柔性太阳帆轨道-姿态-弹性振动耦合效应研究

建立了柔性太阳帆轨道、姿态、弹性振动耦合的动力学降阶模型。分析该模型在地心大偏心率椭圆轨道的动力学表明:太阳光压力是太阳帆轨道产生偏差的主要原因,且太阳光压力会引起太阳帆姿态的剧烈变化和柔性结构的大幅振动,同时太阳帆的结构振动会对其姿态造成累积偏差。研究发现,太阳帆在空间的运行是一个轨道、姿态、弹性振动三方面强烈耦合的复杂问题。     

带移动滑块太阳帆航天器姿态控制技术研究及仿真

针对以移动滑块为控制执行机构的太阳帆航天器,基于拉格朗日分析力学建立了航天器-滑块两体系统非线性耦合动力学模型。分外环和内环回路,各自设计了基于增益调度的变增益LQR控制器和带非线性补偿的PD控制器。建立ADAMS实体仿真模型,在MATLAB/Simulink软件中建立姿态控制系统仿真平台,以行星际太阳帆航天器轨道转移过程中姿态控制任务为例进行ADAMS-MATLAB动力学联合仿真实验。结果表明:设计的控制律能有效抑制光压干扰力矩对航天器姿态的影响,可实现太阳帆航天器的大角度快速姿态机动及长期姿态稳定。     

长期在轨运行卫星的轨道维持技术

本文研究近地轨道卫星长期在轨运行的轨道维持问题。轨道维持的任务是将卫星的星下点轨迹保持在设计的参考轨迹附近。近地轨道卫星所受的摄动力包括地球引力摄动、日月摄动、大气阻力摄动和光压摄动等,而影响卫星轨道星下点漂移的主要因素是大气阻力摄动。本文给出了一种新的卫星轨道维持策略,数学仿真表明了其有效性。     

太阳帆航天器的轨道动力学和轨道控制研究

研究了太阳帆轨道动力学和利用太阳帆推进实现非开普勒轨道的太阳帆控制问题 ,推导了Gauss形式的太阳帆探测器密切轨道六要素微分方程,分析了太阳帆的轨道控制设 计方法,描述了适合太阳帆姿态控制的执行机构。在此理论基础上以SPORT计划作为设计实 例,并进行了设计与仿真,实现了任务要求的目标轨道。     

太阳帆航天器三维人工平动点变化特性研究

本文研究了太阳帆航天器在光压因子、锥角和钟角共同作用下的三维人工平动点的变化特性。在光压因子较小的时候，五个平动点会拓展成五个不相连的“人工”平动点面。随着光压因子增大，平动点面SL 3 ，SL 4 和SL5将逐渐扩大并互相融合，最终延展至SL 1 与之融合。而平动点面SL2则始终保持独立的球面，只随着光压因子的增大而扩大但不与其它平动点面发生融合。平动点位置的改变，意味着对应的周期轨道也随之改变，这为平动点周期轨道的转移等任务提供了有效参考。     

大型空间可展开结构热致振动研究

搭载高精度光学载荷的空间飞行器在进出地球阴影区时,飞行器上处于展开状态的太阳帆板因剧烈的温度变化会诱发振动问题。本文采用有限元法,首先对太阳帆板进行在轨进出阴影区瞬态温度求解;然后基于卫星-太阳帆板整体动力学模型,将时变温度场等效为时变热载荷加载到整星系统上,对整星系统的热致振动动力学响应进行了数值模拟。结果表明:处于地球同步轨道的卫星-帆板在进出阴影区时,太阳帆板的温度变化较大,温差最高达到200℃;时变热载荷导致帆板结构和卫星姿态发生明显的振动响应。该方法可以合理地预测大型空间可展开系统热扰动响应。     

平动点轨道的动力学与控制研究综述

平动点轨道在深空探测领域具有重要的应用价值,引起了国内外航天界的密切关注.详细介绍了平动点轨道的发展历史,并深入剖析平动点附近的相空间结构和同＼异宿连接的力学机制;论述Halo轨道转移方式的实现、轨道维持策略及平动点轨道的姿态描述,然后讨论了实现深空组网的平动点星座建立.平动点具有十分丰富的内容,在轨道动力学其他领域亦有扩展,细致分析了平动点理论在地月转移、太阳帆轨平动点以及近地编队飞行等方面的应用.     

