A new vortex sheet model for simulating aircraft wake vortex evolution

A new vortex sheet model was proposed for simulating aircraft wake vortex evolution.Rather than beginning with a pair of counter-rotating cylindrical vortices as in the traditional models,a lift-drag method is used to initialize a vortex sheet so that the roll-up phase is taken into account.The results of this model report a better approximation to a real situation when compared to the measurement data.The roll-up induced structures are proved to influence the far-field decay.On one hand,they lead to an early decay in the diffusion phase.On the other hand,the growth of linear instability such as elliptical instability is suppressed,resulting in a slower decay in the rapid decay phase.This work provides a simple and practicable model for simulating wake vortex evolu tion,which combines the roll-up process and the far-field phase in simulation.It is also proved that the roll-up phase should not be ignored when simulating the far-field evolution of an aircraft wake vortex pair,which indicates the necessity of this new model.     

Numerical study of aircraft wake vortex evolution near ground in stable atmospheric boundary layer

The evolutions of aircraft wake vortices near ground in stable atmospheric boundary layer are studied by Large Eddy Simulation(LES). The sensitivity of vortex evolution to the Monin-Obukhov(M-O) scale is studied for the first time. The results indicate that increasing stability leads to longer lifetimes of upwind vortices, while downwind vortices will decay faster due to a stronger crosswind shear under stable conditions. Based on these results, an empirical model of the vortex lifetime as a function of 10-m-high crosswind and the M-O scale is summarized. This model can provide an estimate of the upper boundary of the vortex lifetime according to the realtime crosswind and atmospheric stability. In addition, the lateral translation of vortices is also inspected. The results show that vortices can travel a furthest distance of 722 m in the currentlystudied parameter range. This result is meaningful to safety analysis of airports that have parallel runways.     

The turbulent decay of trailing vortex pairs in stably stratified environments

The decay of trailing vortex pairs in thermally stably stratified environments is investigated by means of large eddy simulations. Results of in-situ measurements in the wakes of different aircraft are used to find appropriate intitializations for the simulation of wake turbulence in the quiescent atmosphere. Furthermore, cases with weak atmospheric turbulence are investigated. It is shown that the early development of the vortices is not affected by turbulence and develops almost identically as in 2D simulations of wake vortices in stably stratified environments. In a quiescent atmosphere the subsequent vortex decay is controlled by the interaction of short-wave disturbances, owing to the aircraft induced turbulence, and baroclinic vorticity, owing to stable stratification. As a consequence, vertical vorticity streaks between the vortices are induced which are substantially intensified by vortex stretching and finally lead to rapid turbulent wake-vortex decay. When in addition atmospheric turbulence is also present, the long-wave instability is dominantly promoted. For very strong stratification (Fr<1) it is observed that wake vortices may rebound but lose most of their strength before reaching the flight level. Finally, the simulation results are compared to the predictive capabilities of Greene's approximate model.     

翼尖涡流场特性及其控制

大型运输飞机的尾涡系是诱发后继小型飞机空难的重要原因,需要有效的涡控制装置来削弱其强度.通过风洞实验,研究了翼型为NACA23016的矩形半机翼模型翼尖尾涡流动结构和控制方法.应用七孔探针空间流场定量测试技术研究了翼尖涡的流动结构,给出了翼尖尾涡在下游两倍弦长距离内的速度和压力场分布随迎角变化的规律.在机翼翼梢布置不同组合方式的翼梢涡扩散器,来控制翼尖涡.研究结果表明,正负90°和60°安装角的双翼梢涡扩散器可将翼尖涡涡核的静压增加60%以上.其旋涡强度削弱机理为:翼梢涡扩散器将集中的翼尖涡破碎分成两个或多个强度更弱的旋涡.在流体粘性的作用下,旋涡能量耗散更快,可有效地削弱翼尖尾涡的强度.     

Equilibrium state of trailing vortices: two-dimensional model of a far-field vortex wake

The equilibrium statistical mechanics of a system composed of a large number of two-dimensional point vortices is employed to describe the vortex system shed from aircraft wings. According to this theory, these higher energy states of the vortex system can only be achieved by segregating the point vortices of like kind into two clusters that descend with a constant velocity. The solution is given in terms of the integral constraints for each cluster: total circulation, center of inertia, and kinetic energy. The negative non-dimensional inverse temperature of the system and the length scale related to angular momentum of a single trailing vortex are obtained versus initial interaction energy of the vortex system. Comparison of the theoretical results with available experimental data shows good agreement between the calculated tangential velocity distribution in the trailing vortex and the data. The flow characteristics for three different wing loads are also compared to emphasize the effect of initial circulation distribution along a lifting wing on the vorticity distribution in the equilibrium trailing vortices.     

