻角提高4°、最大升力系数增加35%,证明了合成双射流具有更好的分离流动控制效果。另外着重分析了合成双射流工作频率和动量系数对控制效果的影响,发现当激励器工作频率为流场特征频率的1和2倍时,对翼型气动特性的改善效果最好,同时控制效果会随动量系数的增加而增大。     

等离子体合成射流改善翼型气动性能实验研究

等离子体合成射流(PSJ)是一种新型主动流动控制激励器,目前研究大多集中于激励特性,对于流动控制的应用研究还明显不足。为了深入探究PSJ翼型流动分离的控制能力与规律,以高升力翼型为载体,在翼型前缘施加等离子体合成射流激励(PSJA),研究激励器对升力特性的影响。结果表明:在翼型前缘施加PSJA,可以有效抑制流动分离;近失速迎角状态下,各个激励频率下都能产生良好的控制效果;过失速迎角状态下,低频效果最好,随激励电压增加,有效频率范围变宽;激励效果随来流速度增加而减弱,当来流速度20m/s时,翼型的失速迎角提高5°,最大升力系数提高8.1%;当来流速度为40m/s时,失速迎角提高3°,最大升力系数提高4.5%。     

超临界翼型的双射流环量控制研究

为了研究双射流环量控制对超临界翼型气动特性的影响规律和作用机理,采用基于雷诺平均N-S方程数值计算方法进行了气动特性计算和流场分析。分别研究了双射流口按不同动量系数大小和比例吹气对翼型气动特性和流场特性的影响。结果表明:双射流环量控制相对于单射流能够有效提高升阻比,同时升力系数随射流动量系数的增大而增大,表现出两个明显的线性阶段变化规律;通过调节上下射流口动量系数的比例,能够实现操纵力矩的改变;同时,当双射流动量系数的比例维持在较低水平时,翼型的升阻比较大。     

翼型尾缘低频大功率合成射流的动态载荷特性研究——B：动态气动载荷特性分析

针对NACA0015翼型,设计了适用于风洞研究的尾缘低频大功率合成射流致动器,对翼型尾缘合成射流作用下的非定常气动特性进行了风洞实验研究。研究表明：尾缘合成射流与横流的相互作用能够有效改变作用在翼型上的气动载荷;单侧喷口喷/吸时,喷冲程气动力系数响应幅值约为吸冲程幅值的3倍;双侧喷口同时工作时,升力和力矩系数的幅值并不是单侧喷口单独工作时喷气幅值的简单叠加,而是处于单侧喷气幅值和喷吸幅值和之间;升力和力矩响应的幅值与喷流动量系数的平方根之间存在近似的线性关系;在动量系数不变时,升力和力矩系数响应的幅值会随减缩频率的增加而减小;给定合成射流器行程,升力和力矩响应幅值与合成射流频率之间近似呈线性关系。     

非定常自由来流对二维翼型气动特性的影响研究

利用计算软件和实验测量方法,研究了非定常自由来流对静态二维翼型气动特性的影响,分析研究了来流速度脉动频率变化对气动特性产生的作用.结果表明,来流速度以短周期脉动时,升力系数随来流速度的减小而增加;来流速度以长周期脉动时,升力系数随来流速度的减小而减小.分析表明这与前缘分离涡在翼面上的传递过程有关.又利用二维翼型动态实验台,研究了非定常自由来流对做动态运动的二维翼型气动特性的影响.结果表明,来流风速的脉动使升力系数的迟滞包线进一步扩大,最大升力系数增加.     

基于离散协同射流的翼型增升减阻方法

协同射流是一种近壁面流动的高效、低能耗主动控制技术。重点开展了一种应用离散协同射流的二维翼型增升减阻效应的数值模拟研究,分析了离散协同射流的堵塞度和喷口密集度等关键参数对流场结构、气动特性、功率消耗及能量利用率的影响效应与作用规律。在施加离散协同射流措施后,能够使翼型近壁面空间流场更有效地产生较强的相干涡结构,使得射流与主流及边界层充分混合,可显著提高同等迎角下的升力系数、明显减小阻力系数,最大升力系数提高近150%,失速攻角推迟约5°。研究表明:离散协同射流是一种显著提高翼型性能的高效流动控制方法。     

OA212翼型主动流动控制的数值模拟研究

采用数值模拟的方法,探讨了基于零质量射流的主动流动控制技术对OA212旋翼翼型动态失速的控制效果和控制特性.以积分形式雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程为控制方程,采用格心有限体积法进行求解.空间离散采用AUSM~+-up格式,时间推进采用含牛顿型LU-SGS子迭代的全隐式双时间法,且引入了预处理方法和多重网格方法加速收敛.通过在喷口上施加非定常边界条件来模拟射流对翼型绕流的影响.研究了不同类型射流、不同位置射流以及不同控制参数(频率、相位、偏角、动量系数等)对动态失速控制效果的影响.研究表明:零质量射流和传统的定常射流均可减小动态失速迟滞环的回线面积,但在提高最大升力方面零质量射流明显优于定常射流;在12%c和62%c处施加组合零质量射流的控制效果最为明显.     