太阳光压对GPS卫星的影响

本文阐述了太阳辐射光压对ＧＰＳ卫星轨道运行的摄动影响，给出了一种简洁的计算太阳辐射光压引起ＧＰＳ卫星轨道偏差的经验计算公式。     

太阳帆结构分析

太阳帆是人类向太空发射的一种宇宙探测器。本文推导建立了太阳帆结构分析的理论方程组；利用数值计算方法进行了全结构分析；采用罚函数法，确定了满足各种技术条件下的转速及辐条长度之间的可用范围；同时，在引入某些假设的前提下，得出了方程组的近似理论解。它们为太阳帆强度分析、结构形状保持能力提供了论理基础，也为太阳帆的设计提供了依据。本文最后提供了某实际发射的太阳帆结构的分析结果。本文的分析手段可作为大型柔性结构分析的参考     

太阳帆航天器移位轨道设计

研究了太阳帆日心移位轨道的稳定性、控制律设计及轨道拼接。将柱坐标形式的太阳帆动力学方程在参考移位轨道附近线性化,得到线性变分方程。分析线性变分方程的特征值在复数平面上的位置就可以得到移位轨道的稳定性条件。设计了太阳帆日心移位轨道的控制律,并证明了控制律满足稳定性条件。该控制律仅要求太阳帆在移位轨道飞行时姿态角α保持不变。此外,太阳帆移位轨道可以与开普勒轨道相互转化,也可以与移位轨道之间相互拼接。     

Evolution of the Orbit of an Earth Satellite with a Solar Sail

The efficiency of using the light pressure of solar radiation for increasing the semimajor axis of the orbit of an Earth Satellite carrying a solar sail is estimated. The orbit is nearly circular and has an altitude of about 900 km. The satellite is in the mode of single-axis solar orientation: it rotates at an angular velocity of 1 deg/s around the axis of symmetry, which traces the direction to the Sun. This mode is maintained by the solar sail, which serves in this case as a solar stabilizer. The following method of increasing the semimajor axis of the orbit (which is equivalent to increasing the total energy of the satellite's orbital motion) is considered. On those sections of the orbit, where the angle between the light pressure force acting upon the sail and the vector of geocentric velocity of the satellite does not exceed a specified limit, the sail is functioning as a solar stabilizer. On those sections of the orbit, where the above-indicated angle exceeds this limit, the sail is furled by way of turning the edges of the petals towards the Sun. Such a control increases the semimajor axis by more than 150 km for three months of flight. In this case, the accuracy of solar orientation decreases insignificantly.     

太阳帆绕地球周期轨道研究

  地球同步和太阳同步卫星在各个领域有着广泛的应用。静止轨道是一种特殊的地球同步轨道,轨道资源有限。利用化学推进或电推进可以实现轨道高度不同的同步轨道,如悬挂轨道,但需要消耗较多的燃料,工程上无法承受。本文考虑利用太阳帆实现地球同步和太阳同步轨道。太阳光压力在轨道平面内沿拱线方向,选择光压力与平面的夹角使得轨道平面的旋转速率与太阳光同步。研究表明,设计合适的半长轴和偏心率可以使得轨道旋转速率与地球自转速率一致。假设太阳光与赤道平面平行,可以得到准静止轨道,太阳帆将在传统静止轨道的附近运动,星下点的经度将在一个固定值附近振动。实际上太阳光是与黄道面平行,黄道面与赤道面之间存在夹角。考虑黄赤交角的情况下,太阳帆将在一定纬度和经度范围内运动。适合于对某个区域进行长期观测任务。     

Solar sail formation flying on an inclined Earth orbit

The versatility of solar sail propulsion can be utilized in the exploration of Earth’s magnetotail. An inclined periodic orbit with respect to ecliptic is possible for a solar sail with its orbital plane in synchronous rotation with the sun. Solar sail evolving on such an inclined orbit is free of Earth shadow. Formation flying of a cluster of sails around such an inclined periodic orbit is investigated in this paper. The solution of the first-order approximation to the linear relative motion is used to qualitatively analyze the configurations of relative orbits. Since the relative motion is unstable, active control is necessary to keep a periodic relative motion. A typical LQR method is employed to stabilize the relative motion. The design method is validated by numerical examples.     

Station keeping of a solar sail around a Halo orbit

Solar sails are a concept of spacecraft propulsion that takes advantage of solar radiation pressure to propel a spacecraft. Although the thrust provided by a solar sail is small it is constant and unlimited. This offers the chance to deal with novel mission concept. In this work we want to discuss the controllability of a spacecraft around a Halo orbit by means of a solar sail. We will describe the natural dynamics for a solar sail around a Halo orbit. By natural dynamics we mean the behaviour of the trajectory of a solar sail when no control on the sail orientation is applied. We will then discuss how a sequence of changes on the sail orientation will affects the sail's trajectory, and we will use this information to derive efficient station keeping strategies. Finally we will check the robustness of these strategies including different sources of errors in our simulations.     