Lift-generated vortex wakes of subsonic transport aircraft

The flow fields of vortices, whether buoyancy-driven or lift-generated, are fascinating fluid-dynamic phenomena which often possess intense swirl velocities and complex time-dependent behavior. As part of the on-going study of vortex behavior, this paper presents a historical overview of research conducted on the structure and modification of the vortices generated by the lifting surfaces of subsonic transport aircraft. Although primarily presented from an experimental point of view, the derivation and use of relatively compact theoretical formulations and concepts are included. Experience with lift-generated wakes has shown that they are so complex that progress requires application of a combined theoretical and experimental research program, because either alone often leads to incorrect conclusions. The primary purpose of the research to be described is to find a way to reduce the hazard potential of lift-generated vortices shed by subsonic transport aircraft in the vicinity of airports during landing and takeoff operations. The information presented points out that the characteristics of lift-generated vortices are related to the aerodynamic shapes that produce them and that various arrangements of surfaces can be used to produce quite different vortex structures. It is concluded that a satisfactory aerodynamic solution to the wake-vortex problem at airports has not yet been found, but a reduction in the impact of the wake-vortex hazard on airport capacity may soon become available through wake-vortex avoidance concepts currently under study.     

飞机尾涡系Rayleigh-Ludwieg不稳定性实验研究

以飞机起降过程中主翼和尾翼产生反向涡系存在相互作用的事实为背景,设计了一套反向双漩涡发生装置。通过改变两涡的位置关系与初始涡强度比值,采用流动显示与粒子成像测速(PIV)技术,对涡系相交不稳定性的作用特性进行了研究。结果表明:小涡的引入改变了主涡原有运动轨迹,合理地引入小涡的位置与小涡的强度,对主涡能量的衰减有明显的促进作用,但它们之间不呈现明显的线性关系;涡空间运动轨迹的分析,对未来完善机场起降控制模型有一定借鉴意义;实验结果也为飞机整体设计提供了一定参考依据,在满足飞行力学的设计基础上,优化整体气动布局对降低飞机尾流强度有显著的影响。     

Wake-vortex characteristics of military-type aircraft measured at airport oberpfaffenhofen using the DLR laser doppler anemometer

The DLR ground-based cw Doppler lidar was used for experimental investigations of wake vortices generated by military-type aircraft, including fixed-wing as well as rotor-wing aircraft. The measurements were mainly focused on the roll-up phase of the vortices. The experimental data has been analysed regarding vortex structure and circulation, partly also regarding their temporal development. The influence of flight parameters was measured during consecutive aircraft fly-bys. Small variations in the velocity profiles could be observed which were overlayed by the signatures of the variable wind and turbulence field. This problem can be solved on a statistical basis by measuring many cases under the same atmospheric conditions. The influence of aircraft design could be demonstrated by comparison of the vortex signatures of two B707-type aircraft showing pronounced design differences, namely a standard B707 and a AWACS E3A.     

Excitation of instabilities in the wake of an airfoil by means of active winglets

Strong wake vortices that develop behind every aircraft as a byproduct of lift production pose a threat where aircraft fly in close staggering such as in the vicinity of airports. One approach to alleviate these vortex wakes is the use of high lift systems or control surfaces of the wing to create an unstable vortex system. The inherent instability of this vortex system shall then lead to an accelerated decay of the vortex wake, triggered for example by a periodic motion of the control surfaces. In the work presented here a simple wing model with winglets able to produce a vortex system of up to six distinct vortices is investigated in towing tank experiments. Theoretical studies show that these vortex systems potentially have a high degree of instability. By means of active oscillation of rudders integrated into the winglets, these vortex systems are to be excited to initiate an accelerated decay of the vortices. It is shown that configurations exist which exhibit strong instabilities, that lead to a significantly lower hazard level behind the vortex generating wing, even when not actively excited. However, an additional oscillation does not seem to accelerate decay of these vortex systems in relation to the statical reference case.     

细长尖头旋成体大迎角非对称涡系结构

本文采用数值计算方法,对细长尖拱旋成体大迎角背风侧非对称涡系结构以及与沿轴向交变的侧向力分布的关系进行了研究.求解的是N-S方程,采用Jameson中心格式,湍流采用修正的B-L模型.通过数值模拟揭示了在头部开始产生非对称涡,形成二次涡的机理以及在背风侧形成集中涡的过程.从而说明了采用集中涡来模拟这类流场的正确性,表明了二次涡对多个脱体集中涡形成的贡献.     

