航天器空间辐射防护材料与防护结构

电子、质子、重离子、光子等空间辐射环境可在航天器材料或元器件中产生单粒子效应、总剂量效应、表面充放电效应、位移损伤效应、内带电效应等,因此,需要对航天器进行空间辐射防护。本文首先介绍空间辐射防护原理和防护有效性,进而从材料、分系统(或部组件)、航天器3个不同维度,对质量屏蔽防护材料、静电防护材料、抗辐射功能材料、航天器局部辐射防护结构和整星辐射防护结构进行了探讨,最后对未来发展的方向进行了讨论。     

人民币汇率的决定基础与政策配合

作者对导致人民币升值的因素和升值的正负面经济效应进行了分析 ,并提出了减轻负效应的政策建议。     

A review of recent studies on rotating internal cooling for gas turbine blades

Gas turbines have been used extensively for aircraft and marine propulsions as well as land-based power generation because of their high thermal efficiency and large power to weight ratios. To further increase the thermal efficiency, numerous prior researches on gas turbine blade internal cooling have been intensively carried out, majorly under stationary conditions. However, the stationary studies neglect the effects of Coriolis and buoyancy forces, which should change the velocity, turbulence and temperature distribution under rotating conditions. To elucidate the rotational effects on gas turbine internal cooling, the extensive results collected from recent investigations are discussed, which include the rotation and buoyancy effects on the rib turbulated cooling, pin fin cooling, jet impingement cooling, dimple/protrusion cooling, latticework cooling as well as swirl cooling. The rotational effects on the friction factors and the most employed experimental and numerical methods are also presented. Moreover, recommendations for future research are outlined. Therefore, this review article provides extensive literature information for the design of the next-generation high-efficiency internal cooling for rotating turbine blades.     

背景对目标红外辐射测量影响的实验研究

在排气引射红外抑制系统的实验研究中, 通过对目标背景的各种处理方法、实验对比及分析, 了解背景对目标红外辐射特性测量的影响规律。实验结果表明:在大背景小目标情况下, 必须十分注意对背景进行遮挡和冷却处理。在选择遮挡材料时, 如果被遮挡部位处于高温部件的直接辐射场中, 则应选用表面发射率高的板材, 否则应选用高反射板材。遮挡板的定向应使其板面垂线与探测器轴线有较大夹角。      

二维分布载荷顺序效应与排列顺序效应

首先建立了二维载荷谱分布,然后依据载荷顺序效应损伤机制编制了3种疲劳谱。通过二维分布谱的载荷顺序效应与排列顺序效应分析得出,谱载荷顺序效应仅与载荷总均值有关,并随其增大有可能对寿命预测影响较大。但编谱方式对零件寿命影响不大。     

Test of galactic cosmic-ray source models – Working Group Report

The main features of cosmic-ray source models and acceleration processes are reviewed, with special emphasis on the possible observational tests, through both composition analysis and multi-wavelength studies of supernova remnants. Non-linear effects in the context of supernova-induced diffusive shock acceleration are discussed, as well as collective acceleration effects induced by multiple supernova explosions inside superbubbles.     

Synthetic Aperture Imaging Radar and Moving Targets

This paper considers the effects of slowly moving targets as they appear in the output of an airborne coherent side-looking synthetic aperture imaging radar. The image of a moving reflector is described, and two approaches to airborne moving target indication (AMTI) are summarized. It is shown that the effects of target movement are decreased as the radar scan rate is increased, and are increased as the (Doppler processed) compression ratio is increased.     

