Trajectory reshaping based guidance with impact time and angle constraints

This study presents a novel impact time and angle constrained guidance law for homing missiles. The guidance law is first developed with the prior-assumption of a stationary target, which is followed by the practical extension to a maneuvering target scenario. To derive the closed-form guidance law, the trajectory reshaping technique is utilized and it results in defining a specific poly-nomial function with two unknown coefficients. These coefficients are determined to satisfy the impact time and angle constraints as well as the zero miss distance. Furthermore, the proposed guidance law has three additional guidance gains as design parameters which make it possible to adjust the guided trajectory according to the operational conditions and missile’s capability. Numerical simulations are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed guidance law. ? 2016 Chinese Society of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Production and hosting by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).     

考虑落角约束的制导炸弹有限时间控制制导律

为了提高制导炸弹对目标的毁伤能力,更加有效地约束终端落角,利用终端滑模变结构控制理论和有限时间收敛性理论,在选取自适应趋近律和建立弹目相对运动模型的基础上,提出了一种考虑落角约束的制导炸弹有限时间控制制导律。然后,利用Lyapunov理论证明了所选取的滑模面和趋近律是有限时间收敛的。通过仿真实验验证了所提算法的有效性。仿真结果表明:与比例制导律相比,所提制导律既能使制导炸弹在有限时间内收敛到所期望的入射约束角附近,又能使炸弹的视线角及其角速度收敛的更快,具有一定的工程应用价值。     

Saturated super-twisting sliding mode missile guidance

This paper concentrates on developing a missile terminal guidance law against a highly maneuvering target whose maneuvering acceleration is very close to that of the missile or even exceeds the missile normal acceleration in a finite period of time. A new saturated super-twisting algorithm is proposed and applied to the design of missile guidance law. The proposed algorithm has the advantages of simple structure, easy parameter tuning rules and a full utilization of the limit control input. The designed saturated super-twisting sliding mode guidance law is then employed in a missile guidance system. Simulation and its superior performance against strong maneuvering targets is demonstrated.     

多导弹系统协同攻击机动目标分布式制导律

基于增强型比例导引律和分布式网络同步理论,设计了一类攻击机动目标的多导弹系统分布式协同制导律。该制导律由各导弹本地制导律和分布式协同导引策略两部分组成:本地制导律为增强型比例导引律,进一步利用代数图论和非线性系统一致性理论,得到基于邻接个体信息交互的分布式协同制导律,实现多导弹对目标的同时协同攻击;该分布式协同制导律仅需视距内各相邻导弹间互相传输各自的状态信息,算法具有较低的通信代价和较好的可扩展性。最后给出了相关数值仿真算例,仿真结果验证了算法的有效性。     

拦截高超声速目标的异类导弹协同制导律

对于多导弹协同拦截高超声速目标的问题,设计了一种具有领弹-从弹拓扑结构的异类导弹协同制导律:配备有高性能导引头的领弹采用改进比例导引法拦截目标;未配备导引头的从弹利用通信手段,采用二阶一致性跟踪算法,对领弹进行跟踪。两类导弹同时命中目标,形成"多对一"的拦截态势。异构型的制导策略可以降低对导引设备的需求,具备较理想的作战效费比。领弹与从弹的弹道均源于改进比例导引法,具有较理想的弹道特性。给出了协同制导律在固定拓扑与切换拓扑下成立的充分条件。算例仿真验证了所提出的制导律能够实现对高超声速目标的协同拦截,具有良好的可行性。     

Composite impact vector control based on Apollo descent guidance

A new three-dimensional missile guidance law to control the impact vector against a stationary target is proposed. The composite guidance law has two well-known components: Apollo descent guidance and trajectory shaping guidance. These respectively linear and planar guidance laws are combined to achieve a specified impact direction. The main idea is to define an impact plane and to steer the missile onto this plane using Apollo descent guidance while concurrently performing trajectory shaping wi...     