Two-dimensional wake vortex physics in the stably stratified atmosphere

The effects of stable stratification on aircraft wake vortices are investigated by means of high-resolution two-dimensional simulations. The simulations elucidate that the vortices first decelerate and then accelerate their descent, where they largely conserve their circulation. However, for very stable stratification the tip vortices may rise again to the flight path. The underlying physical mechanisms are revealed by means of a point vortex method and are examined complementarily by balancing the impulse of the wake vortices. It is shown that the prominant effects, deceleration, detrainment and acceleration, are caused by the kinematic interaction of the vorticity generated by baroclinity and the primary vorticity. Furthermore, it is found that the impulse of the ‘whole’ system, including the detrained secondary vorticity, is oscillating with the Brunt-Väisälä frequency which implies that the wingtip vortices themselves do not. Finally, a local shear-number is proposed which takes into account the interaction of primary and secondary vorticity and can describe the instantaneous tendency of wake vortices to accelerate or to decelerate.     

飞机尾流的快速建模方法

尾流的强度主要由飞机的飞机重量、飞行速度和机翼形状所决定和仿真尾流的保守被动模型可很好的描述尾流系统中水蒸汽、位温等保守被动量的运动演化规律,但这种参数仿真时间长、对计算机要求高,不能实时预测任一机型所产生的尾流的状态分布特性.为此提出了一种尾流的快速建模方法,很好的解决了以往尾流实时仿真时的缺点,为飞机飞行过程中实时预测前机尾流的影响区域提供理论依据,从而减少尾流事故的发生.      

关于旋涡定义的思考

针对旋涡定义这个长期未解决的难题,在分析历史上提出的几种思路的基础上,本文提出:定义旋涡的总目标,应当体现其管状运动形态,并与其作为流体运动肌腱的动力学功能有机结合;该定义应能以统一的方式覆盖经典涡动力学业已成熟的结果,并且指引对湍流中复杂涡状结构及其相互作用的识别。据此,本文根据涡量场演化的已知规律,提出了旋涡的一个动力学定义,作为继续深化讨论的参考。同时提出,人们针对湍流结构研究构造的各种涡判据,虽然对湍流涡状结构的可视化起了重要作用,但因其难以遵循管式涡量场的因果演化而无法取代完备的涡定义。相比之下,近十年来形成的涡量面理论,有望在未来发展中使旋涡的定义和检验问题回归涡量动力学的自然规律。     

Experimental investigation of counter-rotating four vortex aircraft wake

An experimental investigation on the wake vortex formation and evolution of a four vortex system of a generic model in the near field and extended near field as well as the behaviour and decay in the far field region has been conducted by means of hot-wire anemometry in a wind tunnel. The results were obtained during an experimental campaign as part of the EC project “FAR-Wake”. The model used consists of a wing–tail plane configuration with the wing producing positive lift and the tail plane negative lift. The circulation ratio of tail plane to wing is ?0.3 and the span ratio is 0.3. Thus, a four vortex system with counter-rotating neighboured vortices exists. The model set-up was chosen on the condition to create a most promising four vortex system with respect to accelerate wake vortex decay by optimal perturbations enhancing inherent instability mechanisms. The flow field has been investigated for a half plane of the entire wake up to a distance of 48 span dimensions downstream of the model. The results obtained at 1, 12, 24 and 48 span distances are shown as non-dimensional axial vorticity and vertical turbulence intensities. A significant decay in peak vorticity, swirl velocity and circulation is observable during the downward motion of the vortices. Spectral analysis of the unsteady velocity data reveals a peak in the power spectral density distributions indicating the presence of a dominating instability. Using two hot-wire probes cross spectral density distributions have also been evaluated, which highlight the co-operative instability leading to a rapid wake vortex decay within 30 span dimensions downstream.     

某型飞机进气道地面涡畸变流动特性

以配装大涵道比涡扇发动机的某型运输机在未铺装跑道静止开车、滑行等实战使用环境为背景,建立了全尺寸三维仿真计算模型,通过数值仿真,分析研究了风速、风向以及滑跑速度对该型飞机进气道地面涡的流动特性及发动机进口畸变特性的影响。结果表明:该型运输机270°侧风条件下,随着风速的增加,地面涡强度呈现先增加后减小的规律,风速为2~4 m/s时强度最大,风速在6 m/s以上地面涡特性消失;风速为3m/s时,在风向为210°左右地面涡强度达到最大,外物吸入能力最高,其导致的进气道出口周向压力畸变最强。该型运输机滑行状态相对于其静止、逆风环境,地面涡的范围、强度均较小,对进气道出口流场品质也影响较弱。      

大型飞机穿越微下击暴流风场的实时仿真(英文)

