基于干扰距离控制的直升机桨-涡干扰噪声降噪方法

提出了一种适用于直升机旋翼桨-涡干扰距离计算的方法。针对桨-涡干扰距离计算中必需的旋翼桨盘入流及桨盘倾角,又分别建立了旋翼耦合N-S （Navier-Stokes）/自由尾迹模型和桨盘配平模型进行求解,其特点是兼顾计算精度和计算效率;并从悬停、前飞两方面验证了方法的有效性。应用所建立的桨-涡干扰距离计算方法,着重分析了直升机纵向平面力以及飞行参数对旋翼桨-涡干扰距离的影响机理,并进一步计算了不同纵向平面力作用下的旋翼地面声场特性及影响规律。结果表明:合理施加纵向平面力、加速度等措施后,地面最大噪声降低约4dB。同时,还通过研究桨-涡干扰距离与飞行参数的影响关系,得到了一些对直升机低噪声飞行具有实际指导意义的结论。      

Estimation of Aircraft Target Motion Using Orientation Measurements

A new approach to estimating motion of a highly maneuverable aircraft target in an air-to-air tracking scenario is presented. An interactive filter system is developed that provides an improved estimate of target motion states by conditioning kinematic filter estimates on target aspect angle data. Pattern recognition techniques used with an electrooptical tracker are presumed to provide this target aspect information. A target orientation filter processes the aspect angle measurements by statistically weighting measured aspect angles with the current best estimate of target kinematics. The aerodynamic lift equation is used to relate approximate angle of attack to target velocity and acceleration. A novel statistical model for aircraft target normal acceleration is also developed to represent better the unknown target accelerations. Simulation results of realistic three-dimensional scenarios are presented to evaluate the performance of the interactive filter system.     

加装格尼襟翼旋翼的直升机飞行性能

为研究加装格尼襟翼旋翼的直升机飞行性能,建立了加装格尼襟翼旋翼的直升机飞行动力学模型。采用UH-60A直升机试飞数据验证了计算模型的正确性。在此基础上,分析了样例直升机加装格尼襟翼后重量系数、格尼襟翼高度、沿径向位置和加装方式对旋翼需用功率的影响,以及加装格尼襟翼后旋翼桨叶剖面迎角分布、旋翼操纵量和机身姿态角的变化等。研究表明,直升机在重量系数较大的状态下高速前飞时,旋翼加装格尼襟翼能够明显降低直升机的需用功率,且加装转动格尼襟翼的效果优于加装固定格尼襟翼。功率降低幅值随格尼襟翼高度的增加先增加后减小。格尼襟翼在桨叶上布置的位置越靠近桨尖,其对需用功率的影响越大。直升机在重量系数较大的状态下高速前飞时,加装格尼襟翼能够使旋翼后行侧最大迎角显著减小。加装格尼襟翼后旋翼总距和纵横向周期变距减小。     

Efficient prediction of ground noise from helicopters and parametric studies based on acoustic mapping

Based on the acoustic mapping, a prediction model for the ground noise radiated from an in-flight helicopter is established. For the enhancement of calculation efficiency, a high-efficiency second-level acoustic radiation model capable of taking the influence of atmosphere absorption on noise into account is first developed by the combination of the point-source idea and the rotor noise radiation characteristics. The comparison between the present model and the direct computation method of noise is done and the high efficiency of the model is validated. Rotor free-wake analysis method and Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) equation are applied to the aerodynamics and noise prediction in the present model. Secondly, a database of noise spheres with the characteristic parameters of advance ratio and tip-path-plane angle is established by the helicopter trim model together with a parametric modeling approach. Furthermore, based on acoustic mapping, a method of rapid simulation for the ground noise radiated from an in-flight helicopter is developed. The noise footprint for AH-1 rotor is then calculated and the influence of some parameters including advance ratio and flight path angle on ground noise is deeply analyzed using the developed model. The results suggest that with the increase of advance ratio and flight path angle, the peak noise levels on the ground first increase and then decrease, in the meantime, the maximum Sound Exposure Level (SEL) noise on the ground shifts toward the advancing side of rotor. Besides, through the analysis of the effects of longitudinal forces on miss-distance and rotor Blade-Vortex Interaction (BVI) noise in descent flight, some meaningful results for reducing the BVI noise on the ground are obtained.     

