The face inversion effect in microgravity: is gravity used as a spatial reference for complex object recognition?

Complex objects are better recognized under a specific orientation. When presented upside down, a face, even very familiar, is recognized with greater difficulty than when presented upright ("Inversion effect"). Up to now it was not possible to decide whether the direction provided by gravity or the one provided by the retina and the body constitutes the spatial reference involved in this "Inversion effect". Three cosmonautes learned photographed faces on the ground and had to recognize them both on ground and on flight. Other photographed faces were learned in flight and where presented for recognition on flight. Results show that the Inversion effect is still present on flight for faces that have been learned on ground as well as for those learned on flight. Persistence of the inversion effect in 0-G shows that gravity is not involved as a spatial reference in recognition of faces. Learning and recognition performances of faces learned in flight were significantly lower than performances for faces learned on ground. A possible role of gravity in configural processing, but not in the Inversion effect, is suggested.     

Influence of the gravitational vertical on geometric visual illusions

The occurrence of geometric orientation illusions and the perception of ambiguous figures were analyzed in 24 subjects during static body tilt relative to gravity on Earth. Results showed that illusions such as the Rock's diamond/square, the Ponzo illusion, and orientation contrast illusions occurred less frequently, and that depth reversal of ambiguous figures took more time when subjects were lying on their side or supine compared to upright, thus suggesting that the gravitational reference plays a significant role in these “visual” illusions. The structure of images, our representation of the environment, and orientation relative to gravity are all integral parts in interpreting visual images. In a weightless environment where no gravitational reference can be used, it is expected that similar alterations in visual perception will occur.     

液体火箭发动机涡轮泵密封组件静力学特性

为了提高液体火箭发动机涡轮泵端面密封的气检合格率,开展了密封组件的静力学特性分析。采用有限元法建立了密封端面接触分析模型,针对石墨环装配过盈量、弹簧刚度偏差与气检压力3个方面进行了仿真计算,获得了端面变形量和密封压力分布的变化规律。计算结果表明:在0.13 mm过盈量下,石墨环上端面高度差为7.2μm;弹簧刚度偏差量变化引起的动静环端面压力分布最大差值约0.1 MPa;在气检过程中密封端面呈环形的压力分布。     

Effect of enclosure shape on natural convection velocities in microgravity

A numerical analysis was performed to compare natural convection velocities in two-dimensional enclosures of various shape. The following shapes were investigated: circle, square, horizontal and upright 2 × 1 aspect ratio rectangles, horizontal and upright half-circles, diamond (square oriented with diagonal vertical) and triangle (equilateral and horizontal base). In all cases, the length scale in the various dimensionless parameters, such as Rayleigh number, is defined as the diameter of the equal area circle. Natural convection velocities were calculated for Rayleigh numbers of 100 and 500 with the temperature difference taken to be across (a) the maximum horizontal dimension, (b) the median horizontal line (line through centroid) and (c) the horizontal distance such that the temperature gradient is the same for shapes of equal area. A Rayleigh number of 1000 is within the “low Rayleigh number” range for agreement with first order theory for circular enclosures. A Rayleigh number of 5000 is slightly out of this range. For the class of shapes including the square, upright half-circle and upright rectangle, the computed velocities were found to agree very closely with that of the equal area circle when the temperature difference is taken to be across the maximum horizontal dimension [condition (a)]. The velocities for the horizontal rectangle and half circle were found to be approximately one-half that of the equal area circle for the same condition. Better overall agreement among all shapes was obtained by setting the temperature difference across a distance such that the temperature gradients were equal for shapes of equal area.     

太阳电池阵表面充电反向电位梯度的地面模拟

太阳电池阵等部件由于其表面介质的高二次电子发射及光电子发射特性,使得其在轨表面充电典型表现为反向电位梯度（inverted potential gradient, IPG）。为了评估航天器部组件在轨的表面充电风险,需要研究IPG的特点及在地面模拟IPG的方法。文章通过分析地球中高轨道与低轨道空间等离子体环境中表面充电的特点,提出了地面模拟IPG表面充电的方法,并给出典型试验结果。推荐中高轨道利用电子枪或紫外源、低轨道利用冷稠等离子体源模拟表面充电IPG;模拟过程中为了建立IPG,试样基底导电部位需要悬浮且有直流负偏压电源驱动;模拟IPG时需要针对试样尺度进行缩比补偿;文章给出的方法可用于一般太阳电池阵或其他在轨充电会产生IPG的试样开展地面模拟及静电放电防护性能评价试验。     

设备性能参数库两种概念模型的设计与分析

从分析电子战设备性能参数的数据特点入手,总结了设备性能参数库实体关系模式和竖表模式两种概念模型的设计思路、关键技术及其优缺点和适用性。工程应用结果表明,实体关系模式适用于从属仿真系统的数据库子系统;竖表模式适用于独立的情报数据库系统。     