为在飞行模拟器中高逼真度地模拟在扰动风场中的飞行,研究了大型飞机在起飞着陆阶段遭遇微下击暴流风切变的实时仿真。基于涡环和Rankine复合涡原理建立了参数化三维微下击暴流模型。通过涡环倾斜和多涡环叠加方法实现了各种复杂微下击暴流风场的模拟。基于Boeing747-100飞机建模数据,系统推导了含风切变影响的六自由度动力学模型,给出了扰动风下气动模型修正的一般方法。对该机遭遇微下击暴流时实施纵向和横侧改出分别进行了控制器设计与仿真。研究结果表明,建立的三维微下击暴流模型可扩展性强,可用于模拟实际复杂风场。含风切变影响的大型飞机动力学模型合理有效。针对飞机从不同位置穿越风场,可采用不同的改出策略。整个模型可应用于飞行模拟器的实时飞行仿真。     

Generalized Kutta–Joukowski theorem for multi-vortex and multi-airfoil flow(a lumped vortex model)

For purpose of easy identification of the role of free vortices on the lift and drag and for purpose of fast or engineering evaluation of forces for each individual body,we will extend in this paper the Kutta–Joukowski(KJ) theorem to the case of inviscid flow with multiple free vortices and multiple airfoils. The major simplification used in this paper is that each airfoil is represented by a lumped vortex,which may hold true when the distances between vortices and bodies are large enough. It is found that the Kutta–Joukowski theorem still holds provided that the local freestream velocity and the circulation of the bound vortex are modified by the induced velocity due to the outside vortices and airfoils. We will demonstrate how to use the present result to identify the role of vortices on the forces according to their position,strength and rotation direction. Moreover,we will apply the present results to a two-cylinder example of Crowdy and the Wagner example to demonstrate how to perform fast force approximation for multi-body and multi-vortex problems. The lumped vortex assumption has the advantage of giving such kinds of approximate results which are very easy to use. The lack of accuracy for such a fast evaluation will be compensated by a rigorous extension,with the lumped vortex assumption removed and with vortex production included,in a forthcoming paper.     

一种平尾涡流发生器设计和流动控制研究

平尾的气动特性直接影响飞机的飞行安全,基于改善飞机平尾在负攻角下流动特性的应用需求,设计一种涡流发生器,安装在平尾下表面。通过数值模拟方法研究平尾在不安装涡流发生器和安装涡流发生器两种构型下的流动特征和机理,分析飞机在负攻角下的俯仰力矩特性。结果表明：安装涡流发生器的平尾负失速迎角推迟了4°,负攻角下的俯仰力矩拐点推迟了4°左右,拓宽了飞机的飞行边界。     

喷流对飞机尾流涡影响的试验研究

飞机产生的尾流涡,特别是大尺度的翼尖涡,对尾随其后的飞行器是非常有害的,本文旨在探索利用飞机发动机产生的喷流加速尾流涡消亡的方法。试验采用简化的飞机模型(有尾翼),建立了包含一对翼尖涡及一对反向旋转的尾翼涡(通过以负迎角安装尾翼得到)的4涡尾流系统。在无外来扰动的情况下,不同的尾翼设置下得到的尾翼涡对翼尖涡的作用效果不同,有的能导致翼尖涡提前消亡,有的则不能。考察了不同强度的喷流对不同4涡尾流系统的影响,且作为对比,对无尾翼(2涡系统)及无喷流下的各种情况也分别作了观测。试验在拖曳水槽中进行,运用体视粒子图像测速(SPIV)技术,观测了与模型拖曳方向垂直的、从机翼后缘到下游约45翼展间均布的一系列切面。结果表明:当喷流直接作用于涡时,其效果主要取决于两者之间的初始距离及相对强度;而当喷流作用于整个4涡尾流系统时,其引入的扰动对不同的系统均能起到一定程度的改善作用,这种作用的关键在于利用喷流优化对翼尖涡进行扰动的机制,而不仅仅取决于喷流的强度。     

上游尾迹与涡轮转子泄漏流相互作用数值模拟

叶轮机内部流动本质上是周期性非定常的,研究涡轮转子叶尖区域的非定常相互作用机理,对提高小展弦比高负荷涡轮性能具有重要意义.利用数值模拟方法研究了上游静子尾迹与涡轮转子叶尖泄漏流的非定常相互作用,分析了定常结果、时间平均结果以及瞬时时刻结果的流动图画.结果表明:上游静子尾迹与涡轮转子尖区二次流的相互作用能明显影响泄漏涡和机匣通道涡的时空演化规律,从而改变转子尖区的损失分布.上游尾迹在转子通道中传播时,诱导泄漏涡和通道涡区域出现周期性的扰动涡对,扰动涡对沿着泄漏涡和通道涡的轨迹向下游运动,使得转子尖区二次流结构呈现周期性变化.