反流区对复合高速直升机旋翼气动特性的影响

针对复合式直升机高前进比旋翼反流区严重的特点,建立了适合于高前进比旋翼气动特性的分析方法,以H-34旋翼为例计算了该旋翼在高前进比状态下的气动性能,并与已有的风洞试验数据进行对比验证.在此基础上,进一步分析了反流区对高前进比旋翼气动性能以及对桨叶剖面迎角、升力系数和阻力系数的影响.结果表明:反流区越大,对旋翼的气动性能...     

Study of geometric parameters for the design of short intakes with fan modelling

The flow over a short intake is characterised by a strong interaction with the fan, that can only be captured when the rotor blades are modelled in the numerical simulations. In this paper, we use a coupled methodology to derive indications about relevant geometric variables affecting the high-incidence operation of an ultra-high bypass ratio turbofan intake with a length-to-diameter ratio of 0.35. By reproducing the effect of the fan through a body force model, we carry out a parametric study of the influence of the contraction ratio and the scarf angle at take-off conditions for a grid of 28 different three-dimensional shapes. The analysis of the selected performance metrics distributions at three angles of attack of 16°, 24°, and 28° reveals that a contraction ratio higher than 1.20 is needed to avoid separation at high incidence. While for an attached inlet the best performance is found with a moderate scarf angle, in presence of a developed separation the distortion level reduces as the scarf decreases up to negative values. We discuss the correspondence between the distortion indexes and the flow field, highlighting the origin of the detachment for the different geometries, according to the operating condition, and analysing the fan operation in the most distorted case. Finally, we assess the influence of modelling the rotor in the simulations, showing that its suppression effect on the separation at a given incidence depends on the intake geometric features.     

A Nonlinear Tracker Using Attitude Measurements

The subject of this paper involves tracking the present position of a maneuvering aircraft as well as predicting its future position. A tracking filter is developed that uses aircraft attitude angles (yaw, pitch, roll) in addition to the usual radar measurements. Computer simulation of tracker performance when tracking violently maneuvering aircraft indicates that a dramatic improvement is obtained by using attitude information. The approach taken is to develop a 12-or 15-state extended Kalman filter that models both translational and rotational degrees of freedom. By measuring and estimating attitude it is possible to approximately determine the magnitude and direction of the force system acting on the vehicle and therefore determine vehicle linear acceleration. Knowledge of acceleration is then used to improve the estimate of present and future position of the vehicle being tracked. Simulation of a T-38 aircraft performing a 5 g turn indicates that the new tracker produces maximum trajectory prediction errors that are 36 percent of the errors experienced by more conventional trackers.     

共轴刚性旋翼的悬停气动性能和流场干扰

建立了一种基于RANS (雷诺平均Navier Stokes)方程的共轴刚性旋翼悬停流场数值模拟方法。使用旋翼亚声速和跨声速悬停实验结果,验证了该方法的准确性。对刚性旋翼XH 59A流场模拟表明:气动特性与飞行实验结果比较吻合,共轴旋翼特性优于同实度单旋翼,具备更高的悬停效率。对比半实度单旋翼气动性能,受下旋翼对流动的抽吸影响,上旋翼性能略有下降;下旋翼性能下降更甚,主要是因为处于上旋翼下洗流中,其有效迎角减小。数值方法获得该旋翼最高悬停效率为67%,总距角为14°,14°。对比研究表明,共轴刚性旋翼较常规共轴旋翼极间距小,悬停性能更高。      

Multiframe detector/tracker: optimal performance

We develop the optimal Bayes multiframe detector/tracker for rigid extended targets that move randomly in clutter. The performance of this optimal algorithm provides a bound on the performance of any other suboptimal detector/tracker. We determine by Monte Carlo simulations the optimal performance under a variety of scenarios including spatially correlated Gaussian clutter and non-Gaussian (K and Weibull) clutter. We show that, for similar tracking performance, the optimal Bayes tracker can achieve peak signal-to-noise ratio gains possibly larger than 10 dB over the commonly used combination of a spatial matched filter (spatial correlator) and a linearized Kalman-Bucy tracker. Simulations using real clutter data with a simulated target suggest similar performance gains when the clutter model parameters are unknown and estimated from the measurements     