仿生正弦前缘对翼面动态失速的影响

动态失速导致叶片气动载荷急剧变化，造成振动载荷激增，桨叶寿命大幅衰减。针对动态失速问题，从座头鲸胸鳍在动态倾转下取得良好的流动特性获得启示，据此模化出仿生正弦前缘翼面（包含3种波峰和2种波长），旨在实现动态失速控制。借助三维非定常数值模拟方法，采用运动网格技术，基于SC1095旋翼翼型，研究了仿生前缘动态失速流动控制机理及运动参数和来流速度的影响。结果表明：正弦前缘大幅度降低俯仰力矩系数峰值和阻力系数峰值；前缘波峰越大、波长越小，阻力系数峰值与俯仰力矩系数峰值的抑制效果越明显，虽然升力系数峰值减小，但其减小量远小于前两者，例如其中一种仿生翼使俯仰力矩系数峰值减小了47.7%，阻力系数峰值减小了36.4%，升力系数峰值减小14.1%；在最大迎角附近，正弦前缘能够缓和失速特性，使载荷变化更为平缓；在高平均迎角、低俯仰频率、低马赫数下，仿生翼动态失速控制效果更强，相比较而言迎角振幅的影响较小。     

应用协同射流原理的旋翼翼型增升减阻试验研究

协同射流技术作为一种新型主动流动控制技术,是突破旋翼翼型高增升减阻设计的最有潜力的发展方向之一。以 OA312 旋翼翼型作为基准翼型,研制微型涵道风扇组为驱动的旋翼翼型 CFJ 风洞测力模型,开展基于前缘高负压零质量内循环协同射流原理的旋翼翼型高增升减阻低速风洞试验,研究吹气口大小、吸气口大小和上翼面下沉量等基础参数对增升减阻的影响规律,探讨 CFJ 旋翼翼型关键参数最佳取值。结果表明：与OA312 基准翼型相比,小攻角状态时,CFJ 旋翼翼型可显著降低阻力系数,甚至出现“负阻力”现象,实现了零升俯仰力矩基本不变;大攻角状态时,CFJ 旋翼翼型可显著提升最大升力系数和失速迎角,其中,最大升力系数可提升约 67.5%,失速迎角推迟了近 14.8°。     

Aerodynamic characteristics of co-flow jet wing with simple high-lift devices

Numerical investigations are conducted to explore the aerodynamic characteristics of three-dimensional Co-Flow Jet (CFJ) wing with simple high-lift devices during low-speed takeoff and landing. Effects of three crucial parameters of CFJ wing, i.e., angle of attack, jet momentum and swept angle, are comprehensively examined. Additionally, the aerodynamic characteristics of two CFJ configurations, i.e., using open and discrete slots for injection, are compared. The results show that applying CFJ technique to a wing with simple high-lift device is able to generate more lift, reduce drag and enlarge stall margin with lower energy expenditure due to the super-circulation effect. Increasing the jet intensity can reduce the drag significantly, which is mainly contributed by the reaction jet force. The Oswald efficiency factor is, in some circumstances, larger than one, which indicates the potential of CFJ in reducing induced drag. Compared with clean wing configuration, using CFJ technique allows the aerodynamic force variation less sensitive to the swept angle, and such phenomenon is better observed for small swept angle region. Eventually, it is interesting to know that the discrete slotted CFJ configuration demonstrates a promising enhancement in aerodynamic performance in terms of high lift, low drag and efficiency.     

Numerical investigation of dynamic stall suppression of rotor airfoil via improved co-flow jet

The decrease in aerodynamic performance caused by the shock-induced dynamic stall of an advancing blade and the dynamic stall of a retreating blade at low speed and high angles of attack limits the flight speed of a helicopter. However, little research has been carried on the flow control methods employed to suppress both the dynamic stall induced by a shock wave and the dynamic stall occurring at high angles of attack. The dynamic stall suppression of a rotor airfoil by Co-Flow Jet(CFJ) is nume...     

翼型前缘变形对动态失速效应影响的数值计算

翼型或机翼的动态失速效应所引起的低头力矩和正气动阻尼限制了飞行器气动性能的提高,甚至可能诱导发生不稳定运动。应用于小尺寸机翼的前缘动态变形（DDLE）技术,通过实时改变前缘形状,能够改善翼型前缘区域的速度梯度,进而抑制动态失速效应。采用转捩剪切应力输运（SST）黏性模型结合分区混合动态网格技术,研究了这种前缘变形对机翼俯仰运动所引起的非定常流动的影响,得到通过小幅度前缘变形抑制和延迟动态失速的方法,从而提高翼型的气动性能。翼型NAC A0012的数值模拟结果与动态失速风洞试验结果比较表明：所使用的数值计算方法能够较为准确地模拟翼型在动态失速过程中升力系数与俯仰力矩系数的变化情况,可用于研究前缘变形对翼型俯仰运动所引起的非定常流动的影响。前缘动态变形翼型俯仰运动过程的非定常流场的数值模拟表明：在大迎角下不同幅度的前缘下垂运动能够抑制流动分离的发生,从而抑制动态失速,但在大迎角下小幅度高频率的前缘下垂变形能更高效地抑制动态失速;前缘变形幅度以及变形沿中弧线的分布对升力系数和俯仰力矩系数的影响并不明显。     