InGaP/GaAs/InGaAs倒装结构三结太阳电池的辐照损伤仿真分析

为了保证倒装结构三结电池在空间辐射环境中使用的可靠性,揭示倒装工艺引入位错缺陷对电池辐射衰减的影响,文章基于泊松方程和载流子传输方程建立了倒装结构InGaP/GaAs/InGaAs三结太阳电池的物理模型,在地面等效实验验证的基础上,研究辐射以及电池内部位错缺陷对电池输出的影响。首先通过模型研究了微观载流子复合与电池电学性能之间的关联,发现当1 MeV电子入射注量达到1014 cm-2时,该电池中少数载流子复合由辐射复合起主要作用转变为由非辐射复合起主要作用。此外,文中还给出了InGaAs底电池的非辐射少数载流子寿命以及电池电学参数与穿透位错密度（TDD）的函数关系,发现随着TDD的增加,辐照对少子寿命和电池性能的影响均减弱。     

旋转倒立摆的神经网络控制

本文针对一种新型的倒立摆系统,设计了一个四输入单输出三层BP网络,并对一级旋转倒立摆控制器进行逼近。仿真结果表明,BP神经网络有很广阔的应用领域。     

旋转倒立摆的神经网络控制

本文针对一种新型的倒立摆系统,设计了一个四输入单输出三层BP网络,并对一级旋转倒立摆控制器进行逼近.仿真结果表明,BP神经网络有很广阔的应用领域.     

关于“用好的作风选人，选作风好的人”的逻辑梳理

“用好的作风选人，选作风好的人”必须确定相关的概念，必须进行科学的判断，必须进行正确的推理。本文试图从逻辑角度对这一选人用人原则进行梳理。     

雷达导引头倒置接收和调频噪声对消

为减小连续波、间断半连续波半主动雷达导引头制导系统中照射器和导引头固体本振的近载频噪声，采用倒置接收系统复现时廷极小的照射器调频噪声（相位噪声），直波锁相接收机本振信号与回波泄漏信号进行混频对消可明显降低中频相位噪声。分析结果表明，倒置接收可改善导引头泄漏下能见度（SFV）。     

高分辨率卫星遥感图像的偏流角及其补偿研究

卫星遥感采用高分辨率TDICCD相机时，由于地球的旋转产生图像运动的偏流角，偏流角对这种遥感图像的质量影响较大，需要进行补偿，并通过遥感视线的校正实现。补偿的首要工作是确定图像运动的偏流角和遥感视线的修正量。基于航天器飞行动力学原理，本文求出了各种近地轨道的偏流角、偏流角角速度，把遥感视线的校正分成粗校正和精校正，并给出了修正量的确定方法。针对椭圆轨道和圆轨道情况的偏流角及修正量的计算，验证了本文算法的有效性。     

嫦娥三号卫星相机地形图像的彩色校正方法

针对嫦娥三号卫星着陆器有效载荷相机地形图像出现偏色问题,设计一种彩色定标与白平衡相结合的两步彩色校正方法。首先在D65标准光源下,针对相机彩色光谱响应与CIE标准色匹配函数偏差,利用24色彩色色标最小二乘平差获取相机彩色校正矩阵,提高校正矩阵对不同色彩图像的适应性;其次在模拟月面环境光照条件下,采用9阶中性色标最小二乘平差进行相机白平衡校正,改进传统单一色标白平衡校正系数泛化能力不足的缺点,有效降低月面环境光照条件对相机图像色彩影响。地面成像验证试验和在轨成像试验结果表明,两步法校正后相机成像色差明显降低,图像色彩与人眼所见更加一致。     

等离子体鞘层加速模拟质子辐照连续谱 数值仿真研究

质子辐照是导致空间飞行器热控涂层性能衰退的重要原因。目前地面多采用单一能量的粒子替代空间能量连续分布的粒子来开展质子辐照模拟试验。文章提出了在一个脉冲宽度内获得连续能量质子谱的方法,即脉冲偏压等离子体鞘层加速方法。文章利用细胞粒子（particle-in-cell,PIC）模型对在3种脉冲偏压三角波作用下等离子体鞘层加速质子以获得连续能量质子谱的动力学过程进行了数值仿真研究,分析了3种脉冲三角波形对鞘层扩展、离子加速及能量分布的影响。结果表明,电势空间分布和离子运动状态紧密联系,鞘层内离子密度变化受到脉冲波形和离子热扩散运动的综合影响,通过调整脉冲偏压三角波形,能够获得不同的能量-剂量分布,从而为下一步工作打下基础。     

Correlation between vestibular sensitization and leg muscle relaxation under weightlessness simulated by water immersion.