涡流发生器对轴流压气机叶顶流动不稳定性影响的实验研究

为了探究涡流发生器对轴流压气机叶顶流动不稳定性的影响,在一台低速轴流压气机转子上开展了实验研究。将梯形和半球形两种涡流发生器分别安装在转子叶顶上游机匣上,基于不同的安装角度共制定了五种控制方案。分析了气动性能的变化,并采用频谱分析和统计分析方法考察了壁面脉动压力特性的变化。实验结果表明：采用梯形涡流发生器后,除安装角为90°的方案外,其它方案在各工况下扩压能力均略有下降,失速时的流量也明显减小。在流场存在旋转不稳定性或失速的工况,-45°方案时涡流发生器增加了来流的正预旋,增加了气流动量,同时产生的诱导涡会径向迁移,进而抑制了叶顶区域的旋转不稳定性或旋转失速的强度。     

直升机桨距主动控制对旋翼性能的影响

为摸索直升机桨距主动控制对旋翼性能的影响规律并揭示其机理,首先建立能够考虑2阶谐波桨距控制影响的旋翼气动力模型,进一步建立相应的直升机飞行动力学模型,将旋翼需用功率作为性能评估的依据,在全机配平状态下开展2阶谐波桨距控制对旋翼性能的影响研究.对于样例直升机,前进比为0.2时,施加任何2阶谐波桨距控制均使旋翼需用功率增加;前进比为0.35时,施加幅值为1.5°、初相位为90°的2阶谐波桨距控制使旋翼需用功率降低约5%.通过分析样例直升机桨盘平面迎角分布和阻力系数分布,总结出利用2阶谐波桨距控制提升旋翼性能的物理本质:当直升机处于高速、大载荷飞行状态时,施加适当的2阶谐波桨距控制可以改善桨盘平面迎角分布,推迟后行边桨叶失速,从而降低旋翼需用功率,有效提升旋翼性能.     

无轴涵道旋翼气动特性数值研究

采用基于非结构网格的滑移网格技术对无轴涵道旋翼与传统涵道旋翼的气动特性进行了非定常Euler方程数值模拟。分别考察了无轴涵道旋翼与传统涵道旋翼气动特性差异,中心孔径、涵道扩散角、涵道翼型对无轴涵道旋翼气动特性的影响。涵道扩散角变化范围为-6°~10°,涵道翼型选择NACA66、NACA0018及NACA4415三种翼型进行研究。研究发现:涵道翼型类型对无轴涵道旋翼的拉力分配影响较大,对称翼型能减弱旋翼上方低压涡从而涵道能产生更大的拉力；无轴涵道旋翼比传统涵道旋翼具有更优的拉力性能,转速为18 000 r/min时其总拉力是后者的1.185倍；减小无轴涵道旋翼的中心孔径能提高总拉力值,但整体耗能也将随之提高；涵道拉力占比越高的翼型,其最佳涵道扩散角越大,该状态下涵道拉力占比最高。      

总压畸变对风扇流场影响的全流道数值研究

采用全流道非定常数值模拟方法对进口稳态总压畸变条件下跨声速风扇流场进行求解.详细分析了总压畸变造成风扇性能下降的原因.分析表明,周向不均匀流场使得动静叶进口气流角变得不均匀,从而使进口攻角发生很大变化;动叶在不同周向和径向位置流动状况完全不同;畸变区内静叶根部至中径附近存在大范围的分离区.      

转子磁链角在线校正的异步电机矢量控制系统研究与实现

为保证转子磁链定向准确,提出了一种在线校正转子磁链角的方法。通过检测空间电压矢量PWM中的零电压矢量期间相电流的变化量,计算得到转子磁链的准确角度,经调节器在线调节转差角频率大小,从而校正转子磁链角,达到了提高电机控制性能的目的。通过试验验证了理论的正确性和方法的有效性。     

相位延迟边界条件在叶轮机械颤振分析中的应用

基于带相位延迟的周期边界条件,建立了某跨声速转子的双通道高效气动阻尼计算模型.数值计算了该转子的气动性能、颤振边界和叶片模态,和实验数据吻合较好.通过传统的多通道能量法以及双通道方法计算了叶片在一弯模态,不同叶片间相位角条件下的气动阻尼,获得了基本一致的计算结果,而双通道方法相比于传统的多通道能量法计算效率提升约7.7倍,内存需求约为后者的0.45倍.不同叶片振幅对气动阻尼结果的影响研究表明,对于较小的叶片振幅,流动非线性对气动阻尼计算结果仍然有显著的影响.不同工况的计算结果表明:叶片间相位角对转子叶片的气动阻尼有显著的影响,对于该转子最小的气动阻尼均在叶片间相位角为-42.4°时得到;同时,在近颤振状态,不同叶片间相位角对应的气动阻尼均小于近设计状态.     