一种无人机定距盘旋跟踪制导律及稳定性证明

对地面目标的定距盘旋跟踪问题是无人机（UAVs）在任务应用阶段需要面临的重要问题之一,如何在传感器信息受限的情况下完成跟踪任务是目前的研究热点。首先针对地面固定目标设计了一种仅依赖测距传感器的制导律,不再需要传统的视线角信号以及目标和无人机自身的定位信息;其次,设计了李雅普诺夫函数对该制导律的稳定性进行了严格数学证明;最后,将该制导律推广到对地面匀速和变速移动目标的跟踪制导。相比于现有制导律,所提出的制导律结构更为简洁,仅有一个设计参数,并且制导策略更为合理。仿真结果表明所提出的制导律能够实现无人机对地面固定和移动目标的稳定跟踪。     

二阶弹体特性下带终端角度约束的制导律

针对导弹要求限制终端攻击角度以发挥战斗部的最大效能,提出了一种适用于攻击地面固定目标的具有终端角度约束的最优制导律,并和已有的具有终端角度约束的最优制导律进行了比较。该制导律针对二阶弹体特性,采用最优控制方法,使导弹在命中目标的同时,满足终端角度约束。数字仿真结果表明,所提出的制导律能够实现终端角度约束条件,具有较高的制导精度。     

Approach and landing guidance design for reusable launch vehicle using multiple sliding surfaces technique

An autonomous approach and landing (A&L) guidance law is presented in this paper for landing an unpowered reusable launch vehicle (RLV) at the designated runway touchdown.Considering the full nonlinear point-mass dynamics,a guidance scheme is developed in threedimensional space.In order to guarantee a successful A&L movement,the multiple sliding surfaces guidance (MSSG) technique is applied to derive the closed-loop guidance law,which stems from higher order sliding mode control theory and has advantage in the finite time reaching property.The global stability of the proposed guidance approach is proved by the Lyapunov-based method.The designed guidance law can generate new trajectories on-line without any specific requirement on off-line analysis except for the information on the boundary conditions of the A&L phase and instantaneous states of the RLV.Therefore,the designed guidance law is flexible enough to target different touchdown points on the runway and is capable of dealing with large initial condition errors resulted from the previous flight phase.Finally,simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed guidance law in different scenarios.     

Adaptive nonlinear guidance law considering control loop dynamics

A new adaptive nonlinear guidance law is proposed here. The fourth order state equation for integrated guidance and control loop is formulated taking into consideration the target uncertainties and control loop dynamics. The state equation is further changed into the normal form by nonlinear coordinate transformation. Using the normal form of state equation, an adaptive nonlinear guidance law is proposed to compensate for the uncertainties in both target acceleration and control loop dynamics. The proposed law adopts the sliding mode control approach with adaptation for unknown bound of uncertainties. The present approach can effectively solve the existing guidance problem against target maneuver and the limited performance of control loop. We have provided the stability analyses and performed simulations comparing favorably our approach to the state of the art.     

Optimal predictive sliding-mode guidance law for intercepting near-space hypersonic maneuvering target

The design of optimal guidance law for intercepting a near-space hypersonic maneuvering target with bounded inputs is considered. Firstly, a maneuvering model for near-space hypersonic aircraft is given. Then, the aircraft acceleration prediction can be obtained using this model with two neural networks. By using the target acceleration prediction, which is taken into account when calculating the Zero Effort Miss(ZEM), an optimal sliding-mode guidance law is proposed to fulfill the guidance task...     

A unified formulation of optimal guidance-to-collision law for accelerating and decelerating targets

This paper provides a unified formulation of optimal guidance-to-collision law for a target with an arbitrary acceleration or deceleration. The collision course for general target acceleration or deceleration is first determined from the engagement geometry in conjunction with the nonlinear engagement kinematics in the proposed approach. The heading error defined in the collision course is then adopted as a variable to be nullified for accomplishing the intercept condition.The proposed guidance ...     

An Adaptive Weighted Differential Game Guidance Law

For intercepting modern high maneuverable targets, a novel adaptive weighted differential game guidance law based on the game theory of mixed strategy is proposed, combining two guidance laws which are derived from the perfect and imperfect information pattern, respectively. The weights vary according to the estimated error of the target’s acceleration, the guidance law is generated by directly using the estimation of target’s acceleration when the estimated error is small, and a differential game guidance law with adaptive penalty coefficient is implemented when the estimated error is large. The adaptive penalty coefficients are not constants and they can be adjusted with current target maneuverability. The superior homing performance of the new guidance law is verified by computer simulations.     