The experiments were designed to determine the contribution of the leg muscle relaxation to the sensitization of the vestibular function under weightlessness, The neuromuscular unit (NMU) discharges were continuously recorded with microelectrodes from the anti-gravitational soleus muscle and its antagonist, the tibialis anterior, of a man standing first upright on the level floor of a dry water tank, and then gradually being immersed in water till it reached his neck; while he was buoyed with an airtube placed under his armpit. In each of the successive states, the caloric nystagmus was evoked, analyzed and compared with the NMU discharge as well as with subjective symptoms associated with the nystagmus. The results indicate that the nystagmogenic activity had a significant correlation with the appearance of the active NMU in the soleus, and they also suggest that the reduction of ascending signals from the antigravity muscles might be one of the causes of atypical vestibular responses occuring in weightlessness.     

Intuitive ultrasonography for autonomous medical care in limited-resource environments

Management of health problems in limited resource environments, including spaceflight, faces challenges in both available equipment and personnel. The medical support for spaceflight outside Low Earth Orbit is still being defined; ultrasound (US) imaging is a candidate since trials on the International Space Station (ISS) prove that this highly informative modality performs very well in spaceflight. Considering existing estimates, authors find that US could be useful in most potential medical problems, as a powerful factor to mitigate risks and protect mission. Using outcome-oriented approach, an intuitive and adaptive US image catalog is being developed that can couple with just-in-time training methods already in use, to allow non-expert crew to autonomously acquire and interpret US data for research or diagnosis.The first objective of this work is to summarize the experience in providing imaging expertise from a central location in real time, enabling data collection by a minimally trained operator onsite. In previous investigations, just-in-time training was combined with real-time expert guidance to allow non-physician astronauts to perform over 80 h of complex US examinations on ISS, including abdominal, cardiovascular, ocular, musculoskeletal, dental/sinus, and thoracic exams. The analysis of these events shows that non-physician crew-members, after minimal training, can perform complex, quality US examinations. These training and guidance methods were also adapted for terrestrial use in professional sporting venues, the Olympic Games, and for austere locations including Mt. Everest.The second objective is to introduce a new imaging support system under development that is based on a digital catalog of existing sample images, complete with image recognition and acquisition logic and technique, and interactive multimedia reference tools, to guide and support autonomous acquisition, and possibly interpretation, of images without real-time link with a human expert. In other words, we are attempting to replace, to the extent possible, expert guidance by guidance from a digital information resource. This is a next logical phase of the authors’ sustained effort to make US imaging available to sites lacking proper expertise. This effort will benefit NASA as the agency plans to develop future human exploration programs requiring increased medical autonomy. The new system will be readily adaptable to terrestrial medicine including emergency, rural, and military applications.     

敏捷卫星偏流角计算模型研究

TDICCD相机成像时为保证图像品质,要求对偏流角进行修正。文章针对敏捷卫星任意姿态角建立了在星下点成像、俯仰姿态机动后成像、滚动姿态机动后成像,以及滚动加俯仰姿态机动后成像几种情况下偏流角计算模型,并对模型进行了仿真计算。结果表明,敏捷卫星姿态目标计算当中,有必要考虑姿态机动带来的偏流角控制目标变化,以保证姿态控制精度。文章对敏捷卫星的偏流角控制设计、计算和测试验证工作有参考价值。     

基于混沌搜索的三级倒立摆LQ控制器设计

研究利用混沌优化的LQ控制方法对三级倒立摆系统进行闭环控制.首先将混沌变量引入LQ控制器的权矩阵参数域,并进行全局范围内直接寻优,当获得全局近似最优解后,再缩小寻优区间,在次优解附近继续寻优,得到全局最优权矩阵参数.仿真结果表明了该方法的有效性和具有良好的抗干扰能力.     

面向小行星微重力环境探测的自恢复直立弹跳机器人设计

针对小行星微重力环境,提出了一种具有蛋形外壳,利用弹簧蓄力的并联腿弹跳机器人。该机器人无论以何种姿态落地,均可在重力矩作用下恢复直立姿态。这一设计相对于需要额外主动装置恢复直立的先前方案,节省了恢复直立所需的能耗,在结构上更为简单可靠。文中阐述了完整的机构设计方案,及相应的结构参数优化计算方法。通过的样机实验,设计方法的有效性得到验证。     

Spatial memory exclusivity: Examining performance of multiple object-location memories

Research on location memory suggests that integration of separate sources of information does not occur when recalling the position of a common target object. In a relatively simple task, previous research shows no observable benefit from holding two spatial memories compared to one. It has been suggested that exclusively utilizing only one of two memories may account for this finding. The current research tests the robustness of this idea as well as an alternative in the form of an averaging approach to combining spatial information. The results suggest that exclusivity may not be the best account for performance of multiple object-location memories. Rather, memories may well combine in a manner similar to averaging, where information is available for each memory but combined in a nonbeneficial way.