无尾布局嵌入式舵面的大迎角纵向操纵能力研究

 针对某前掠翼翼身融合无尾布局由鸭面与尾舵组成的纵向基本控制舵面在大迎角状态操纵效率降低的问题,采用数值模拟方法研究一种机身下表面嵌入式新概念纵向操纵舵面实施大迎角纵向操纵补充的可行性。提出了嵌入式舵面的设计思想,研究了嵌入式舵面高度、偏度及其与尾舵组合时的相对位置等参数影响,提出了嵌入式舵面的设计原则、流动机理以及提供低头力矩增量的作用原理。研究结果表明:嵌入式舵面是无尾布局飞机大迎角纵向操纵的高效补充措施,单独使用,最大可提供约平衡10°迎角的低头操纵力矩,并对升阻特性影响很小;与尾舵组合使用,在研究迎角范围内(迎角α≤32°),可提供约6°迎角的低头平衡力矩增量,且对升阻性能产生有利影响。本文工作可为其他翼身融合无尾布局的气动舵面设计提供借鉴。     

Electromagnetic scattering characteristics of coaxial helicopter based on dynamic transformation method

With the development of coaxial rotors and high-speed helicopters, the electromagnetic scattering characteristics of coaxial helicopters have gradually become a research hotspot. In order to deal with the Radar Cross-Section (RCS) of high-speed rotating rotors or coaxial main rotors, a Dynamic Scattering Method (DSM) based on dynamic process simulation and grid coordinate transformation is presented. Instantaneous electromagnetic scattering from rotors and helicopters is solved using Physical Optics (PO) and Physical Theory of Diffraction (PTD). Important factors are analyzed and discussed in detail, including individual rotor rotation, azimuth, elevation angle, fuselage, pitch angle, and roll angle. The results show that the electromagnetic scattering characteristics of rotor-type components are dynamic and periodic. The dynamic RCS period of a single rotor is related to the dynamic RCS period of the coaxial main rotor. Choosing different observation angles and attitude angles has a great impact on the static and dynamic RCS of the helicopter. The presented DSM is effective and efficient to analyze and determine the dynamic electromagnetic scattering characteristics of conventional helicopters or coaxial helicopters.     

叶片弯曲对不同折转角扩压叶栅冲角特性影响

实验在低速环形风洞上研究了冲角变化对不同弯曲角度、不同叶型折转角扩压叶栅气动性能的影响.结果表明, 随着叶型折转角的增大, 正弯叶栅变冲角性能的最佳弯角范围逐渐缩小, 大折转角正弯叶栅的气动性能受冲角变化的影响要大于小折转角叶栅正弯叶栅;在正冲角下, 60°叶型折转角正弯叶栅性能对弯角变化十分敏感, 此时不宜采用超过15°弯角的正弯叶栅.      

CALCULATION OF HELICOPTER ROTOR FLAPPING ANGLES AND COMPARISON WITH MEASURED DATA

Helicopter rotor flapping angles from hover to low-speed forward flight are calculated and compared with the measured data in this paper. The analytical method is based on a second order lifting-line/full-span free wake model as well as a fully coupled rotor trim model. It is shown that, in order to accurately predict the lateral flapping angle at low advance ratio, it is necessary to use free wake analysis to account for the highly non-uniform inflow induced by the distorted wake geometryat rotor disc plane.     

旋翼变体技术对直升机性能的提升

为研究旋翼变体技术对直升机性能的提升作用,先建立旋翼模型,然后耦合机体模型,从而建立直升机需用功率计算模型.主要对比了几种不同旋翼变体技术,包括旋翼变直径、旋翼变转速、桨叶变弦长和桨叶变负扭转角在不同飞行状态时对直升机需用功率的影响.前飞速度为130km/h时,10%旋翼转速减小、10%旋翼直径减小、10%桨叶弦长减小和桨叶负扭转角由-12°变为-6°时,需用功率分别降低了15.7%,14.6%,5.8%和3.1%;前飞速度为250km/h时,10%旋翼转速减小和10%旋翼直径减小可分别降低14.5%和23.9%需用功率.结果表明,旋翼变转速明显优于桨叶变弦长和桨叶变负扭转角所取得的性能提升,高速前飞时旋翼变直径降低的需用功率大于旋翼变转速技术.