Aerodynamic performance enhancement for flapping airfoils by co-flow jet

Introducing active flow control into the design of flapping wing is an effective way to enhance its aerodynamic performance. In this paper, a novel active flow control technology called Co-Flow Jet (CFJ) is applied to flapping airfoils. The effect of CFJ on aerodynamic performance of flapping airfoils at low Reynolds number is numerically investigated using Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulation with Spalart-Allmaras (SA) turbulence model. Numerical methods are validated by a NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil case and a S809 pitching airfoil case. Then NACA6415 baseline airfoil and NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil with jet-off and jet-on are simulated in flapping motion, with Reynolds number 70,000 and reduced frequency 0.2. As a result, CFJ airfoils with jet-on generally have better lift and thrust characteristics than baseline airfoils and jet-off airfoil when C_μ is greater than 0.04, which results from the CFJ effect of reducing flow separation by injecting high-energy fluid into boundary layer. Besides, typical kinematic and geometric parameters, including the reduced frequency and the positions of the suction and injection slot, are systematically studied to figure out their influence on aerodynamic performance of the CFJ airfoil. And a variable C_μ jet control strategy is proposed to further improve effective propulsive efficiency. Compared with using constant C_μ, an increase of effective propulsive efficiency by 22.6% has been achieved by using prescribed variable C_μ for NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil at frequency 0.2. This study may provide some guidance to performance enhancement for Flapping wing Micro Air Vehicles (FMAV).     

操纵面作动对无尾布局无人机纵向气动特性的影响

通过风洞测力实验,研究了不同操纵面作动对某无尾布局无人机纵向气动特性的影响。实验结果表明：升降副翼以及襟副翼正向偏转都会使全机升力系数、阻力系数以及低头力矩增加。升降副翼作动引起的增量要高于襟副翼,并且舵偏角度越大增量越大。全动翼尖作动对全机纵向气动特性基本没有影响。在线性段,鸭翼作动对升力系数和阻力系数影响不大;线性段之外,鸭翼作动使得升力系数和阻力系数减小。迎角α〈16°以及α〉38°时,鸭翼正向作动使得低头力矩减小,负向作动使得低头力矩增加。操纵面作动对低头力矩的控制效率由高到低依次为：升降副翼、襟副翼、鸭翼和全动翼尖。进一步分析表明不同操纵面的控制效率与舵容量系数具有较大关系。     

大振幅下薄翼和流线型箱梁的气动迟滞研究

回顾了机翼和箱梁的气动迟滞效应研究现状,介绍了大振幅下获取薄翼和流线型箱梁自激气动力的风洞试验。研究结果表明：薄翼在超过失速角的振幅条件下,升力并没有出现明显的失速现象,但气动力的高阶谐波分量显著增加;大振幅条件下,流线型箱梁的气动力高阶谐波分量也比较显著,并以第2和第3阶谐波分量为主。此外,在大振幅条件下,流线型箱梁的气动力矩迟滞曲线可出现“8字环”,即气动力在一个振动周期内既做了正功也做了负功;其中,迟滞曲线“8字环”的气动正功部分随着振幅和折算风速的增大而增加。该现象可导致桥梁也出现类似于失速机翼的极限环震荡。最后,基于不同振幅下流线型箱梁的力矩迟滞曲线,简要讨论了大跨度桥梁在颤振后状态可能出现的振动形式和气动稳定性。     

Parametric analyses on dynamic stall control of rotor airfoil via synthetic jet

The effects of synthetic jet control on unsteady dynamic stall over rotor airfoil are investigated numerically. A moving-embedded grid method and an Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS) solver coupled with k-x Shear Stress Transport(SST) turbulence model are established for predicting the complex flowfields of oscillatory airfoil under jet control. Additionally, a velocity boundary condition modeled by sinusoidal function has been developed to fulfill the perturbation effect of periodic jet. The validity of present CFD method is evaluated by comparisons of the calculated results of baseline dynamic stall case for rotor airfoil and jet control case for VR-7 B airfoil with experimental data. Then, parametric analyses are conducted emphatically for an OA212 rotor airfoil to investigate the effects of jet control parameters(jet location, dimensionless frequency, momentum coefficient, jet angle, jet type and dual-jet) on dynamic stall characteristics of rotor airfoil. It is demonstrated by the calculated results that efficiency of jet control could be improved with specific momentum coefficient and jet angle when the jet is located near separation point of rotor airfoil. Furthermore, the dual-jet could improve control efficiency more obviously on dynamic stall of rotor airfoil with respect to the unique jet, and the influence laws of dual-jet's angles and momentum coefficients on control effects are similar to those of the unique jet. Finally,unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of rotor via synthetic jet which is located on the upper surface of rotor blade in forward flight are calculated, and as a result, the aerodynamic characteristics of rotor are improved compared with the baseline. The results indicate that synthetic jet has the capability in improving aerodynamic characteristics of rotor.