大展弦比复合材料机翼失速颤振分析

研究了大展弦比复合材料机翼在较大迎角状态下的失速颤振特性,探讨了结构几何非线性和由复合材料剪裁产生的刚度耦合效果对机翼失速颤振特性的影响.首先,将复合材料机翼建模为转角和位移均可为有限值的非线性薄壁单闭室截面Euler梁,并在综合考虑结构几何非线性、气动非线性和材料各向异性对机翼运动状态的影响的基础上,建立机翼的运动微分方程.然后,使用小扰动分析的方法得到机翼在平衡位置附近的振动方程,采用ONERA半经验的非定常失速气动力模型,获得机翼在平衡位置附近的非线性失速颤振分析方程.最后,利用谐波平衡法求解并判定机翼颤振稳定性.通过算例,首先验证了算法的正确性,然后研究了几何非线性对失速颤振的影响,并讨论不同的复合材料铺层方式导致机翼失速特性的改变.     

关于风洞侧壁效应的原理

本文讨论了关于风洞侧壁效应原理的几种不同的理论解释,即尾涡模型,位移效应模型和前缘马蹄涡模型。从实验观察和基本原理两个方面对上述不同解释进行了考察。指出原有理论存在不同程度的缺陷和片面性。在此基础上对侧壁效应原理提出了较为全面的解释。     

高超声速进气道壁面开缝对边界层分离影响研究

以二维高超声速进气道GK01[1]为计算模型,对进气道进行无粘、粘性以及边界层分离控制方法数值研究.结果发现,利用文中设计的壁面开缝措施可以有效减小甚至消除激波/边界层干扰带来的边界层分离现象,降低粘性效应造成的负面影响;相对开缝前,开缝措施在设计点和非设计点均能明显提高进气道的总压恢复系数和动能效率,而对流量捕获系数的影响很小.同时文中给出了开缝措施在非设计点下对进气道性能指标的影响规律.     

民用直升机闪电间接效应适航验证方法研究

随着技术的进步,越来越多的现代高技术航空电子系统在直升机上得到应用。在提高系统灵敏度的同时,也带来了闪电间接效应防护问题。在分析闪电间接效应防护的适航要求的基础上,结合AC313型机适航验证结果,提出适航验证方法,对其它直升机闪电间接效应防护有一定的参考价值。     

High energy cosmic ray nuclei results on Ulysses: 1. Mission overview

The cosmic ray flux observed with the Kiel Electron Telescope on board the ULYSSES spaceprobe varies with solar activity as well as with heliospheric position. Determination of the latitudinal gradients requires a careful analysis of the influences of the current sheet tilt angle, the number of major solar flares, interplanetary shocks and interaction regions evolving in the expanding solar wind. In this paper we concentrate on nuclei with rigidity above 1 GV. We discuss the effects of the variable solar activity in the declining phase of the present solar cycle and the variation with radial distance as a basis for separating latitudinal effects. We show that during this phase of the solar cycle modulation of GV nuclei is ordered by temporal evolution, radial distance and negligible latitudinal effects even at latitudes between 30° and 50° South.     

基于常规多普勒滤波器组结构的合成宽带距离像性能分析

为了消除散布效应对宽带信号的不利影响,可以利用多个窄带信号合成宽带信号;同时,通过在子带内处理相干脉冲串,可进行杂波抑制、目标速度估计和区分不同速度的目标。然而,在子带内分别使用常规多普勒滤波器组,会引进多普勒散布效应所造成的输出失配误差,从而造成合成距离像的失真。分析了多普勒散布效应与子带常规多普勒滤波器组输出失配之间的关系,推导了运动目标通过滤波器组后所成高分辨距离像的距离走动公式,给出了适合子带常规多普勒滤波器组的目标速度临界值。仿真实验验证了以上结论。     

强介陶瓷耐压的研究

介绍了ＢａＴｉＯ３陶瓷介质的极化机理,指出在居里温度以上和居里温度以下发生电击穿的部位是不同的。并用此理论解释了陶瓷材料的制造工艺特别是烧成条件对直流耐压有较大影响的原因。此外阐述了添加剂、粘合剂及其用量和瓷料中的产生,加工缺陷等对耐压的影响。     

自由流湍流度对某低压涡轮级气动影响的数值研究

基于Langtry-Menter转捩模型,定常求解雷诺平均的三维粘性N-S方程组,数值研究了不同雷诺数工况下,自由流湍流度(FST)变化对某低压涡轮级流场及性能的影响,揭示了FST对该低压涡轮级叶片吸力面表面流动及涡轮级效率雷诺数效应的影响规律;并基于一种损失分离方法,细分了FST对该低压涡轮级内部各损失分量,如叶型损失、端壁边界层损失,叶尖泄漏损失的影响.      