考虑驾驶仪动态特性的固定时间收敛制导律

针对打击机动目标的制导问题，设计了一种同时考虑攻击角度约束、自动驾驶仪动态特性和固定时间收敛的新型制导律。首先，基于非奇异终端滑模控制和固定时间稳定性理论，采用反步递推方法设计制导律。在制导律设计过程中，设计了一种固定时间收敛的非奇异终端滑模面，基于固定时间控制和滑模控制，设计虚拟控制律，构造一种非线性一阶滤波器解决传统反步设计中的"微分膨胀"问题。基于超螺旋算法和固定时间稳定性理论，设计了一种固定时间收敛的滑模干扰观测器，用于估计目标机动等干扰。然后，基于Lyapunov稳定性理论，对制导律的固定时间稳定性进行了证明，并给出了收敛时间的表达式。最后，通过仿真分析，验证了所提制导律的有效性，和现有制导律相比，所提制导律具有较高的制导精度和角度约束精度、较快的系统收敛速度以及较少的能量消耗。     

自适应严格收敛非奇异终端滑模制导律

针对机动目标的末制导拦截问题，设计了一种带终端角度约束的有限时间收敛终端滑模制导律。首先，分析了现有非奇异终端滑模制导律存在的滑模面不能严格有限时间收敛的问题，进而构造了一种新型的非奇异终端滑模面。其次，设计了一种对目标机动上界的自适应估计，提出了一种自适应严格收敛非奇异终端滑模制导律的设计方法。最后，基于Lyapunov稳定性理论，证明了设计的制导律能够使得制导系统在有限时间内收敛到零，并且保证了滑模面在收敛过程中不存在非收敛因子，是严格有限时间收敛的。仿真实验验证了该制导律能够有效地拦截机动目标，同时和与现有的非奇异终端滑模制导律以及基于转换滑模面的非奇异制导律相比，拦截时间更短，终端攻击角度精度更高，导弹机动消耗的能量更少。     

一种攻击大机动目标的变参数组合导引律

针对目标作大机动时的导引问题,提出了一种既简单又有效的比例加变结构组合导引律,给出了其设计机理,并在理论上对变参数进行了优化设计。通过仿真结果比较,验证了此组合导引律可以在固定时间内明显地减少追踪者的脱靶量。     

一种适用于大气层外动能拦截器的末制导律

 针对大气层外动能拦截器拦截问题，设计了一种简单有效的末制导律。推导出计算零控脱靶量一种新的解析表达式，由于在推导过程中考虑了两飞行器间重力差影响，得出的表达式相对于将两飞行器重力差简化为零重力模型得到的解析式具有更高的精度；根据平行接近法原理利用此表达式推导出一种简单的末制导律；详细介绍了脉宽调制(PWM)式实现变推力控制的方案，仿真中在考虑发动机工程约束的情况下，利用PWM技术对提出的制导律进行验证。对机动目标进行拦截仿真显示，提出的制导律在取得良好拦截精度的同时表现出较强的鲁棒性。     

螺旋俯冲机动突防的制导律设计

针对识别和拦截技术高度发展所带来的突防难题，提出高超声速滑翔飞行器（HGV）螺旋俯冲机动突防的概念，并为此设计了一种基于虚拟滑动目标的自适应比例导引律。首先，通过分析HGV绕目标飞行的运动学特性，建立对数型的螺旋运动模型，以该模型为基础利用曲线渐伸线原理设计虚拟目标的滑动轨迹。然后，采用包含时变附加项的比例导引律追踪虚拟目标，从而实现引导HGV进行螺旋俯冲机动以及对真实目标的打击。接着，为提高虚拟目标的跟踪精度以及抵抗外部干扰的能力，设计了制导参数的闭环非线性自适应律，能根据当前偏差在线选择制导参数值。此外，还分析了满足收敛条件的制导参数的取值范围以及其进入闭环更新的策略。最后，分别针对静止目标和低速移动目标进行数值仿真验证，结果表明所设计的制导律不但能够引导HGV实施螺旋俯冲机动，还能够准确地命中目标。     

大气层外拦截弹中段制导方法研究

针对大气层外拦截弹飞行中段采用固体燃料发动机，且关机后需要经过较长的无控滑行段才能进入末制导段的情况，提出一种基于拦截弹修正能力，且考虑无控滑行段拦截弹与目标引力差影响的中制导律。仿真表明，采用该制导律的拦截弹在发动机工作期间推力方向变化平稳，且可获得较高的制导精度。     

过虚拟交班点的能量最优制导律

针对固定目标的导弹过虚拟交班点制导问题，在希尔伯特空间下，基于最优化理论设计了有无终端落角约束两种情况下的全局能量最优制导律。通过对模型进行线性化，将提出的最优制导模型转化为线性二次型最优控制问题，在此基础上利用零控脱靶量（ZEM）概念对系统模型进行降阶，并推导出解析解。设计的制导律可以使导弹准确经过虚拟交班点，并实现期望终端落角。仿真结果表明，与经典制导律对比，该制导律可以显著减少全局控制能量消耗。