Can solar sails be used to test fundamental physics?

The relative importance of certain general relativistic effects is enhanced by solar radiation pressure (SRP). The observation and study of the trajectories of a solar sail could potentially provide tests of various effects of general relativity. In particular, we study Keplerian and non-Keplerian orbits near the sun as well as escape trajectories for a solar sail, for which general relativistic effects and the solar radiation pressure are considered simultaneously. In contrast with the conventional solar mission, a solar sail allows for non-Keplerian orbits, for which the orbital plane lies above the sun. It is predicted that there is an analog of the Lense–Thirring effect for non-Keplerian orbits. Also the SRP increases the amount of precession per orbit due to the Lense–Thirring effect for polar heliocentric orbits. A solar sail would also enhance the relative importance of effects associated with a possible net charge on the sun and during many rotations this effect may be measurable.     

Fast solar sail rendezvous mission to near Earth asteroids

The concept of fast solar sail rendezvous missions to near Earth asteroids is presented by considering the hyperbolic launch excess velocity as a design parameter. After introducing an initial constraint on the hyperbolic excess velocity, a time optimal control framework is derived and solved by using an indirect method. The coplanar circular orbit rendezvous scenario is investigated first to evaluate the variational trend of the transfer time with respect to different hyperbolic excess velocities and solar sail characteristic accelerations. The influence of the asteroid orbital inclination and eccentricity on the transfer time is studied in a parametric way. The optimal direction and magnitude of the hyperbolic excess velocity are identified via numerical simulations. The found results for coplanar circular scenarios are compared in terms of fuel consumption to the corresponding bi-impulsive transfer of the same flight time, but without using a solar sail. The fuel consumption tradeoff between the required hyperbolic excess velocity and the achievable flight time is discussed. The required total launch mass for a particular solar sail is derived in analytical form. A practical mission application is proposed to rendezvous with the asteroid 99942 Apophis by using a solar sail in combination with the provided hyperbolic excess velocity.     

柔性太阳翼桅杆涂层特性对热诱发振动的影响分析

空间站大型柔性太阳翼系统在轨运行期间会受到周期性的热辐射作用,导致结构温度周期性变化,从而诱发太阳翼的振动。为研究太阳翼桅杆热控涂层特性对热诱发振动的影响,文章采用热-结构顺序耦合的方法,对桅杆无涂层、电镀涂层和白漆涂层3种不同表面状态进行热诱发振动分析,得到了太阳翼的位移-时间响应结果。对比不同涂层下太阳翼参考点的振动结果可以看出:涂层特性对于热诱发振动是有影响的,其中白漆涂层能大幅度减小振动的振幅。     

太阳帆日心定点悬浮转移轨道设计

研究了太阳帆航天器日心定点悬浮轨道(HFDO)的转移轨道设计问题,以球坐标形式建立了太阳帆的动力学模型,基于该模型给出在日心悬浮轨道基础上实现定点悬浮的条件,提出了一种实现日心定点悬浮的转移轨道设计方法。首先,确定定点悬浮的位置;然后,设计经过该位置的绕日极轨轨道;最后,实施轨道减速实现定点悬浮,并给出了解析形式的轨道控制律。结合太阳极地观测任务,设计了定点悬浮在太阳北极1AU处的太阳帆转移轨道。仿真结果表明:该轨道转移方案总耗时3.5年,太阳帆定点到黄北极距日心1AU处,此后只要保持太阳光垂直照射帆面,即可维持稳定的悬浮状态。     

Controlling spacecraft by means of solar radiation

The possibility of using solar sails in Earth orbit is investigated. The characteristic parameters of a solar sail consisting of six spheres attached by mutually orthogonal long rods are estimated.     

NanoSail-D: A solar sail demonstration mission

In the early to mid-2000s, NASA made substantial progress in the development of solar sail propulsion systems. Solar sail propulsion uses the solar radiation pressure exerted by the momentum transfer of reflected photons to generate a net force on a spacecraft. To date, solar sail propulsion systems were designed for large robotic spacecraft. Recently, however, NASA has been investigating the application of solar sails for small satellite propulsion. The NanoSail-D is a subscale solar sail system designed for possible small spacecraft applications. The NanoSail-D mission flew on board the ill-fated Falcon Rocket launched August 2, 2008, and due to the failure of that rocket, never achieved orbit. The NanoSail-D flight spare is ready for flight and a suitable launch arrangement is being actively pursued. This paper will present an introduction solar sail propulsion systems and an overview of the NanoSail-D spacecraft.