某型航空发动机空中起动供油规律的研究

研究某型航空发动机空中起动困难问题,现有自动起动器没有考虑飞行高度对供油规律的影响,发动机在空中起动时存在富油状态.分析了影响起动供油规律的因素,在现有自动起动器结构基础上,设计了高空修正模块来补偿飞行高度对供油规律的影响.建立了自动起动器的数学模型,对改进的自动起动器进行了仿真分析和试验.仿真结果和试验验证了改进方案的可行性,与地面起动相比,空中起动的供油量随着飞行高度的增加而降低.采用改进的空中起动供油规律可补偿飞行高度对供油特性的影响,解决发动机空中起动时的富油状态问题.      

空间用聚四氟乙烯材料的原子氧、温度、紫外辐射效应的试验研究

在 IFM原子氧剥蚀效应地面模拟设备中对空间常用材料聚四氟乙烯进行了原子氧剥蚀效应试验,试样温度升高对原子氧效应的影响以及原子氧与紫外辐射复合效应试验,对试验前后试样的质量及表面形貌进行了比较,得出了材料在设备中的反应特点以及温度升高、紫外辐射对材料的原子氧效应的影响规律。对原子氧与材料的反应机理也做了相应的分析。同时还测量比较了原子氧暴露试验前后、原子氧与紫外辐射复合作用前后试样的反射率、透射率等光学性质。     

二元结构中的工资差距、失业与环境问题

以开放经济与贸易的理论模型为基础,对工资差距、失业和环境污染等问题进行综合考量.认为要素禀赋（如非熟练劳动力的数量、熟练劳动力的数量）和相关变量（如城市工业部门的固定工资、对进口工业品的关税政策）的变化会对工资差距、失业和环境产生十分复杂的影响.文章对这些影响进行了系统的理论分析,为制订解决这些问题的经济政策提供理论观点和参考意见.     

关于剩磁对卫星姿态确定与控制影响的研究

讨论了稳态剩磁对地磁姿态确定与控制系统的性能的影响。对某些卫星来说,星上的直流电设备单元会产生一个支配性的稳定磁场。文中提出一个姿态确定滤波器对剩磁场的影响进行了估计,然后从剩磁矩指向、大小及伸杆长度3方面分析了剩磁干扰力矩对姿态控制精度的影响。通过计算机仿真发现:该滤波器能有效消除剩磁场对姿态确定的影响;不同指向的剩磁矩令三轴控制精度出现较大的起伏,而不断增大的剩磁量则使控制偏差呈正比例增大,伸杆长度的影响却很微小。     

Parametric study of turbine NGV blade lean and vortex design

The effects of blade lean and vortex design on the aerodynamics of a turbine entry nozzle guide vane (NGV) are considered using computational fluid dynamics. The aim of the work is to address some of the uncertainties which have arisen from previous studies where conflicting results have been reported for the effect on the NGV. The configuration was initially based on the energy efficient engine turbine which also served as the validation case for the computational method. A total of 17 NGV configurations were evaluated to study the effects of lean and vortex design on row efficiency and secondary kinetic energy. The distribution of mass flow ratio is introduced as an additional factor in the assessment of blade lean effects. The results show that in the turbine entry NGV, the secondary flow strength is not a dominant factor that determines NGV losses and therefore the changes of loading distribution due to blade lean and the associated loss mecha-nisms should be regarded as a key factor. Radial mass flow redistribution under different NGV lean and twist is demonstrated as an addition key factor influencing row efficiency.